Phakathi kwezifo eziningi zamagilebhisi ngokuvamile kutholakala izinhlobo ezahlukene zokubola.
Kuyini lokhu? Kungani amavini ebola emvinini, emajikijolo ezandleni? Izinhlobo ezintathu zokubola zivame kakhulu: grey, ezimhlophe futhi ezimnyama.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezingahle zingcolile futhi ezingekho? Ukuqaphela kanjani ingozi?
Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kungani ziyizi, ukuthi zivikela kanjani amagilebhisi nokuthi yini okufanele zenze uma lesi sifo sesivele sibonakale.
Izimpawu zesifo
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokubola zingazibonakalisa ngokwazo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izizathu zokubukeka kwazo nazo ziyahlukahluka. Ukubola okumnyama nokumnyama kungenzeka ngemva kwemvula ende, futhi kumhlophe, ngokuphambene nalokho, kusukela kwesomiso eside.
Ngakho, ukubola okumhlophe nokubomvu kubonakala kuphela kumajikijolo avuthiwe ngokugcwele. Izimpawu zokubonakaliswa kwayo zimhlophe ezimhlophe, ezibhebhethekile ezinamafutha amaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi ukutheleleka kungaqala ngomonakalo emaqabunga kanye namahlumela.
Ukubola okumnyama kuqala ngokubonakala emaqabunga ezindawo ezincane ezibomvu nemiphetho emnyama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sifo sithinta amajikijolo futhi kuyingozi enkulu kwisitshalo.
Ukubola okuningi kuthinta kuphela amajikijolo ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zokubola zingalimaza isitshalo sonke.
Izinhlobo zokubola
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokubola komvini. Okudume kakhulu kubo: abamhlophe, abamnyama nabomvu.
Mhlophe
Ukubola okumhlophe kubonakala ngenxa yokuthelela isitshalo ngenhlobo ethile yefungus. Izimpawu zangaphandle zesifo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana:
- amabala amancane aphuzi avela kumajikijolo;
- amajikijolo ahlehlisa futhi ahlehlise ngosayizi;
- amabala abizwa, amajikijolo ahlanganiswa isikhunta;
- amaqabunga asomile futhi avuke.
Izindawo ezivame ukutholakala zingatholakala emahlumela amagilebhisi.
Ngezansi kukhona izithombe zokubola ezimhlophe zamagilebhisi:
Umnyama
Izinkathi ezimnyama zokubola emvinini wamvini. Lapho kuqala ukukhula okusebenzayo kwamahlumela, amaqabunga namajikijolo athole igciwane.
Cishe amasonto amabili emva kokutheleleka, izindawo ezinsundu nomngcele omnyama zivela emaqabunga.
Ngesikhathi sokuqala kwezimbali ezinjalo izimbali zingabonakala kuma-crests nama-petioles. Esikhathini esizayo, lesi sifo siya emajikijolo futhi sibonakala sengathi umnyama ushisa ngaphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amajikijolo ayaqhuma, aphenduke amnyama, futhi ekugcineni aphume.
Esithombeni esingezansi ungabona indlela ukubola kwamagilebhisi kubonakala ngayo:
Grey
Kusuka ku-gray grey akusilo kuphela amagilebhisi kuphela, kodwa nezinye izitshalo zezithelo. Izimpawu zokubola ezimpunga:
- ukubukeka emaqabungeni amabala amancane ensundu nge-bloom grey;
- amaqabunga aqala ukuma;
- Amahlumela ahlanganiswe isikhunta esingcolile;
- ama-inflorescences abathintekayo asheshe amile futhi afe;
- On amajikijolo avele izindawo ezibucayi ezikhanyayo, isikhathi sinobubhakabhaka.
Ukubola okumnyama kuyingozi kakhulu ekuvuneni. Amajikijolo athintekile awafanelekile ukusetshenziswa nokucubungula. Lesi sifo siyadlulela ngokushesha esivini sonke futhi singabhubhisa hhayi kuphela ukuvunwa, kodwa futhi isitshalo sonke.
Esithombeni esingezansi, i-gray gray izithelo zomvini:
Izimbangela ze
Kungani amagilebhisi avuna ngqo ehlathini?
Ukubola okumhlophe kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko kumahlumela namajikijolo. Kubangelwa i-fungus engabusika ngokuphephile emakhazeni amahlumela namaqabunga awile. Entwasahlobo, ivuka futhi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingahlaba amahlumela ngokushesha.
Amajikijolo awonakele aqala ukuphahlazeka, abe omunyu, abe mnyama, agcobe, futhi aphume. Akugcini nje ukuthi amajikijolo awonakele kuphela - sonke isithelo samagilebhisi sihlupheka.
Ukutheleleka nge-black black kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. I-fungus ebangela lesi sifo ibuye ibekezelele kahle ubusika futhi ibonakala ngokuyinhloko kumaqabunga. Esikhathini sokuqala, lokhu kubola kuvame ukudideka ngesikhuthazo. Khona-ke kukhona amachashazi amnyama ajwayelekile, okuthiwa. i-pycnidia.
Amahlumela namaqabunga, ukubola omnyama akumeli ingozi enkulu, kepha ngokunqotshwa kwamaqoqo, iningi lesitshalo lingase life.
Grey rot ingalimaza sonke isitshalo: amahlumela, ama-cuttings, ama-grafting sites. Isimo sezulu esinomkhuhlane nesimanzi yisimo esihle sokusakazeka kwesifo. Uboya obuyingozi kakhulu amajikijolo avuthiwe.
Kwenzeka lapho umonakalo kumaqoqo ngesichotho noma ngokusilela okungalungile kwesitshalo. Uma emva kwesomiso eside kuqala imvula enkulu, isikhumba samajikijolo singaqhekeka, okuyinto enhle kakhulu yokuzalisa imfucumfucu.
Kubangelwa ekubukeni kokubola nokulimaza amaqoqo anamaqabunga noma ama-wasp. Ukuze ugweme ukungcola, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngesikhathi futhi ukuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa okufanele kwesivini.
Izindlela zokulwa
Uma lesi sifo sisekhona, kuyadingeka ukuthi sisebenzise ukwelashwa kwesihlahla futhi sifeze ukususwa kwamaqoqo kanye namahlumela abonakele.
Ukubola okuluhlaza kumagilebhisi kungacubungulwa ngezansi kwezikhambi ezichazwe ngabantu. Okokuqala, zibhubhisa zonke izingxenye ezithintekayo zalesi sitshalo, bese zifafaza ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-soap eluhlaza noma i-baking soda. Ukuze ukulungiswa kwesisombululo soda sithathe ama-70 amagremu e-soda ebhakedeni lamanzi.
Isixazululo seSepha kufanele sibe yi-1%. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa zonke izinsuku ezingu-10. Izixazululo ezihlukile. Emalungiselelo amakhemikhali, i-fungicides ngokumelene ne-mildew iyoba yindlela ephumelela kakhulu, kanye Ronilan futhi Ingqungquthela ekugxilweni okubuthakathaka. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa kahle njalo emavikini amabili. Ungakhohlwa ngokuvimbela.
Ukulwa nokubola okumhlophe kuqala nangokususwa kwazo zonke izihlumela ezilimazayo namaqoqo. Ukwelashwa kwamasonto onke okuphumelelayo isihlahla se-4% isixazululo seBordeaux.
Ngemuva kwesichotho noma uma omunye umonakalo owenziwe ngomshini kwenzeka kumajikijolo, kungenzeka ukufakela ukulungiselela okunye okwenziwe ngethusi. Usizo oluhle ekulwa namalungiselelo omzimba omhlophe we-mildew ne-oidium.
Kungenzeka ukuqeda ukubola omnyama ngamalungiselelo afanayo njengamhlophe. Kodwa ikhambi eliphumelela kunazo zonke ingxube yamangcwaba amabili: 25 g I-Ridomil Gold no-60 gr I-Tiovit jet ebhakedeni lamanzi. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, ukwelashwa kuphindwe.
Kubalulekile ukuthi ungaboni namakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwamajikijolo.
Ukuvimbela izifo
Kunzima ukuphatha ukubola, isikhathi eside futhi hhayi njalo ngempumelelo. Ngisho noma lesi sifo sinqotshwa, iningi lokuvuna ngeke libuyele.
Ukuze ugweme imiphumela embi, kungcono ukufeza izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngesikhathi.
- Ngaphambi kokuhlunga amagilebhisi ebusika, kubalulekile ukumba umhlabathi ngokuzungezile, ukuqoqa nokubhubhisa amaqabunga awile bese usika amahlumela.
- Ngemuva kwe-overwintering, phatha isitshalo ngenhlanganisela yeBordeaux.
- Ungaphambanisa isihlahla kanye nezixazululo ze-Baytan, i-Topaz noma i-Atemi S.
- Ukufafaza umvini ngesisombululo se-iodine (50 wehla ebhakede lamanzi) kusiza kahle.
- Ukuze uvimbele ukubola okumhlophe, ungasebenzisa izidakamizwa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwethusi: isisombululo esibuthakathaka sulfate noma i-poliram.
- Yenza izihlahla ezifanele nokubunjwa kwehlathi, ukugwema ukuqina.
- Ungasebenzisi kabi izithako ze-nitrogen, ngokuvamile usebenzise i-potash-phosphorus.
- Phuza kahle isivini, ugweme ukomela kanye namanzi.
Ukwenza le misebenzi elula kuzosiza ukuvikela amagilebhisi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokubola nezinye izifo, njenge-mildew ne-oidium.
Futhi kuwebhusayithi yethu ungathola konke mayelana nezifo ezinjalo eziyingozi zamagilebhisi njengesifo somdlavuza we-bacterial, anthracnose, rubella, chlorosis kanye ne-bacteriosis.
Izinhlobo ezinokulimaza
Ukwelashwa ngokubola kuxhomeke ikakhulukazi ezihlukahlukene zemivini.
Kunezinhlobo ezingazange zonakaliswe yi-fungus, kodwa kunezinhlobo ezinokugula.
Ngokuvamile, isikhunta esimnyama sithinta izinhlobo:
- Karaburnu;
- Riesling Rhine;
- I-Terbash;
- I-Chardonnay;
- Madeleine Angévin;
- Aligote;
- Indlovukazi yezivini;
- Chaush;
- I-Pino;
- I-Senso (I-Bull Eye);
- Ijuba;
- Dessert;
- AmaPharele Saba;
- Strasensky;
- IsiKishmish sikhanya;
- Rusbol;
- Muscat Tairovsky;
- Feteasca ezimhlophe nabanye.
Ukubola okumnyama yizinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu:
- AmaPharele Saba;
- I-Italy;
- I-muscat isiHungary;
- Indlovukazi yezivini;
- I-Muscat Hamburg;
- Kumele kube mhlophe.
Ukubola okumhlophe, izinhlobo ezinobungozi ziyi:
- I-Alimshak;
- Bhukuda;
- Zeibel 1;
- Aligote;
- Riesling Rhine.
Iziphetho
Ngokunakekelwa kahle kwamagilebhisi: ukuchelela ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nomanyolo, ukusika izikhono nokukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele zokutshala, izinkinga ezihambisana nokubukeka kwezinhlobonhlobo zokubola zingagwenywa. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungakhohlwa mayelana nezinyathelo zokuvikela nokuvimbela izifo kanti isivini sizohlala sijabule ngokuvuna okucebile.
