Ukwelapha nezindlela eziphumelelayo zokulwa namagilebhisi ase-rubella

Umbuso we-fungi ngumphakathi wasendulo kakhulu futhi omelele kakhulu wemvelo emhlabeni.

Ukuze ubone ezinye zazo, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yama-mushroom, kuyinjabulo kumuntu, abanye kuthiwa abonakalise impilo yabalimi nabathandi bezitshalo zasendlini.

I-agent ye-Causative

Ascomycetes - ubani? Ziyini izingozi ezitshalweni?

Kuhunyushwe kusuka kwisiGreki - nje "isikhwama", "isikhwama". Amakhowe we-Marsupial. Umzimba ongaphelele (i-mycelium), onomzimba wezitshalo ezinomzimba omncane (i-hyphae) kanye nezitho ezikhethekile zokuphatha izinhlamvu (izikhwama zokukhiqiza) - izikhwama. U-Ascomycete ngokwayo uzikhiqiza ngokwase-asexual (ngaphandle kwamangqamuzana okuzala) futhi ngokobulili (ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwamaseli akhethekile).

I-80% yezifo zezitshalo zihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ze-spore. Izimbangela zezifo ze-fungal azifani ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukulwa nabo kuphuthumayo.

Okusemqoka kokulimala kwesitshalo kulesisitshalo kungena ekungeneni kweqabunga lamagatsha noma ukulimala okusele yizinambuzane kanye nokuhluma okunamandla emzimbeni wesitshalo.

Ukusakazeka ngokushesha, i-mycelium idala ekupheleni kwayo - ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwe-gametes yamadoda nabesifazane - izikhwama ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 (ngayinye enezinhlamvu ezingu-8 zokuzala). Phezu kwesikhwama seshidi, ukuvala, faka "isoso" ene-diamrons ayi-400.

Ama-filament (hyphae) amancane we-fungus, ahlukanisa, ayenze amafreythi kanye nezitho ezintsha zokuhluma. Inhloso eyinhloko yezintambo ze-multimeter i-absorption yamanzi nezakhi ezivela esitshalweni. Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwempikiswano emasakeni esikhungweni sokushisa kwama-degrees Celsius - amasonto amabili. Ukugeleza kwamanzi noma umoya, badluliselwa kwezinye izitshalo, ukuxhuma isenzo esisha sokukhulelwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Asexual (vegetative) yisici se-fungus marsupial ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimnandi. Khona-ke ebusweni be-mycelium ezivela ezinhlamvu ezijwayelekile (ezihlukaniswe ne-hyphae) conidia zikhula-izingxabano ezingaguquki, zilungele ukuphendukela emzimbeni omusha nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza nokuhlala.

Usizo: Ezweni lama-mushroom, i-ascomycetes inombolo engaphezu kwezinhlobo ezingu-30,000. Indima yabo emvelweni akuyona into engavamile: bayisekela ukuphelela kwemijikelezo yezinto eziphilayo ze-nitrogen nekhabhoni, isisekelo sama-lichens, kufakwe emenyu yezinambuzane, ama-rodents ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu - izikhumba nezinyamazane.

Incazelo nesithombe sama-rubella amagilebhisi

Amagilebhisi aseRubella njenge-fungal infection. Lesi sifo semivini yamagilebhisi sabizwa ngokuthi umbala wamabala-ama-thickenings avela emaqabeni wokuqala ngoMeyi-June. Pho kungani amagilebhisi aphenduka amaqabunga abomvu? Ngezinye izikhathi, noma kunjalo, uhlobo lwamabala lungase luhluke kakhulu:

• ukukhulelwa komzimba;
• ukunqotshwa kwesitshalo nge-necrosis ebonakalayo (bacteriosis);
• ukunqotshwa kwesicabucabu;
• ukuba khona kwe-fluorine kumanyolo borsuperphosphate;
• ukulahlekelwa kwe-potassium ebalulekile;
• izihlahla ezinzima kakhulu.

Ukuze i-rubella iboniswe izinguquko zombala phakathi kwe-streaks yeshidi, okwenza isithombe se-triangular, amaqabunga abonakala njengezigqila. Ubufakazi obungenakulinganiswa bokutheleleka wuhlobo oluthile lwendawo:

• ezinhlobonhlobo ezimhlophe: amaqabunga amagilebhisi ahlanganiswe nezindawo ezimnyama, nomngcele omncane ophuzi, noma izindawo eziphuzi ngokuphelele;
• ngezinhlobo zembala (obomvu, obomvu, abamnyama) - amabala amnyama amnyama emaqabunga amagilebhisi enhlobonhlobo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ophuzi.

I-Rubella akuyona isifo somvini esibalulekile sezomnotho. Akuphathwa njenge-fungus engena ezingxenyeni zezitshalo zesitshalo. I-parasite inomhlaba wokwakha umlutha ophikisayo wamafungicides (amakhemikhali). Ukulwa ne-rubella, ngokuyinhloko - ukuvimbela ukusakazeka nokuguquka kwemvelo yemvelo.

Usizo: Lesi sifo sachazwa okokuqala yi-biologist waseSwitzerland uG. Muller ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, owathola emvinini waseThurgau (enyakatho ntshonalanga yeSwitzerland).

Esithombeni esingezansi ungajwayela izibonakaliso nokubukeka kokuncintisana kwamagilebhisi ase-rubella:

Izinhlobo zezifo

Ochwepheshe bezithelo ezikhulayo bahlukanisa isimo saleso sifo, bahlukanise ngokuthi:

• i-infectious;
• okungenasifo.

Esikhathini sokuqala, umvini wezinsuku zokuqala ezingu-3-4 zokuphila uthinteka ngokudluliswa kwezinhlamvu ezivela ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane, kuhlanganise nokhula nokhula.
Kwesibili - imbangela yesifo yilezi:

• ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi (stony, empofu omsoco, ikakhulukazi - potassium);
• ukuphazanyiswa kwamanzi emkhakheni wokudla;
• isihlahla esibuthakathaka;
• izimvula ezinzima;
• isomiso;
• amazinga okushisa aphansi ebusuku.

I-rubella engasetshenziswanga inganqotshwa kalula ngokuthuthukisa isizinda sonke sezolimo noma ukushintsha uhlelo lokudla.

Usizo: Ukulawulwa kwesibindi se-Systemic kungenza buthakathaka inqubo yokutheleleka nge-ascomycete.

Imiphumela

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezilula kakhulu zibe amaqabunga, okungavamile - ukushaywa kwamagilebhisi, kuholela ku:

• ukuqina kwekhalenda leqabunga kanye nokubonakaliswa kwe-fragility yayo: amaqabunga ahlanganiswe futhi amile, kuze kusetshenziswe kabusha;
• izinguquko ekukhiqizeni kweqabunga njengamadivayisi we-photosynthetic;
• ukwehlisa izitshalo ezingadli kahle;
• izinkinga zokukhula;
• ukubonakala kwezithelo ezikhubazekile ezingafinyeleli ekuvuthweni okugcwele;
• ukwehla (kufika ku-80%) noma ukuqedwa kokuqedwa kwesitshalo;
• ukutheleleka kabusha ekupheleni kwenkathi ekhulayo (Septemba).

Kubalulekile: Amagilebhisi aseRubella, angabonakali ngesikhathi esifanele, angakwazi ukuwayeka ngokuphelele amaqabunga ehlathini ekuqaleni komjikelezo okhulayo.

Izindlela zokulwa nesimo esithathelwanayo

Yini okufanele uyenze uma izindawo ezibomvu, eziphuzi noma ezibomvu zivela emaqabunga amagilebhisi uma amaqabunga amaqabunga? Lapho izithelo zikhula, kunezindlela ezintathu ezivame ukuvunyelwa ukulwa nezifo zefungal:

• amakhemikhali (ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides);
• i-biological (isikhunta asibekezeleli ukuncintisana);
• imishini (izinyathelo ze-agrotechnical).

Kodwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu ukuvimbela ukuthi kungenzeka ukulimala.

1. Indlela yamakhemikhali yokulwa nezifo zezitshalo, ezingeni likazwelonke lokukhiqiza amafayicide, inikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu nokulondoloza imali. Isimo esiyinhloko: ubuthi obubhebhethekisa izidakamizwa akumele kube yingozi kubantu. Uma kungenjalo, ithuluzi alihambisani nomgomo - ukuvuthwa okufanelekile kokudla izithelo eziwusizo emzimbeni wethu. Ukulungiselela ukwelashwa kwezitshalo yilokhu:
   • uhlobo lokuthintana, okuthinta ngokuqondile ubuso obathintekayo ("I-Rovral", "I-Omite", Bordeaux liquid (Isisombululo se-8%);
   • uhlobo lwe-systemic, uma isidakamizwa sijojowe ukungena kuzo zonke izinhlelo zesitshalo ("Fundazole", "I-Kvadris", "Strobe", «I-Topsin-M", "I-Topaz", "Byleton";
   • kuhlangene - ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zohlobo lokuqala nolwesibili ("Reedom", "Igolide", "I-Carbis Top").

   Ekulweni ne-causative agent ye-rubella, ukulungiswa kwezifo kuyasebenza kakhulu: i-chloroxide yethusi (i-0.3% isisombululo), i-polycarbacin, i-arceride, i-polychrome. Akukhona ngengozi ukuthi le fungus ayibonakali lapho umvini uphathwa khona nge-downy mildew.

   Amalungiselelo amakhemikhali anesisindo esisodwa: izifo ezifuywayo zijwayele kubo, futhi ushintsho ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe noma ukwanda komthamo kuyadingeka.

2. Ama-biological agents okulawula ukutheleleka kwe-fungal akuyona into enobuthi, kodwa futhi ayinikeli umphumela ohlala njalo unomphela abalimi ababalayo. Zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, zihlangene nezindlela ezithandwayo ezivivinywe phakathi neminyaka.

   I-Universal ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo "I-Gaupsin", ukuphumelela kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezitshalo, kuhlanganise namagilebhisi, kungu-90%. Kuwukuphepha okuphelele kwesidakamizwa kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo: izilwane eziphakeme, izinhlanzi nezinyosi. Ukusebenza kwe-microflora yayo kuveza amaviki amabili, ayitholi isitshalo, ayithinti ukunambitheka kwesithelo. "I-Gaupsin"kungenzeka ehlobo ekamelweni lokushisa egumbini - ezinyangeni ezine, endaweni ebandayo - kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha.

   Ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlanganisa nokuncoma kokuphatha izihlahla ngekhambi lokukhishwa emithonjeni yomlotha kanye nokuhlanza (amanzi ash - 1/10; 50 g.) Insipho). Imvamisa yokwelashwa yilezi zinsuku eziyisikhombisa, kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi ekhulayo.

3. Izindlela zemishini yokulwa zihlanganisa:
• ukususwa kwamaqabunga abathintekayo namahlumela;
• ukususwa kwezinyathelo;
• embossing of izithelo ezithintekayo ngaphambili amahlumela, ushiye amahlamvu ngaphezu amaqoqo; izingane zokutholwa kule nkinga - ungasusi;
• i-garter amahlumela afike ngesikhathi;
• ukubhujiswa kwemifucuza yemfucuza kanye nemfucuza eyomile;
• ukususwa kokhula kusuka kumbuthano omkhulu, ukumba umhlabathi;
• ukusika izihlahla ngaphansi kwebusika;
• isicelo esengeziwe ama-fertilizer umquba.

Kubalulekile: "Amagilebhisi akathandi ukujuluka, kodwa ilanga nomhlaba." Ngokuba impilo yomvini kubaluleke kakhulu ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, ukutholakala kwe-potassium kuyo.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Azikho izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvimbela i-rubella. Le fungus ivela ngaphambi kwe-pathogen ye-powdery isikhutha, kodwa izwela ekuphambeni okuvimbela umuthi. Nansi eminye imithetho yokuvimbela lesi sifo:

1. Zombili izinhlangothi zeqabunga kufanele ziphathwe nge-fungicides. Entwasahlobo kungcono ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo e-organic, njengoba ithusi lingabangela ukushisa.
2. Ekuqaleni kokukhula kwemifino, kuyadingeka ukuqeda ukuxhumana kwesitshalo ngamaqabunga endala.
3. Kunconywa ukuqapha imodi yokukhanyisa kanye nokuphuza umoya emhlathini.
4. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokuqala kwamahlumela amancane nokususwa kwamaqabunga agciwane, udinga ukunakekelwa amahlamvu okwanele ehlathini, ukunciphisa ubude bokusika nokugcina izingane zokutholwa ezinempilo.
5. Ukwenza ngcono ukuvuna komhlabathi ngokusebenzisa umquba ophilayo: umquba, umquba, i-humus.
6. Sula i-potassium nitrate (1%) ekuqaleni noma ekupheleni kosuku (kuze kube izikhathi eziyisihlanu nge-interval of days 10), ukuhlanganisa nalo ukufakwa kwamakhomikhali e-potash ngaphansi kwezimpande zezitshalo.
7. Zonke izinambuzane zamagilebhisi (izinambuzane, izinyoni), eziphula ubuqotho besitshalo, zivule "isango" le-fungal infection. Ukuvimbela ama-ascomycetes ukuvikelwa kwemivini kusuka ezinambuzane.

Kungenzeka yini ukugwema usongo lokutheleleka?

Isimo esiyinhloko sempikiswano enempilo engadini yakho kuyoba ukhetho olucabangelayo lwezinhlobo. Phela, izinhlobo eziningi zamagilebhisi zaseYurophu zisengozini yezifo ze-spore. Futhi "iKhadikhadi" elihle, kanye nesitokisi esisisekelo "iNdlovukazi yezivini", kanye ne "Muscat Hungarian", ne "Pearl Saba" sinombono owodwa kuphela obuthakathaka - ukutholakala kokutheleleka kwefungal.

Ukudala ngokusetshenziswa kwazo kwamafomu amasha hybrid, njengomthetho, kuhloswe ukuqeda lokhu okungalungile, okungenani ngeyingxenye. Ngakho-ke, ezichazweni zezinhlobo kufanele zibuke njalo idatha, zikhulume ngokumelene nokuvinjelwa kwamagilebhisi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwefungus, kumswakama ophezulu, emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuzala kwenhlabathi kanye nobukhulu bomuntu obhujisiwe obuvuthiwe. Ngokuvamile, i-fungus ithinta izinhlobo eziveziwe nama-hybrids ezimpandeni ze-"isabelny".

Kukholelwa ukuthi phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemivini kuphela "amagilebhisi omnyama asebusika" (iVitis cinerea), ekhula eTexas, iqinisekisiwe ngokumelene nezifo zefungal kanye ner rubella yamagilebhisi.

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