Isifo sofuba sezinyoni sibhekwa njengesifo esibi, lapho kuthuthukiswa khona ama-granulomas anamahlumela emangeni nasemathunjini.
Isifo saqala ukuchazwa ngo-1884 kanye ne-diphtheria, futhi kakade ngo-1980 saziwa njengesifo esizimele.
Lesi sifo esithathelwanayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Mycobacteriumavium ngokuvamile siba yisifo esingapheliyo. Isifo sofuba sitholakala kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni.
Lezi izinkukhu, amadada asekhaya nasekhaya, ama-turkeys, ama-swans, ama-flamingos, ama-pheasants, ama-goose. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lesi sifo sitholakala okungenani ezingu-80 zezinyoni. I-Pheasants ehlala emakhaya, kunzima kakhulu ukubekezelela isifo sofuba. Kodwa phakathi kwezinkukhu iningi labantu liguga kakhulu kunezinyanga ezingu-12.
Iyini inyoni yesifo sofuba?
Ekuqaleni, isifo sofuba sasithathwa njengesifo sofuba, kodwa kamuva saziwa njengesifo esizimele.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isifo sofuba senyoni sihlobene ngqo ne-mycobacteria. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi abantu nezinyoni babona izinhlobo ezahlukene zesifo, ezingenakutholwa.
Isifo sofuba sezinyoni sivame emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise i-Uruguay, iVenezuela, iDenmark, iNorway, iJalimane, iRussia, njll. Ngokuvame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, lapho kunesimo sezulu esifudumele.
Ngenxa yobunzima bokuxilongwa kunzima ukunquma ngokunembile izinga lokutheleleka. Ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwesifo kungaba kuphela ngokushintsha indlela yokugcina izinyoni. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yalesi sinqumo eCanada, isilinganiso senani lahlehla ku-1-26%.
Njengoba ukutheleleka ngokuvamile kuqala ukukhula ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni, lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezomnotho. Ukulimala kuhlobene ngqo nokufa kwezinyoni eziphakeme nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwezinyoni ezinqolobaneni, ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kungancipha.
Isimo esinzima kakhulu siyabonakala kuma-zoos. Ngakho, isifo sofuba siyingozi kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni ezingavamile. Kungenakwenzeka ukukhipha ngokuphelele ukutheleleka, ngoba i-microorganism isinda enhlabathini, uma nje izakhiwo zingagcini ngokwanele.
Ama-Pathogens
I-agent causative ye-TB isifo sofuba I-Mycobacteriumavium. Ingagcinwa isikhathi eside emhlabathini noma kudoti.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-bacterium i-pathogenic ngezinkomo, izingulube namahhashi. Uma izinkukhu, okuyizinkukhu, zitheleleke, inqubo ijwayelekile.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-pathogen ikhula ekushiseni kwama-47 ° C emithonjeni yezakhi. On medium medium liquid lapho kukhona glycerin, i-bacilli ukwandisa ngesimo ifilimu wrinkled.
Emathanjeni angcwatshwe yizinyoni eziye zahlukunyezwa yisifo sofuba, i-pathogen iqhubeka isikhathi esingangonyaka, futhi kumanyolo okungenani izinyanga ezingu-7.
I-Mycobacteriumavium ihlukaniswe yi-asidi, i-alcohol, nokulwa nokulwa nokulwa. Izimpawu ezinjalo kufanele zicatshangelwe uma zihlukanisa ukutheleleka emthonjeni we-pathological eqoqwe.
Izifundo nezimpawu
Ukwelashwa kwesifo kanye nezimpawu eziyinhloko kungahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni.
Ngakho-ke, ezinkukhu isikhathi sokukhushulwa sithatha isilinganiso sezinyanga ezingu-1-10.
Izimpawu zokuqala zibuthakathaka futhi zingasebenzi, umkhuhlane kanye nokukhiqizwa kweqanda elincishisiwe. Uma inqubo ijwayelekile, ukuphazamiseka kwe-pallor kanye ne-ridge wrinkling, ukulahlekelwa kwesidlo, nokukhathala okukhulu kuphawulwe.
Kwezinye izimo, ukukhubazeka kwemilenze, isifo sohudo, ukubola kwesibindi nesipere. Izimpawu zamagama emathumbu we-matumbo ahlukile. Ngakho, izinkukhu zihlushwa isifo sohudo esibucayi kanye nobuthakathaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa udonga lwesisu, ungacubungula ama-nodes.
Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ngokuhamba njalo nokudla okuhle ezinkukhu ezigulayo, izibonakaliso zesifo ziphephile. Izinyoni zinesimo esihle somzimba okwesikhashana.
Amaphesenti ama-46-86 amaqanda anikezwe abantu abagulayo awanasetshenziswa. Izinkukhu ezisaqhamuka zikhiqiza i-agent causative yalesi sifo, nakuba impendulo ku-tuberculin ingahle ingabi nhlobo.
Inkukhu emhlophe yaseMoscow iyisibonelo esihle sezinkukhu ezivamile, ngokuvamile ezivulwa emadolobheni aseRussia.Vikela izinkukhu zakho ku-hemophilia. Yonke imininingwane iyatholakala ku-: //selo.guru/ptitsa/kury/bolezni/k-virusnye/gemofilez.html.
Izimpawu zesifo sofuba kwezinye izinyoni:
- Amadada nama-turkeys isikhathi eside ahlala eselula futhi enamafutha. Abantu ngabanye babonisa amapulangwe nezinkinga. Emaqanda ezinyoni ezithathelwanayo azikwazi ukuthola intsha enempilo.
- Ezingxenyeni zezinkathi zokugcoba zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukuphelelwa yisidlo, ukuphelelwa yisisu nokuhuda kuyabonakala.
- Izinyoni ezihlobisa, kufaka phakathi i-canary ne-parrots, ziphelelwa yisikhathala, i-anemia, nesifo sohudo. Ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda nakho kuphawulwe.
Ngokwezinga lomonakalo, lesi sifo singahlala iminyaka eminingana. Ngokuvamile inyoni ifa ngenxa yokuqeda imfucuza, ebangelwa ukuphuka kwesipere noma isibindi.
Ukuhlonza
I-diagnostic eyinhloko yenziwa ngemuva kokutadisha isithombe esikhulu kanye nezimpawu zomtholampilo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba khona kwesifo sofuba, kubalulekile ukwenza ama-smears bese ubona amangqamuzana angenawo ama-asidi lapho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwamakholomu we-mycobacterial kufanele kubonwe emithonjeni yemithombo.
Kukhona izindlela eziningi ezijwayelekile zokuxilonga isifo sofuba:
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tuberculin okubalulekile ukuxilongwa kwabantu. Zonke izivivinyo zenziwa ezindaweni zomzimba lapho kungekho khona amaphuphu. I-Allergen inikezwa kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphakathi. Ukuphumelela ngokwengeziwe kuyindlela yokuqala.
Ukutadisha ukusabela kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbili. Ukuvuvukala kwendawo kubhekwa njengendlela enhle yokusabela, nakuba imiphumela emibi namanga emihle ngokuvamile ibhalwe phansi. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwesikhumba kubonisa ukuthi kukhona othintana ne-mycobacteria. Ukwenza ucwaningo olunembile, kubalulekile ukuphinda uvivinye ngenyanga.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-immunosorbent e-enzyme ivumela ukuthola ukuthi i-antibodies i-sera. Njengoba ubuningi bayo kufanele bube buncane, indlela enjalo ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga isifo sofuba ezinyoni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingekho ndawo zomzimba.
- Ukusabela kwe-agglutination ibhekwa ngokuphumelelayo kunokuhlolwa kwesilonda. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ingaphinde inikeze imiphumela emihle emibi.
- Ukuxilongwa okuhlukile. Sikhuluma ngokuvula isidumbu. Isifo sofuba singadideka nge-typhoid, izinqubo ze-oncologic, i-enterohepatitis noma ikholera ngenxa yokulimala okufanako. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesifo sofuba yinani elikhulu lama-bacilli al-resistant.
Ukwelapha
Ukuze ukwelashwa kwezinkukhu, izidakamizwa ezilwa negciwane lesandulela ngculazi azikaze zisetshenziswe, ngoba ziyingozi emnothweni.
Ama-antibiotics ayabiza kakhulu, ngoba anikezwa kuphela ngezinhlobo eziyigugu ezingavamile. Ngakho, inhlanganisela ivame ukunikezwa. i-isoniazid, i-rifampicin ne-ethambutol.
Kukhona olunye uhlobo lwezinyathelo ezimbili zokwelapha:
- Ezinyangeni ezimbili, ingxube ye-pyrazinamide, i-isoniazid, streptomycin, i-rifampicin ne-ethambutol kufanele inikwe izinyoni ezigulayo.
- Uma i-bacteriocarrier iphikelela, izinyanga ezingu-3-4 zonke izinsuku, noma i-rifampicin ne-isoniazid kufanele zinikezwe nsuku zonke.
Ngokuvamile, abantu abagulayo abagonywanga, ngoba kuzosiza kuphela ukunciphisa ukusakazeka kwesifo sofuba. Ukulwa nalesi sifo ngempumelelo, kufanele kwenziwe izinyathelo eziningi, okubandakanya ukuhlola okuhlelekile kwezinyoni ukuze kube khona isifo sofuba.
Ezimweni eziphambili, ukwelashwa kuthathwa njengokungasebenzi. Inyoni egulayo imane ibhujiswe, ngoba ibonisa ingozi ngisho nasempilo yabantu.
Ukuvimbela
Isilinganiso esibaluleke kakhulu sokuzivikela ukususwa kwazo zonke izinyoni ezinomphumela omuhle ekuhloleni isifo sofuba.
Uma okungenani umuntu owodwa onegciwane ehlala emhlambini, ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwalesi sifo kungenzeka. Ukuhlola ukuthi kungcono ukusebenzisa izinyathelo eziningi.
Kuyinto elula ukulawula lesi sifo ngokubulala izinyoni emva kwesikhathi sokubeka.. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukucinwa kwe-mycobacteria. Uma ukulungiswa kwemfuyo kuhlelwe, kuyadingeka ukushintsha indawo yokuboshwa.
Ezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela:
- ukufakwa kwemishini emisha, ngoba ukungasebenzi nge-disinfection kuvame ukungasebenzi;
- ukufakwa kocingo, ukuze izinyoni ezigulayo zikwazi ukusabalalisa ukutheleleka;
- ukubhujiswa kwezinyoni lapho izilonda ezinamahloni zenziwa khona;
- ukudalwa emvelweni omusha wepakethe entsha.
Isifo sofuba sisifo esiyingozi kakhulu esingalimaza umzimba womuntu. Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukuthatha isimo sengqondo esinokwethenjelwa kokuqukethwe kwezinkukhu futhi ukunganaki izinyathelo zokuphepha.
