Ngaphambi kokuba umlimi oyisivande noma uhlala ehlobo eqoqa isivuno sakhe, kuzodingeka abhekane nezikhathi ezithile ezingathandeki, okunye okuyizinambuzane eziyingozi ezifuna nokudla izitshalo ezinomsoco nokuvuna okumnandi. Ukuze uvikele isitshalo sakho kusuka ezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, amaqanda namaqabunga abo angasiza ngo-insecticide - lawa amakhemikhali akhethekile anomthelela omubi ezinambuzaneni ezinobungozi nenzalo yawo. Izinto ezinobuthi eziyingxenye yezinambuzane, umthelela omubi kubantu bezinambuzane ezithile, kuye ngokuthi isithako esisebenzayo esikhulu.
Uyazi? Izinambuzane zemvelo zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngabantu basendulo ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwezolimo.Ukubhubhisa ukhula olusetshenziswa ukwelashwa - Amakhemikhali afaka phakathi kwamaqabunga amaqabunga kanye nezimpande, ayishisa ngaphakathi.
Amalungiselelo e-insecticidal acaciswe futhi ahlukaniswe ngokucophelela ngokuya kwamakhemikhali, ngendlela yokungena emzimbeni wezinambuzane, enhlobonhlobo yethonya nangezinhloso zayo. Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yiliphi i-insecticide ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo nokuthi yiziphi izinambuzane eziphumelelayo.
Izinhlobo zezinambuzane ngokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali
Ama-insecticide amakhemikhali akhiqizwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ayenobuthi, abe nomthelela onobuthi ezinambuzaneni, afaka phakathi kwezingubo ze-cuticle, kanye nesistimu yokugaya ukudla lapho izinambuzane zidla izitshalo eziphathwe izinambuzane. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zamakhemikhali amakhemikhali yi-organochlorine, i-organophosphate ne-pyrethroids. Ake sihlale kulohlobo ngalunye ngokuningiliziwe.
I-Organochlorine
Ama-Organochlorine compounds (HOS) atholakala ngokuchithwa kwamakhemikhali e-hydrocarboni. Amalungiselelo avumela ukulwa nezinambuzane eziningi: okusanhlamvu, imifino nezitshalo zezimboni, kanye nezinambuzane zezihlahla nezihlahla. Amafomu okukhululwa - ama-powders kanye nama-emulsions amafutha, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu - DDT, HCBD, DDD, HCCH, heptachlor, PCP, PCC kanye ne-aldrin. I-HH ingahlanjululwa kahle emanzini, ihlaziywe ngamafutha namafutha, izinga labo lokumelana namakemikhali liphakeme. I-HOS, engena emzimbeni wezinambuzane, ithinta isimiso sezinzwa, silimaza, sibangela ukukhubazeka. Ukufa kwezinambuzane kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingu-7.
Ama-insecticide e-Organochlorine anezinga eliphakeme lokubhujiswa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, kodwa banomthelela omkhulu - basuke benobuthi obubi kakhulu, belimaza abantu kanye nemvelo. Manje lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane lufunwa ukuthi lushintshwe ngamalungiselelo aphephile, ngaleyo ndlela iwukhipha endaweni yabanini balimi.
I-Organophosphate
Amakhemikhali e-Organophosphorus (FOS) angama-phosphoric acid esters, abonakala ngemiphumela ekhethiwe ngezinambuzane. Amalungiselelo e-organophosphate ethandwa kakhulu yi-Fufanon, Dichlorvos, Karbofos, Fozalon. Izinzuzo ze-FOS ziwuphumelela ekubhujisweni kwezinambuzane eziningi, kufaka phakathi imikhaza, isinyathelo esisheshayo, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi, izidakamizwa ngokuvamile ziba nemiphumela emihle, aziqongeleli emzimbeni wesintu noma wesilwane uma kuvezwa ngengozi. Njengenqamuzana, kungenzeka ukugcizelela uketshezi oludakayo kwezidakamizwa kubantu nasezilwaneni, lapho usebenza ne-FOS, ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni yokuphepha kuyadingeka, kanye nokuvela kwezizukulwane eziphikisanayo zezilwanyana ezinokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
Kubalulekile! Ukwelapha izidakamizwa zokubulala izinambuzane kudinga izitshalo eziphazamisayo ezinambuzane, kanye nezindawo lapho kungenzeka khona khona.
Ama-Pyrethroids
Ama-Pyrethroid asebenza ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu kwe-substance pyrethrum yemvelo, isenzo salo sihlose ukulimaza isimiso sezinzwa zezinambuzane futhi siphazamise ukuhamba kwemizwa. I-pyrethroid eyaziwa kakhulu yiyona "Fastak", "Decis", "Fas", "Arrivo", "Cotrin". Izinzuzo zihlanganisa: ubuthi obukhethiweyo obungathinti igazi elifudumele, kuhlanganise nomuntu, amathuba okusebenzisa emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi eside kwezidakamizwa ezitshalweni. Izimo ze-pyrethroids - ungabhubhisi izinambuzane ezifihliwe ezindaweni ezifihliwe, futhi ukusebenzisa isikhathi eside kuzobangela ukumelana nomuthi ezinambuzane.
Kubalulekile! Ukusebenza nanoma yimaphi ama-insecticide kufanele kwenziwe nge-bandze bandage, iglavu kanye nejazi lomsebenzi.
Ukuhlukanisa ama-insecticide ngendlela yokungena emzimbeni
Ngendlela yokungena emzimbeni wezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane zihlukaniswe ngamathumbu, ukuxhumana nohlelo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izidakamizwa ziyakwazi ukuhlanganisa indlela yokungena ekuqedeni izinambuzane.
Othintana naye
Ukuxhumana nezinambuzane zikwazi ukungena emzimbeni wezinambuzane lapho umzimba wezinambuzane ungaphansi kokuxhumana kwangaphandle nesitshalo, esinezidakamizwa ezinobuthi. Amalungiselelo okuthintana nawo aphumelele ngesonto, izitshalo zihlanza izinto ezisebenzayo, futhi isenzo saso singasheshe siphume. Inzuzo yindlela yokubulala ngokushesha ngemuva kokufafaza isitshalo esithintekayo. Izinsalela zalolu hlobo lwezidakamizwa: akukho mthelela kulabo abaphethwe yizimpukane namafihlekile, futhi izingxenye zezitshalo ezingaphathwa kahle azivikelekile ngokuphelele ezinambuzaneni, ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuba uphefise ngokuphelele zonke izimila zasemhlabeni. Izidakamizwa ezidumile "i-Apollo", "iKarate" ne "Oberon".
Amathumbu
Ama-insecticide emathunjini asemathunjini anesici esikhethekile: ukungena ohlelweni lokugaya izinambuzane, bayaluphatha ngaphakathi, kubangele ukufa okusheshayo. Ukuphumelela ngokumelene nezilwanyana ezidliwayo ezidla izitshalo eziphathwe. Phakathi kwabalimi, izinambuzane ezinama-intestinal-intestinal zithandwa kakhulu - lokhu kuwumkhiqizo wemboni ye-agrochemical yezenzo ezihlangene ku-insect - ngesikhumba uma ihlangana nesitshalo esiphathwe, futhi uyibuthiza ngokudla izinambuzane zesitshalo ezifaka into enobuthi. Ukungahambi kahle ukuxhomeka kwesidakamizwa ezingeni lekhwalithi yokwelashwa kwemifula. Ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukulwa nezinambuzane kukhona izinambuzane ezinama-intestinal ezinjenge-Akarin, i-Bankol, i-Detsis, i-Konfidor ne-Calypso.
I-Systemic
Ama-insecticide wezenzo zesistimu abonakaliswa amandla okungena ngokushesha ohlelweni lwezitsha zesitshalo esiphathwe futhi ahambisane nawo kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlabathi. Loluhlobo lwezinambuzane luhlasela izinambuzane, oluhola umsebenzi obalulekile ezitsheni zezitshalo, kanye nabantu abondla isitshalo esiphathwe, ababhubhisa. Inzuzo eyinhloko yokusebenza kwezidakamizwa - ukuzimela okuzimele, ngoba into enobuthi igcinwa esitshalweni ezingeni leselula, hhayi phezulu. Izidakamizwa ezithandwa kakhulu ziyi-Biotlin, i-Mospilan ne-Prestige.
Uyazi? Ukwenqaba ngokuphelele izinambuzane kuzonciphisa isivuno sibe ngu-20-35%, ngokungafani nezinga lokukhiqiza lika-95% ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezivela ezinambuzane.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinambuzane nge-spectrum
Ngokwezici zesenzo, izinambuzane zihlukaniswa zibe ngamalungiselelo okutholakala okukhethiwe nokuqhubekayo.
Isinyathelo esiqinile
Ama-insecticide ezenzakalweni eziqhubekayo yizindlela zamakhemikhali zokulwa nezinhlobo eziningana zezilokazane ezihlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukubhujiswa okwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene.
Isenzo esikhethiwe
Ama-insecticide izenzo ezikhethayo zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nenambuzane ethile. Lezi zinhlobo zibandakanya i-anthelmintics - izidakamizwa ezibhubhisa izibungu ezinama-parasitic, nematocides - zibhubhisa ama-worms, ama-acaricides, abhubhisa amakhiza, kanye nama-inseacacaricides asebenza kahle ngokumelene nemikhaza nezinye izinambuzane.
Kubalulekile! Ama-insecticide ayinconywa ukuba asetshenziswe eduze kwezinyoni zezilwane noma ezifuywayo.
Indlela yokwabelana ngezidakamizwa ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza
Ukuze kube lula abalimi nabasebenzi bezolimo, amaqembu ezidakamizwa asethuthukile, ahlukaniswe ngenhloso yokukhiqiza - ahluke ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kanye nemvelo yomthelela womzimba wezinambuzane. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezidakamizwa zezimboni ziheha, ama-pheromones, i-insectoacaricides, ama-ovicides, amaphutha kanye nama-repellents.
Abahehayo nama-pheromones
Abahehayo kanye nama-pheromone yizidakamizwa eziheha izinambuzane nokuthunga kwazo zibe izicupho ezikhethekile. Lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane luvumela ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwezinambuzane ngemva kokuthunjwa kwabo. I-Pheromones yikhiqiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile. Abahehayo bayathinta izidakamizwa zokudla zezinambuzane, okufuna ukudla okunephunga ziwela esicupheni. Izikhangisi ezigesi ziheha iphunga elithile lezinambuzane ezincane ezindizayo.
Insectoacaricides
I-insecticoacaricides yilezizinto zamakhemikhali neziphilayo ezenzelwe ukubulala izinambuzane eziyingozi nezinambuzane. I-insecticoacaricide, lapho ibhekwa yinkathazo, iwukhubaza, emva kwalokho inambuzane ifa. Ukwehluleka okuphawulekayo - ukuqoqwa kwezidakamizwa emzimbeni womuntu kunomthelela omubi kwisistimu yenzwa yomphakathi.
Ama-Ovicides
Ama-ovicides angaba nethonya elibi kumaqanda ezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, okuyisinye sezigaba ezizinzile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinambuzane nemithi. Izakhi ezinobuthi zingene egobolondo leqanda bese zibhubhisa umbungu. Loluhlobo lwezinambuzane alubulali kwezinye izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane nokuphila.
Aphistides
I-Atif yizinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezibhubhisa ama-aphid. Lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane lunomthelela emathunjini, othintekayo kanye nesistimu kuma-aphid nakwezinye izinambuzane ezisondezayo. I-Aficides ayitholakali kahle emanzini, futhi ku-solvents eziphilayo - okuhle.
Ama-Larvicides
Ama-Larvicides yizidakamizwa ezinomthelela omubi emagcekeni okuzulazula okuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane, kanti ezinye izigaba cishe azithinteki umphumela walo owonakele. Isibungu noma isibungu senkathazo, sidla lesi sitshalo, siphathwe nge-larvicide, ngemva kokufa kwesidakamizwa semithi. I-susceptible iningi lezenzo zaloluhlobo lwezinambuzane ziyizinambuzane ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuqhaqhazela.
Izimpendulo
Ama-repellents angama-agent abesabisa izilokazane zezitshalo futhi avimbele ukuba bangadli izitshalo nezingadi. I-repellent ingaba yinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali noma isitshalo esithile, okuyinto, ngephunga layo, elizovikela izimila zamasiko ezinambuzane eziyingozi. Kunengqondo ukusebenzisa izinhlanzi ngezinhloso ze-prophylactic ngamathuba amancane omonakalo kwezitshalo yizinambuzane.
Sasizijwayeza ukuthi yiziphi izinambuzane ezikhona nokuthi yiziphi izigaba zazo ezikhona, okubaluleke kakhulu futhi ezilula uma ukhetha kahle izidakamizwa ekubhujisweni kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinambuzane. Njengamanje, izinambuzane ezinambuzane ezisezingeni elibanzi zihanjiswa ngendlela eningi ezitolo ezikhethekile. Ngesizo sabo, i-jardin noma i-cottage ehlobo iyakunikeza ngokuvuna ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu nezindleko zezimali.
