Ukuthenga inkomo yobisi akuyona into elula.
Kule ndaba, kungcono ukuthola ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nezinhlobo ezinhle zezinkomo ezidalwe ngokukhethekile ukuthola ubisi kubo.
Kumele futhi uhlolisise ubisi lwezinhlanga ezikhethiwe.
Kungcono ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezifakwe emabhizinisini asezindaweni zezolimo, futhi ukuthenga inkomo yezinhlobo ezizalwe lapho.
Eminyakeni eminingi, ohlwini lwazo zonke izinkomo zezinyosi, kukhethwe izinhlobo eziningana ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomnikazi wemikhiqizo yobisi.
I-Holstein ukuzalwa kwezinkomo
Izinkomo zohlobo lwaseHolstein zenziwa eMelika naseCanada. Inhloso eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwalesi sizwe kwakuwukuthola isilwane esimnyama nomhlophe esinamazinga aphezulu okubilisa kanye nomzimba oqinile.
Ngo-1861, kwavela inhlobo entsha yeenkomo emnyama neyemhlophe (ama-frize Holstein). Kusukela ngo-1983, lezi zilwane zithole igama lazo lamanje futhi zagxila isikhathi eside kulo mbuthano wezilwane ezifuywayo.
Iningi lezinkomo zaseHolstein zidwetshwe emthunzini omnyama ne-motley. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusekhona izilwane ezinezwi elibomvu lesikhumba.
Isisindo senkomo encane ngokuvamile siba ngu-650 kg, nesilwane esidala sinesisindo esingu-750 kg. uma ungakwazi "ukondla" inkomo yaseHolstein ibe isisindo sika 800-850 kg, bese ucabanga ukuthi uphumelele ekukhuliseni izinkomo. Isisindo senkunzi eyodwa singafinyelela ku-1200 kg.
Have hoststeins ukukhula kahle, imifino yobisi iyabonakala kahle, futhi imisindo ayibonakaliswa ngokugqamile njengabanye abamele lo mkhuba.
Umbele ngokwawo ukhululekile, ububanzi, obunamathele kakhulu odongeni lwesisu. Ezingaphezu kuka-95% izinkomo, udder uhlotshaniswa ngesitsha sebhasi.
Izinga lobisi lwezinkomo lixhomeke ekujuleni kwesimo sezulu esifundeni lapho isilwane siphila okwamanje.
Labo Holstein abahlala emapulazini ngesimo sezulu esifudumele, esolwandle, bayonikeza ngaphezu kuka-10 000kg, futhi kusukela kulawo mfuyo asetshalwe endaweni ehambisana nesimo sezulu, kuyokwenzeka ukuthi ungatholi uketshezi olungaphezu kuka-7 500 kg.
Kodwa lokhu kuzoba yiqiniso lokuthi okuqukethwe okunamafutha kusatshalaliswa ngokweqile, okungukuthi, okokuqala, ubisi luyoba nomoya ophansi, futhi okwesibili - ngokwanele.
Uma uhlabela lolu hlobo lwezinkomo, isivuno senyama sizoba ngu-50 - 55%.
Izinkomo zase-Ayrshire
Izinkomo zase-Ayrshire zavuswa emuva ekhulwini le-18 eScotland ngokuwela iDutch, Alderney, Tiswatera nezinkomo zeFlemish. Ngaphandle, lezi zinkomo zenziwa ziqinile kakhulu, zinobuciko obukhulu.
Umgogodla wabo unamandla, kodwa omncane, i-sternum ibanzi futhi ejulile. Ikhanda liyingcosana, lincane kancane ebusweni. Amacilongo ama-shadow shades esikhulu ngokwanele. Intamo iyifushane futhi iyincipha, ihlanganiswe nezinhlanzi ezincane zesikhumba.
Ukushintsha phakathi kwehlombe kanye nekhanda kuphephile. Imigqa emfishane, kodwa imisiwe kahle. Imisipha ithuthukiswe ngokwemvelo. Isikhumba salezi zinkomo sincane, futhi sinamawele ajwayelekile.
I-bowder efana nesitsha, esakhiwe kahle, ephakathi kwezinsipho, ehlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezifanele. Umbala wangempela walezi zinkomo wawuwumthunzi obomvu nomhlophe, futhi izinkomo kamuva zaqala ukubonakala zimhlophe ngamagatsha amancane obomvu, noma umzimba wonke wawudwetshwe obomvu obomvu nezikhala ezincane ezimhlophe.
Ukubaluleka kwalezi zilwane kunzima kakhulu, bangabesaba kalula, bayakwazi nokubonisa ukuhlukunyezwa. Izinkukhu, lezi zinkomo zihlala kahle, kodwa ezimweni ezishisayo ziba zihamba kancane.
Isisindo senkomo lapho sikhulile singaba 420-500 kg, nenkunzi - 700-800 kg.
Amathole azalwa amancane, 25-30 kg ngamunye.
Izinkomo zase-Aurshire unike ubisi oluningi. Phakathi nesikhathi sonke se-lactation, u-4000-5000 kg ubisi olunamafutha angu-4-4.3% lungatholakala kwesithole esisodwa.
Ngenxa yalokhu okuqukethwe kwamafutha ebisi lalezi zinkomo, ama-globules amafutha amancane angatholakala.
Ukukhishwa kwenyama kwemikhiqizo yase-Ayrshire kuhlolwe njengokwanelisayo. Kusuka kwenkomo eyodwa cishe u-50-55% wesisindo sayo uzoya ekudleni.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngezici zokubamba inkomo.
Uhlobo lwezinkomo zaseDutch
Izinkomo zobisi zaseDutch zibhekwa njengezithunywa ezidume kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo ngokujwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwadalwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zamazwe angaphandle, ngakho ekuqaleni i-purebred.
Namuhla, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinkomo zanda emazweni angu-33. Izinkomo zobisi zaseDutch zinezinhlobo ezintathu: omnyama ne-motley, obomvu ne-motley no-Groningen. Okudumile kunazo zonke izilwane ezimnyama nezimhlophe, igama lesibili yizinkomo zaseFrisian.
Iminyaka eyi-150 yokuzalisa lolu hlobo lwezinkomo, ochwepheshe bezilwane baye bakwazi ukuthuthukisa lezi zilwane ezingeni uma behlangabezana nazo zonke izindinganiso zekhwalithi. Ngaphambilini, lezi zinkomo zazigxile ekudleni, azizange zakhiwe ngokwanele endaweni ye-muscle mass.
Namuhla, lezi zinkomo azihlinzeki nje ngobisi obuningi, kodwa futhi ube nomzimba omuhle.
Amathambo abo anamandla, iminyango yabo ingeyo, ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba wenkomo ivulekile futhi iqonde, okuyinto ejwayelekile yezinkomo zaseFriesian.
Lezi zinkukhu zihlelwe kahle futhi zingaphakathi izingxenye zomzimba. Isibeletho sikhulu, i-lobes ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, izingono zihlelwe ngendlela efanele. Ngisho noma lo mfuyo wezilwane futhi kukhona ukungaphumeleli, isikhathi eside kangaka sokusebenza bakwazi ukuqeda.
Ngokuqondene nokukhiqizwa, ukwedlula ukwedlula u-4500 kg ubisi oluvela kwenkomo eyodwa, lapho Izinkomba zokuqukethwe kwamafutha ziyoba cishe ngo-4%.
Lolu hlobo lwemfuyo lukhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila ithole lingathola cishe u-300 kg wesisindo esibukhoma.
Inkomo ekhulile ingaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-500-550, nenkunzi - 800-900 kg.
Amathole azalwa kakhulu, ama-38-40 kg.
Uma isilwane sitholakale kahle, khona-ke esiteji sokubulala umthamo wezinyama ezivela esisisindo sonke sezinkomo kuzoba ngu-55 - 60%.
Izinkomo ezibomvu zenyama
Izinkomo ezibomvu zinezinkomo eziningi zobisi, kodwa abanye abantu bangabhekwa izinkomo zenyama nezinkumbi.
Lolu hlobo luthola igama layo ngenxa yombala wesici sesilwane - umbala ubomvu, futhi umbala uhluka phakathi kokukhanya okubomvu obomvu obomvu.
Kungase kube namabala amhlophe esikhumbeni, ikakhulukazi esiswini noma emilenzeni. Ngezinkunzi, umbala omnyama we-sternum futhi emuva kuyisici.
Ukuphakama, izinkomo zingakhula kuze kube ngu-126-129 cm, uma zilinganiswa kusukela zimile.
Izinkomo ezibomvu zinezinkomo zobisi yizo zonke izibonakaliso zangaphandle. Anamathambo alula, umzimba omude, oyingxenyana, inhloko ephakathi. Intamo ide, ilula, ihlanganiswe nenani elikhulu lezinkuni zesikhumba.
I-sternum inzulu, iminyene, ukucindezeleka akuthuthukisiwe kahle. I-loin ivulekile, iphakathi nendawo ubude, i-sacrum ingahle iphakanyiswe kancane. Umthamo wesisu ubukhulu, kodwana udonga lwamathumbu alusabeki. Amagogi aqinile futhi aqondile.
Umbele uphuthukisiwe kahle, ubujamo bawo bubujamo, ubukhulu obuphakathi, obutjhijako esakhiweni.
Ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangabezane nezinkomo ezingenakulungiswa kahle ngumbusi, okungukuthi, unomumo ongavamile, kanti i-lobes ayakhiwe ngendlela engafanele.
Izinkomo ezibomvu ezisebomvu zijwayele ukujwayela isimo sezulu esisha, ukushisa okushisa, ukuntuleka kobumswakama futhi udle bonke utshani ensimini ukuhamba.
Amaphutha angaphandle angabhekwa njengezingalo ezingekho kahle, i-sternum encane, kanye nesigamu esincane esilenga.
I-musculature ezinkomo zalezi zinhlobo ayikho kahle, isisindo sincane. Izinkomo eziye zahlala izikhathi ezingu-3 noma ngaphezulu zilinganisa isilinganiso sika 450-510 kg. Izinkumbi-abakhiqizi bangathola u-800-900 kg wesisindo somzimba.
Amathole azalwa ngo-30-40 kg kuye ngokuthi ubulili.
Ukukhiqiza inyama kunama-50-55%.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ukhiqizwa ubisi kwenkomo ngayinye kwakha u-3500-4000 kg ubisi ngamanoni ama-3.7-3.9%.
Ukholo lwezinkomo
Izinkomo ze-kholmogory zibhekwa njengabameleli abajwayelekile kakhulu bezinhlobo zobisi. Ngokuvamile zidwetshiwe ezimnyama ezimnyama nezihlukahlukene, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ungathola izinkomo ezibomvu-no-variegated, ezibomvu nezimnyama.
Umzimba walezi zilwane u-oblong, imilenze yinde, emuva futhi ihamba, ngisho ne-sacrum ingaba yi-5-6 cm ephakeme kune-withers, okungeyona engacabangi.
I-loin ingcono kakhulu, ihlaziye. Ebuva emuva, ithuthukile kahle. Imilenze ifakwe ngendlela efanele., zihlangene kahle nama-tendon. Isisu sikhulu, nxazonke. I-Sternum ithuthukiswe kahle, kodwa hhayi ejulile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemisipha nakho kuyisimo esihle. Isikhumba siyanwebeka, sikhula phakathi. Isibungu sesilinganiso, ama-lobes aqhutshwa ngendlela efanayo, ama-nipples ayesigxili, ubude bunye buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-6.5 kuya ku-9 cm.
Inhloko encane, ihlangene ebusweni. Amacici awancane.
Zitholele izimo ezintsha zokugcina le nkomo masinyane.
Amantombazane anesisindo ngesilinganiso esingu 480-590 kg, ezinkomeni - 850-950 kg.
Izinkomo ezinkulu kakhulu ezitholakale ngezingu-800 kg, nezinkunzi - amathani ayi-1.2.
Inyama yalezi zinkabi iwuphawu oluhle.
Nge-fattening enhle emlonyeni wezilwane 55-60% uzonikezwa yenkomo ehlanzekile.
Umkhiqizo wezimbuzi uphakeme, kusuka enkambeni ungathola kusuka ku-3600-5000 kg ubisi olunomthelela omkhulu wamafutha we-5%.
Ngesikhathi se-lactation, inkomo ingaveza uketshezi olungaphezu kuka-10,000 kg.
I-Yaroslavl izinkomo
I-Yaroslavl izinkomo zezinkomo zavuthwa ekhulwini le-19 esifundeni saseJaroslavl ngenxa yokuzalanisa. Kubhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezinhle kunazo zonke ezweni lakwa-CIS.
Umbala walezi zinkomo unomnyama kakhulu, kodwa kukhona abantu abamnyama nabama-motley nabomvu kanye nama-motley shades. Inhloko cishe ihlale imhlophe, imibuthano emhlophe nayo yakhiwe eduze kwamehlo, futhi impumu yumnyama. Futhi, isisu, umsila womsila nemilenze ephansi ziqoshiwe ezimhlophe.
Inkomo ekhulile iphakama ngo-125-127 cm, futhi isisindo sayo esiphila kuso sinama-460-500 kg. izinkunzi zingakwazi ukukala u-700-800 kg.
Uhlobo lomzimba lwamadwala aseJaroslavl ngokuvamile luvuthayo, amafomu ayingcosana. Umzimba uvuthwa kancane, imilenze iphansi futhi ilula.
Isifuba sijulile kodwa sincane, i-dewlap ihlelwe kancaneukuphakama okuphezulu. Intamo ide, ihlanganiswe nezinhlanzi ezincane zesikhumba, okuyinto encane kakhulu futhi isonwe ngendlela yayo.
Amafutha angaphansi kwamathanga kulezi zinkomo akhiqizwa kancane. Imisipha ayitholakali kahle., futhi nxazonke zomzimba.
Inhloko yalezi zinkomo isomile futhi iminyene, ingxenyeni engaphambili ixiliswe kancane, izimpondo zilula, kodwa ukuphela kuyimnyama.
Ingemuva iwububanzi obuphakathi, i-sacrum ivame ukwakha uphahla, ngokuvamile izimo ezinjalo njengokunciphisa umzimba emzimbeni we-tubyla ischial kanye ne-drooping kuvamile. Isisu sikhulu, izimbambo zihlukaniswa kakhulu. Isibeletho siyindilinga, ithuthukiswe kahle.
Izinsipho zangaphambili zilula kancane kunezingemuva, okuyingxenye ehlukile yezinkomo ze-Yaroslavl.
Ngonyaka, inkomo eyodwa ingaveza ngokwesilinganiso sama-3500 kuya ku-6000 kg ubisi olunomuthi oqinile owe-4-4.5%. Phakathi ne-lactation yokuqala, i-2250 kg ingadakwa kwenkomo.
Inyama yezinkomo ze-Yaroslavl ezihlukahlukene zekhwalithi ehloniphekile, okukhipha ekuhlatshweni kungaba ngu-40-45%.
I-Tagil zohlobo lwezinkomo
Izinkomo ze-Tagil ziyizinkomo zobisi kuphela. Ziphansi, ekuphakameni okumile kungaba ngamasentimitha angu-125-128, isisindo singafinyelela ku-450-480 kg.
Ngaphandle, izinkabi ziyi-squat, njengoba umzimba uphansi kakhulu (153-156 cm). Isifuba sisezingeni elijulile, intamo iqondile futhi ihlale isikhathi eside, enezinwele ezincane zesikhumba.
Isikhumba ngokwayo siyanwebeka futhi sinesivinini. Inhloko isilinganiso, eyomile. Ngemuva yalezi zinkomo zinyanyiswa futhi zincane. I-backbone inhle, inamandla. Umbele uthuthukile kahle, izingono zihlelwe kahle futhi zibe nobude obukhululekile.
Isikhumba sezinkomo ze-Tagil ikakhulukazi kunemibala emnyama nemifula, kodwa kunembala ensundu, ebomvu, ebomvu ne-variegated, kanye nezilwane ezimhlophe nezimnyama nezibomvu.
Izinselo, impumulo kanye namathiphu wezimpondo zimnyama.
Izinkinga zalesi sizwe zitholakala kuphela ngaphandle, okungukuthi, inkomo ingaba nayo isikhumba esincane kakhulu, ukubeka imilenze engalungile noma imisipha engalungile.
Lezi zinkomo zizohamba emoyeni omusha emphefumulweni, zijwayele ngisho nezimo ezimbi kunazo zonke zezulu. Umsebenzi wokuzala wenkomo wenziwa isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kufike ekunqobeni iminyaka yobudala engu-15-20.
Izinkomo ze-Tagil zinemfanelo emihle yenyama. Ngosuku, ama-gobies athola isisindo esingu-770 - 850 g, futhi isisindo sabo esineminyaka engaphezu konyaka kakade kakade - 400 kg. I-fatter isilwane, inyama eningi ingatholakala. Isilinganiso sigcinwe ku-52-57%.
Lezi zinkomo zibhekwa kahle kakhulu - kusukela esiswini esisodwa ungayiphuza ngaphezu kuka-5000 kg ubisi ngamanoni ama-3.8 - 4.2%.
Manje unalo uhlu lwabafanelekayo abamele izinkomo zobisi futhi ungathenga ngokuphepha noma inkomo edala kakade noma ithole elincane futhi ujabulele ubisi olusha njalo ekuseni.
