Abalimi abaningi bayomangala ukufunda ngomqondo onjalo wokutshala ukhukhamba. Noma kunjalo, ukutshalwa kwamakhukhamba ezikhwama kuyindlela enhle yokwenza izinto ezingeke zisindise isikhala kuphela emibhedeni, kodwa futhi zivunwe ngokucebile, amakhukhamba amahle kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko uzofunda ukutshala ukhukhamba ezikhwameni, nokuhlelwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
Izinzuzo nezindleko zendlela
Ukutshala ukhukhamba ezikhwameni kunezinzuzo eziningi. Okuyinhloko kubandakanya:
- isivuno esikhulu;
- ukonga isikhala engadini;
- ikhono lokutshala imifino ebhaleni, loggia, kulegalari;
- umzamo wokulondoloza ekunakekeleni izitshalo;
- elula ukuvuna;
- izithelo azithinti emhlabathini, ngakho-ke zihlala zihlanzekile futhi zingaziboli.
Uma usayizi wekamelo uvumela, amakhukhamba angatshalwa ezikhwama ngisho nasefulethini futhi akhule unyaka wonke. Into esemqoka ukudala nokugcina ukushisa okudingekayo, izimo ezikhanyayo namanzi.
Kodwa-ke, uma ukhetha indlela enjalo, kufanele ukhunjulwe ukuthi kunezinye izinkinga. Lezi zihlanganisa:
- ubunzima bokulondoloza izinga elifunayo lomswakama;
- esimweni esishisayo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingase lifake ezigulini, kubangele uhlelo lwesitshalo sesitshalo lufe.
Kubalulekile! Ukunciphisa izinga lokukhuphuka komswakama nokushisa kwamathangi, kutuswa ukuthenga izikhwama zombala omhlophe.
Ikhukhamba imbewu Ukulungiselela
Ukuze ukhule izitshalo eziqinile futhi ufeze izinga eliphakeme lokuvunwa, imbewu kufanele ilungiswe ngaphambi kokutshala. Le nqubo ihamba ngezigaba eziningana:
- ukukhetha imbewu;
- ukufudumala;
- ukucubungula;
- ukuqina.
Imbewu yokutshala ikhetha inkulu futhi igcwele. Ukuze ukhethe imbewu enhle, kudingeka ugobe imbewu emanzini ekamelweni lokushisa ngamaminithi angu-5, bese uthola imizuzu engu-10-15, ubeke endaweni yesisombululo se-sodium chloride (50 g usawoti ngalinye ilitha lamanzi). Imbewu ehamba, yilahla - ayinalutho futhi ayifanele ukutshala. Ngemuva kwalendlela, imbewu kufanele yomiswe. Ngenxa yalokhu, imbewu ibekwa ngendwangu futhi ibeke elangeni (qaphela ilanga eliqondile) noma isakaze esanini bese ubeka ibhethri.Ukukhukhamba kwakunamathele ezifweni zezinyosi kanye nezilokazane, imbewu kufanele ihlweliswe nge-disinfected. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imbewu iyashisa ekushiseni kwama-60 ° C cishe amahora amabili. Ukufudumala kukhulisa isivuno. Khona-ke imbewu iphakanyiswa ukuba ifakwe isigamu sehora ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate (10 g potassium permanganate ngelitha ngalinye lamanzi). Ukuze uphethwe i-disinfection, ungasebenzisa i-TMTD powders (2 g yesidakamizwa sembewu engu-500 g) noma i-Granozan (1.5 g yesidakamizwa sembewu engu-500 g). Imbewu ifakwa esitsheni esivaliwe, efafazwe nge-powder, bese ugoqa isitsha ngemaminithi amahlanu. Ngemuva kokwelashwa, imbewu ihlanzwa ngamanzi futhi isomisiwe.
Uyazi? Ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivuno, ezinye izazi zincoma ukuthi ngemuva kokuthi ukungena ekufakeni i-disinfection kubeka imbewu kwisisombululo sokhuni. Ukulungisa isisombululo, kubalulekile ukuthululela izipuni ezimbili zomlotha ngetitha lamanzi bese usho amahora angu-48. Imbewu yamahora ambalwa afakwe engxenyeni elungiselelwe, bese isomisiwe. Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuba ugcwalise izakhi zembewu.
Ukuze lesi sitshalo simelane nokushisa okushisa kahle, kunconywa ukuba lukhuni imbewu. Ukwenza lokhu, bafakwa endwangu emanzini futhi bagcinwe khona ngaphambi kokuba bavule. Uma le nto iphela, kufanele ifakwe kancane. Uma imbewu eningi iphenduka, imbewu ifakwa eshalofini esiphezulu seqandisini ngosuku, bese isuswa kwelinye ilanga eshalofini elingezansi. Emva kwenqubo, imbewu ingatshalalwa.Umsebenzi wokulungiselela ngaphambi kokufika
Ngaphambi kokuba ufake ukhukhamba ezikhwameni, udinga ukulungisa izinto ezidingekayo:
- izikhwama;
- izinti ze-garter;
- umhlabathi;
- izilimo eziyizigaxa zokunisela ukuchelela.
Kubalulekile! Akunconywa ukusebenzisa izikhwama zeplastiki nezindwangu. Bazoshisa kakhulu ngenxa yokushisa kwamahlobo ehlobo. Uhlelo lwezinkamba zamakhukhamba kulezi ziqukathi luyakwazi ukubola.
Okuhle kunazo zonke izikhwama zamakhukhamba ukukhetha umhlophe, unamandla okungenani amalitha angu-50. Izikhwama ze-Sugar nofulawa zilungile. Ukulungiselela izikhwama zokutshala kuyomiswa okuphoqelekile. Izikhwama zingaphathwa futhi nge-TMTD yokubulala i-powder. Nokho, uma izikhwama zisha, ungazenza ngaphandle kwamafungicides.
Izinduku esikhathini esizayo zizodingeka ukuze i-garters ikhuphuke izitshalo. Kunconywa ukuba uzilungiselele ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma ukusekelwa kufakwa ngqo esikhwameni. Uma ubambelela induku kamuva, kunengozi yokulimaza ohlelweni lwempande yamakhukhamba. Ukuphakama kokwesekwa kufanele kube ku-1 nangxenye kuya kwamamitha amabili. Induku ingabuye ifakwe emhlabathini eceleni kwezikhwama.
Bese kulandela ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi yokutshala ukhukhamba. Umhlabathi ongcono - ingxube yendawo evela ensimini ene-peat nomquba. Le nhlabathi iphefumula kahle futhi inomswakama, okwenza ukuba ukhukhamba okuhle futhi ukhukhule kahle.
Unganisela izitshalo ngendlela evamile, kepha abalimi abasebenzisa indlela yokutshala ukhukhamba ezikhwameni, batusa ukunisela ukutshala izitshalo ngamaconsi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokubola kwempande.
Uyazi? Uma usebenzisa ukuchelela kokunisela, isitshalo sokuqala sivuthwa amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokujwayelekile. Ukwengeza, le ndlela iyanciphisa ingozi yezitshalo zezifungane zitshalo futhi inciphise ukukhula kokhula.
Kunconywa ekuqaleni ukucacisa indawo yezikhwama, ukuze kamuva izitsha zingadonseli noma zilimazwe yizitshalo. Isikhwama sesigamu sigcwele inhlabathi, bese kusekelwa induku phakathi. Emhlabathini ongaphansi kwenduku, kufanele ubeke ithubhu ngemigodla yokunisela ukuchelela. Ngemuva kwalokho, umhlabathi ugcwele isitsha, ukuwufafaza ngokhuni phezulu (lokhu kuvimbela aphid). Ukuvimbela inhlabathi ekuphumeni, imiphetho yezikhwama ifakwe ezinhlangothini, ezingagcinwa nge-tape.
Kubalulekile! Kunconywa ukuba ubeke ungqimba lwefani noma i-sawdust engezansi esikhwameni. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa umphumela wokushisa, okuzohlinzeka isivuno esicebile kakhulu.
Kungcono ukuhlela izikhwama ezilungiselelwe eduze komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke kuyoba lula ukubopha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zigcinwa emipayipi yokunisela ukuchelela.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yekhukhamba
Izinto zokutshala zenziwa maphakathi no-May, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela okungenani ngo-15 ° C. Uma unesithakazelo sokuthi uhlwanyela kanjani ukhukhamba ngokucophelela, khona-ke imbewu kufanele ihlwanyelwe hhayi kuphela kusuka phezulu, kodwa futhi ezinhlangothini. Ngqongqeni oluphezulu lokutshala okungaphezu kwezingcezu ezine. Izinto ezenziwe eceleni ziqhutshwa ngokulinganayo kude no-7-10 cm komunye nomunye. Ku-notch eyodwa ayifakwe ngaphezu kwezinhlamvu ezimbili ezincane, noma eyodwa enkulu. Ukuze ulondoloze umswakama, kungcono ukumboza phezulu kwesikhwama ngephepha.
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba ezikhwama
Ukutshala ukhukhamba nokuzinakekela emasakeni akudingi umzamo omkhulu. Iphuzu elibaluleke kunazo zonke uma usebenzisa le ndlela ukuchelela okulungile. Ngalo mifino ekhulayo kunzima ukumelana nombuso wamanzi adingekayo. Njenganoma yiziphi ezinye izitshalo, ukhukhamba ezikhwameni zidinga i-garter. I-garter ayisebenzeli kuphela ukusekela iziqu ezikhuphukayo, kodwa ikuvumela ukuthi udale ngisho nemigqa eqondile, ezokwenza kube lula ukuvuna.
Izici zokunisela
Ukhukhamba udinga inhlabathi enomswakama. Ukunisela kufanele kube njalo. Isikhathi esiphezulu kakhulu sokuqaliswa kwayo siphelile emva kwezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha kusihlwa. Izitshalo nazo zizozuza ngokuhlanzwa kwamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile zamahlamvu.
Uyazi? Ukwenza izithelo zibophe kangcono, abalimi abanolwazi ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza kancane bancishise inani lokukhipha ukhukhamba. Ngemuva kokuthi izitshalo ziqale ukubola, ukuchelela okunamanzi kubuye kuqaliswe.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunisela igxila - ngokusebenzisa amashubhu. Le ndlela izokuvumela ukhukhamba ukuba zenze inani elimnandi lokuswakama nokukhula kwefruiting, kanye nokuvimbela ukubola kwesistimu. Uma utshala izitshalo ngebhasi noma ibhakede, kufanele uhlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze ungadluli inhlabathi. Ebusweni kungase kube nokomile, futhi ngaphakathi - kumanzi.
Umanyolo
Zondla ukhukhamba ngamanyolo eziphilayo kanye nezamaminerali. Phakathi komquba wezinkukhu, umquba wezinkukhu, ukukhishwa kwesikhumba, isisombululo sezinyosi sithandwa kakhulu. Bafaka umhlabathi lapho kuvela amahlumela okuqala, futhi kanye ngenyanga emva kokunisela.
Kubalulekile! Izixazululo zokudla akufanele zigxilwe ukuze uhlelo lwempande lungashiswa.
Phakathi kwama-fertilizer amaminerali, ukhukhamba afanelekile ama-superphosphates, i-potashi usawoti. Umthamo kumele uhambisane nemilayezo, ngaphandle kwalokho izitshalo zingalimala. Amanyolo amaminerali asetshenziselwa umhlabathi izikhathi ezintathu ngesikhathi sehlobo. Ngesikhathi sokuqala bafaka umquba lapho amahlumela ahlelwe kahle namaqabunga ambalwa amaqabunga eqiniso avela enhlabathini.
Ukwakhiwa kwesihlahla kanye ne-garter ekusekeleni
Ngemuva kokuba amahlumela akhule ngo-20-25 cm kanye namaqabunga amahlanu eqiniso avela kubo, kubalulekile ukuba wenze i-garter yesitshalo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-ukhukhamba e-garter: eziqondile futhi ezizungezile.
Nge-garter ebonakalayo, ukusekelwa kwamamitha amabili kufakwe eduze kwehlathi ngalinye, futhi isitshalo siboshwe ngentambo ngezindophi. Iphuzu lihleli phakathi kweqabunga lesibili nelesithathu. Khona-ke intambo ishaywa kancane futhi iboshelwe ukwesekwa. Ngakho-ke, isihlahla ngasinye siyoba nokusekelwa kwayo. Le ndlela izothatha isikhathi esiningi nokuzikhandla kune-garter enezingqimba. Kodwa-ke, inokwethenjelwa kakhulu, futhi yenza lula ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo.
Kubalulekile! Iphuzu elithwalwa igciwane akumele libe liqinile kakhulu. Izitshalo ziyokhula futhi iziqu zazo ziyoba zinyene. Ngakho-ke, iphoyinti eliqinile lingalimaza ukhukhamba noma kungabangela ukukhula kwabo.
Uma kwenzeka i-garter enezingqimba, izinsimbi zokhuni noma zensimbi zifakwa ezinhlangothini zombili eziphambene zomugqa, phakathi kweyiphi imigqa emibili yezintambo noma izintambo eziqinile eziboshwe. Esikhathini esizayo, amahlumela azoboshwa kulezi zintambo. Le ndlela ilula kuneyaphambilini, nokho inezinkinga eziningi:
- ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izintambo ziqala ukugubha;
- kunzima ukulinganisa ngokulinganayo ukucindezeleka amandla uma isihlahla ngasinye esisha siboshwe;
- ufinyelela emgqeni wokuqala, ukhukhamba uzolungisa, ungafuni ukukhula phambili.
Iningi lezinhlobonhlobo zendabuko nemifino yamakhukhamba yakha izimbali zensikazi ezivundile ezimangalisweni ze-lateral, kuyilapho izimbali zesilisa zikhula emahlumela amakhulu - izimbali ezingenalutho. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokubunjwa kwehlathini kuyadingeka ukuba ufeze. Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ithuba lokuthola iziqu ze-lateral nokuvuna. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuchofoza phezulu kwesiteji esiphakathi ngemuva kweqabunga lesithupha.
Ngemva kokuphoqa, amahlumela ahlangene kufanele ahlanganiswe ngenduku ukuze angafihli umlomo womunye nomunye futhi angaphazamisi ukwakheka, ukukhula kwezithelo. Kulesi simo, kushiywa amahlumela amaningana okwakhiwa ukuze ahlasele. Lokhu kuzokwandisa inani lesitshalo. Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwehlathini kwenzeka kulezi zigaba ezilandelayo:
- i-stem ephakathi ehlanganiswe nokusekelwa;
- emva kokuvela kwama-ovari wokuqala ekuqukeni kwe-lateral, amahlumela ahlanganiswe nesiteji esiphakathi ngosizo lwezintshevu zalo.
Kubalulekile! Zama ukugcina ibanga elingaphansi kwama-degrees angu-70 phakathi kwe-stem eyinhloko kanye ne-lateral ukuze amahlumela abonakaliswe.
Amagundane amadevu anjalo phakathi nokukhula kwesitshalo kuzodingeka kwenziwe izikhathi eziningana. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukususa njalo amaqabunga aphuzi noma awonakele.
Ezinye Izindlela Zokuvuna Okukhulu
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba ezikhwameni kulula. Ukuze uthole isivuno esengeziwe, kunezinye izimfihlo:
- Ungalimazi ukutshala, esikhwameni esisodwa esinekhono lama-50 l akufanele utshalwe ngaphezu kwezinhlamvu ezingu-15;
- phonsa amahlumela aphakathi nokwandisa inani lehlangothi, ezakha izimbali zensikazi ezivundile;
- khipha njalo amaqabunga aphansi awenza ngaphansi kwe-ovary ukuze angafihli izimbali futhi angaphazamisi impova yabo;
- izikhathi eziningana ngenyanga, kunconywa ukuba uhlakaze amakhukhamba ngesisombululo somunyu sokubilisa okungcono kanye nokuvuna imifino yezitshalo (isipuni sejuju ilitha lamanzi);
- ukuvuna ngesikhathi;
- ukutshala izitshalo nge superphosphates kanye umquba umquba kuzokusiza ngcono izitshalo.
Uyazi? Ukhukhamba uthanda ubisi. Ngenyanga kabili ngenyanga yokudla izitshalo ngesisombululo sebisi (1: 2) kungasheshisa ukukhula kwabo futhi kwandise isivuno sabo.
Ukuvuna
Ukhukhamba ezikhwameni zithwala izithelo ngokushesha kunezo ezitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoqwa kwabo kufanele kwenziwe kaningi. Ukuvuna kufanele kube ngokucophelela, ubambe iziqu ngesandla esisodwa, ukuze ungalimazi isitshalo. Kungcono ukufeza inqubo kusihlwa - ngemva kwamahora amahlanu kuya kwesithupha. Ukhukhamba ofuna ukukhula kumbewu kufanele ushiywe kwiziqu kuze kube yilapho isithelo siphephuka.
Khulisa ukhukhamba ngezikhwama akulula. Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ekunakekeleni ukuhambisana nombuso wokunisela. Ukunamathisela kanye nokubunjwa kwamahlathi kuzokwandisa kakhulu inani lokuvuna.
