I-symbiosis yezintuthwane nama-apidi: kanjani ukuphuka inyunyana ejabulisayo ukuvikela izitshalo?

I-Aphid - enye yezinambuzane eziyinhloko zedizadi, izivande nezindlu zendlu, kungenxa yephiko le-oda. Ezweni kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 000 zama-aphid. Bahlala ezitshalweni zabo abazondla ijusi.

Isikhumba sabo sincane, siphuthuma kalula umswakama ngenxa yalezi zinambuzane okufanele ziphuze okuningi. Izakhi ezinomsoco ezitholakala ngama-aphid kusukela emanzini wezitshalo, ziphuma ngaphansi kohlobo lwe "uju lwamanzi", okuyinto ethanda kakhulu izintuthwane.

Ukuphila kwe-Aphid

Ama-aphid ngokwawo ayinambuzane encane, ayikho enkulu kunamamitha ambalwa ngamasayizi.. Imizimba yabo enama-oval ihlanganiswe ne-knobby, igobolondo elilodwa elibonakalayo. Ngenxa yemilenze ende, ama-aphid angakwazi ukukhahlela futhi aze agijime kusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuya kwesinye. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iphiko le-aphid liphila nokuthi yini umgadi wegadi kanye nomlimi wensimu adinga ukwazi mayelana nenhlekelele, funda lapha.

Bahlala emakoloni, futhi kulawo makoloni kukhona izinambuzane ezingenamaphiko nabantu abanamaphiko. Isibonakaliso sokuthi ku-aphid akuhlobene nokuya ocansini: amaphiko asesimame nabesilisa. Ekhanda lezinambuzane ezindala kunezintuthwane, ngenxa yokuthi lihlukanisa imisindo, futhi izintambo ziyadingeka ukuba zithinte.

Amehlo ama-aphid anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ehlukahlukene afika emibala ehlukahlukene: kusuka ebomvu kuya emnyama, cishe abamnyama. Ezinambuzane ezingenakubalwa zingaba ngaphezu kwazo ezintathu ocelli elula.

Ukuvula umlomo we-aphid iyi-proboscis encane equkethe izingxenye ezine. Ugwaza isikhumba saleso sitshalo nabo bese esiphuza ijusi kuso (ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalokho okushiwo ama-aphid, ungathola lapha). Amaqabunga ezitshalo ezithinteka ngama-aphid aqala ukubola, amahlumela aphelile ukukhula, futhi ezimpandeni ezingenalutho ziyakhiwa - ama-galls. Ama-aphid angathinta zonke izingxenye zesitshalo., okwenza kube inkathazo enhle kakhulu futhi eyingozi.

Umjikelezo wokuphila wama-aphid uqala neqiniso lokuthi ekwindla owesifazane ubeka amaqanda, lapho izimpungushe zibaleka khona entwasahlobo. Njengabantu abadala, baqala ukwandisa ngendlela ye-parthenogenesis, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokukhulelwa. Kulesi sigaba, inzalo yama-aphid ayizinsikazi ezingenasiphelo. Ngenyanga inombolo yabo ingafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane.

Ngokushesha nje lapho leli koloni ligcwele, phakathi kwaleyo nzalo abantu bavela ngamaphiko angabaleka kwezinye izitshalo. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, abesilisa abanamaphiko babonakala phakathi kwezinzalo zezinyosi..

Lapho bebadala, ngabanye bobulili bobabili bavele bahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni. Insikazi manje inamaqanda amancane kakhulu. Kodwa amaqanda akhulelwe azokwazi ukudlulisa ubusika, kanti zonke izinhlayiya, ezihlanjululwa kusukela emaceleni okuqala, hhayi ama-fertilizer, azihlali emakhazeni.

Ama-aphid angaphila kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya enyangeni.. Ukushisa okushisa, 8-10 ° С kwandisa impilo yowesifazane kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili.

Izintuthwane zihlala kanjani?

Izintuthwane ezisemthethweni we-Hymenoptera zihlala ezidlekeni ezakhiwe yizo - izinhlanga, ezihlelwe phansi, ngaphansi kwamatshe noma ngokhuni. Ngokuvamile, kanye nabo, kunezinye izinambuzane eziye zangena ku-symbiosis nezintuthwane.

Ngaphandle kwezintuthwane, izigqila "ezithunjwa ngazo ngezinye izikhathi zihlala ezinhlobonhlobo - izintuthwane ezivela kwamanye amakoloni okwenza umsebenzi onzima kakhulu.

Izintuthwane ziyizinambuzane ezincane, izinombolo zazo zinkulu ngoba zizala ngokushesha. Bahlala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica neziqhingi eziningana ezilahlekile olwandle.

I-ant colony iyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhlukaniswa ngama-castes:

• Izinsikazi - Ebizwa nangokuthi indlovukazi noma indlovukazi zenziwa kuphela ekuzalweni kwenzalo. Abesilisa bakhulelwa amaqanda angabonisiwe, nabesifazane abavela emaqanda okhulelwe. Indlovukazi inamaphiko, kodwa iyabalima ngokushesha lapho sekuqediwe indiza. Izintuthwane zezibeletho zikhulu kakhulu kunabo "abangaphansi" futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kunabo. Ukuphila kwendlovukazikazi yezintuthwane kungafinyelela eminyakeni engu-20 noma ngaphezulu.
• Abesilisa bamantombazane - zincane kunesibeletho, futhi nazo zinamaphiko. Umsebenzi wabo kuphela ukubandakanya ukubambisana. Ngemuva kokuba abesilisa bafeze injongo yabo, babhujiswa ezinye izintuthwane. Ukuphila kwezintuthwane zesilisa kufike amasonto ambalwa.
• Ama-ants noma ama-foragers - Laba besifazane abanesimiso sokuzala esingaphili kahle. Bathola ukudla, balondoloze ukuhleleka kwe-anthill futhi bakhulise inzalo ezayo. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke phakathi kwezintuthwane zabasebenzi abanekhanda elikhulu futhi bahlakulele kahle, ababizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane zempi, bavikele i-anthill ezivakashi ezingakemukwanga.

Izintuthwane zibhekwa njengezinambuzane eziwusizo, kepha uma zihlala eduze komuntu, zenza umonakalo omkhulu.

Kubalulekile! Izitshalo ze-Ants zokulimala nezitshalo, kanye nezinhlanzi, zinciphisa izindonga zezindlu zokhuni nezinsiza ezivela ngaphakathi futhi zisiza ukukhiqiza ukungazitheli, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulwa nalo.

Insect symbiosis: kungani badinga omunye nomunye?

Izintuthwane ziletha ama-aphid bese zihlwanyela emaqabungeni ezitshalo zensimu noma engadini.. Ukuphuza isisindo saleso sitshalo, amaqabunga aphid athola amaprotheni, futhi ushukela ususa emzimbeni wakhe ngendlela yamaconsi amnandi, okuthiwa i-paddy noma i-honeydew.

Iyini imbangela ye-insect inyunyana, izintuthwane zifaka kanjani i-symbiont (aphid) futhi ziyidla ngokwayo? Intuthwane ikhiphela ukugcoba nge-antennae, futhi iveza uphonsa we-liquid elimnandi. Amanye ama-aphid cishe cishe wonke amaminithi atha umfula wezinyosi.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izintuthwane zidla noma zivikela ama-aphid ezinyonikazi zezinyoni, izinyoni zezinyoni zezinyoni nezinyoni, ngisho nokuzakhela izindlu zobumba phezu kweziqu zezitshalo, futhi futhi zidlulise ama-aphid kwezinye, izitshalo ezincane nezitshalo emva kokuba isitshalo sifile.

Ngesikhathi sasebusika, izintuthwane zithatha ngisho nama-aphid ezinhlakeni zazo.lapho bonke ubusika bamnakekela futhi amaqanda abekwe nguye.

Indlela yokulwa?

Izintuthwane zamasimu zihlala ezigodini ze-dacha nezasemuva, ezonakalisa isivuno futhi zitshale ama-aphid amaningi.

Kunezinhlobo zamakhemikhali amaningi anqabelayo., isenzo esiyinhloko esibhekiswe ngokuyinhloko ekukhubazeni kwesimiso sezinzwa zalezi zinambuzane. Isisekelo seningi labo lingu-diazinon noma i-chlorpyrifos.

Ukulwa nezintuthwane kungenziwa nakwezinye izindlela "ezinobungane": usakaze amaqabunga a-anise noma i-sawdust exutshwe ne-garlic eshiciwe emhlabeni wonke. Noma uthele nge-diesel, kodwa ungayishisi.

Qaphela! Umphumela omuhle unikeza usawoti ojwayelekile: kufanele uthululwe esidlekeni ngokwawo kanye nemigwaqo lapho lezi zinambuzane zihamba khona.

Umhlonyane kanye ne-parsley ekhulayo esiqhingini uyovikela futhi ngokumelene nezintuthwaneabangabekezeleli iphunga lala makhambi.

Amafutha omquba, umlotha wegwayi, amaqabunga aqothuliwe utamatisi, kanye ne-turpentine namalahle nakho okuhle okushoyo ngokumelene nabo.

Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukulimala okukhulu engadini kanye nensimu kusetshenziselwa izintuthwane, futhi i-aphid, okokuqala, udinga ukubhekana nayo. Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza lokhu. Izindlela ezithandwayo kakhulu zomzabalazo - ezenziwe ngamashini noma ezingokoqobo.. Ungasebenzisa futhi amakhemikhali abhubhisa ama-aphid.

Ungatshala futhi izitshalo ezungeze ingadi noma ingadi eheha izitha ze-aphid zamaqabunga zemvelo, njengama-ladybugs, ama-hoverflies, izinyoni ze-eyed golden nezinyoni ezihlukahlukene.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nabanye abasizi ekulweni nama-aphid efundwa kule ndaba.

Indlela yokuvikela izihlahla?

Ukuvikelwa komuthi kungenziwa ngezindlela eziningana.:

1. Beka amabhande ezinhlobonhlobo zekhadibhodi ephathekayo noma ifilimu ye-polyethylene ezikhungweni zezihlahla, ezibopha ezindaweni ezimbili ngezindophi ezithambile bese ubeka i-greti engqungqutheleni engxenyeni engaphakathi.
2. Dweba imbobo engajulile eduze komjikelezo womuthi bese ubeka ithethi emotweni ehlukaniswe isigamu sigcwele amanzi.
3. Gweba izihlahla zemithi ngemicibisholo ye-garlic, iphunga lawo izintuthwane azikwazi ukuma.
4. Coil utshani obunzima noma utamatisi phezulu.
5. Thintana ne-SES eliseduzane ukuze ochwepheshe bezinambuzane bahlasele izihlahla ngokwabo, kanye nezitshalo eziseduze nezinsimbi.

Lolu hlobo lobuhlobo njengo-symbiosis phakathi kwezintuthwane nama-aphid lukhona ngezigidi zeminyaka - lezi zinambuzane zixhomeke kakhulu komunye nomunye ukuthi azikwazi ukusinda zodwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi i-aphid ibonakale kulesi sakhiwo, kubalulekile ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo ilwa nabo bobabili. Uma ungalweli ngaphandle kwama-aphid nokuningi ngezintuthwane, khona-ke amaqabunga ezitshalo azophinde afakwe kulezi zinambuzane.