Esikhathini eside esidlule, iplanethi yethu yayigcwele amahlumela ezinhlanzi ezindala - amagilebhisi, izitshalo ezingenazo iziqu noma amaqabunga.
Ngokuqondile kusuka empandeni yakhula ngamagatsha aqoshiwe aqoshiwe-ama-frond, aphelela e-panicle encane lapho izinhlamvu zazikhula khona. I-Relic isisinde ezinsukwini zethu, futhi manje ingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Mhlawumbe lo fern wangasesha ebusuku ka-Ivan Kupala: emaphethelweni omngcele, i-sporangia ikhula, efana ne-panicle yezimbali.
Izihlobo eziseduze zikaGrazdovnik yi-fern Uhnikov.
Umlando we
Uma sicabangela ukuthi umuthi womuzi ungowama-ferns, umlando wokubukeka kwawo ubuyela emuva phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka. AmaFerns akhule eMhlabeni kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Abantu bakholelwa ukuthi umuzi unganika ukuqonda kanye nokukwazi ukuthola umcebo kumuntu owusebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, igama elidumile lesitshalo: utshani obalulekile. Futhi ukubukeka, ingxenye yesitshalo ehlanganiswe engxenyeni ye-vegetative ifana nesikhiye esincane. Igama lezinhlobo elithi "semilunar" isitshalo esitholwe ngesimo semisipha kanye nomthunzi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka wezingxenye zezingxenye zemifino nezitshalo.
Izinhlobo
Uma ufuna ukunquma uhlobo lomuthi we-crescent olutholakala ehlathini, ukulihlola ngesithombe sencwadi yesithenjwa se-botanical, ungenza iphutha ekuhlelweni. Lezi zitshalo ziguquke kakhulu, zingashintsha umbala nokuma, zihlangane. ERussia, kunezinhlobo ezingu-8 zamagilebhisi.
U-Virginia
Itholakala enyakatho yeYurophu ingxenye yaseRussia naseSiberia emahlathini anamanzi. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwe-45 cm, yonke ingxenye engaphezulu-emhlabathini ihlanganiswe phansi. Amafreyimu ahlaza okomnyama anezingxenye ezidlulele kakhulu. EMelika, futhi ebizwa ngokuthi i-pointer, kukholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lwalesi sivini singakwazi ukubona ukuthi i-ginseng encane ikhula kuphi. Ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuklama komhlaba.
Lanceolate
Ivela emahlathini aseSiberia, ifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-25cm. Amapulangwe aphephile, aqinile, amaphahla aphansi azincipha ngamazinyo.
Ihlukaniswe
Ikhula cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba ngaphandle kwamahlane, eRussia itholakala ezindaweni zehlathi ezindaweni zemvula. Ukuphakama kufika ku-25 cm amafreyini ayafa phakathi nehlobo ngemva kwe-spore yokuvuthwa. Uthole igama ngenxa yamaqabunga ahlukaniswe kakhulu. Ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuklama komhlaba.
Ama-subspecies ama-Multipartite:
Semilunar
Itholakala cishe kuyo yonke insimu yaseRussia; ayifuni amakoloni amakhulu. Isitshalo semifino, asidluli ku-20 cm, kanti ama-specimens amancane kakhulu anama-leaf cm amane kuphela. Igama linikezwa ifomu lesisindo senyanga kanye nomthunzi ophuzi obomvu wezingxenye.
Amafreyimu awaqediwe, emva kokuvuthwa kwempikiswano bafa. Lolu hlobo luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-slides alpine. Elinye igama lenyanga yenyumba yinsimbi ebalulekile. Kukholelwa ukuthi uyasiza ukufuna ingcebo.
I-Chamomile
Akuvamile ukuthola eRussia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zengxenye yaseYurophu. Kubhalwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yaseBelarus naseMoscow. Amanye ama-specimens afinyelela ukuphakama kwama-30 cm. Ingxenye engezansi yensimbi isibomvu, izimpaphe ezingenhla zifinyeziwe futhi zihlanganiswe.
Okulula
Isitshalo esingajwayelekile kubhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia. Itholakala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zengxenye yaseYurophu yezwe lethu. Indawo eyintandokazi - eduze nogu lolwandle nolwandle. Kukhona umbono wokuthi lezi zinyama zitholakala ekudluleleni kwamagilebhisi ahlukaniswe kanye nesimila. Isitshalo esincane, sifinyelela ku-15 cm kuphela ukuphakama.
I-subspecies yesithombe elula:
North
Itholakala engxenyeni yase-Asia yaseRussia, uthanda imifudlana emanzi. Ukuphakama kwengxenye yendawo yangaphakathi kuya phezulu ku-20 cm. Ingxenye engezansi yensimbi iyancipha. Izimpaphe zivulekile, i-ovate, ngaphandle kokusikeka, ngezinye izikhathi umbhangqwana ophansi ngezinye izikhathi uchithelwa.
Ngamandla
Ukhula emahlathini nasemadlelweni aseMpumalanga Ekude. Ehlanganiswe ne-white fluff engavamile, ama-frond afinyelela ukuphakama kwama-25 cm. Ama-petioles yizinpaphe ezinamaqanda, ezinama-oval nama-denticles emaphethelweni.
Intaba
Ikhula emahlathini e-coniferous entshonalanga eNyakatho Melika. Buka ohlwini lwazo izitshalo ezingavamile nezingozi. Yonke inxenye yombuso iqukethe iqabunga elilodwa elimnyama-eliluhlaza, elingadluli 8 cm.
Izithombe subspecies Intaba:
Southern
Ikhula e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Isitshalo esikhulu sifike ku-50 cm ukuphakama ngamapulangwe aluhlaza okomile.
Jenman
Izinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu kuchazwe ngo-1900 Manje kunezindawo eziningana zokukhula kwayo: eDominican Republic, eHaiti naseJamaica.
Izithombe ze-subspecies ze-Henk ka-Jenman:
Izinhlobo eziningi zivame kakhulu futhi azifundanga kancane ukuthi zingachazwa kuphela emisebenzini ekhethekile yesayense. Abaningi babo abanayo ngisho negama elivamile, futhi igama elilodwa lesiLatini. Igama lesiRashiya lingamagilebhisi ambalwa nje:
- okungajwayelekile;
- ikhemisi;
- I-Tibetan;
- ukunamathela;
- i-sheffner;
- Ingcindezi.
Ukunakekelwa ekhaya
I-hilar izohlobisa noma iyiphi indawo, kodwa kudingeka ucabange ukuthi lokhu lesi sitshalo singenangqondo kakhulu, kudinga ukunakwa njalo.
Uma kufanele uhambe endlini izinsuku ezimbalwa, imbali ingafa ngaphandle kokuphuza nokuphuza njalo.
Izici ukunakekelwa emva kokuthenga
I-hulk ayikubekezeli ukudoba ngokweqile. Uma uthenge isitshalo se-potted, faka umhlabathi nge-moss ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ugcine umswakama. Ungabeka futhi isikebhe esitsheni esikhulu, bese ugcwalisa izikhala ezingenalutho nge-peat emanzi.
Uma uthenga i-fern ngaphandle kokupakisha, khetha i-specimen ngenhla enkulu yenhlabathi ehlanganisa ngokuphelele ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba. Beka amagilebhisi ebhodweni ngokucophelela, kancane kancane izimpande zizwa ushintsho ezimweni, ngcono isitshalo sizothola izimpande.
Ukukhanyisa
I-Hulk idinga ukukhanya, kodwa ayikubekezeli ilanga eliqondile. Beka isitshalo efasiteleni, lapho ilanga lizolikhanyisa kuphela ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Uma ifulethi inamafasitela eningizimu kuphela, sebenzisa i-fern.
Ehlobo ungayithatha e-loggia, ubeke ibhodlela phansi ukuze imisebe yelanga ingangeni kuwo. Uya e-cottage - thatha isilwane sakho ukuhamba, emthunzini wemithi kuyoba kuhle.
Ukushisa
I-Hulk ithanda ukufudumala okulinganisiwe. Izimo ezikhululekile kunazo zonke ngamakamelo anezinga lokushisa kusuka ku-15 ° kuya ku-20 °.
Uma ithola u-10 ° oshisayo noma ishisa + 22 °, izitshalo zingayeka ukukhula.
Izilwane ezifuywayo akuyona ingozi ebandayo noma ukushisa, njengokushintsha okungazelelwe kokushisa, gwema izindawo lapho zingase ziwe ngaphansi kwemvula ebandayo.
Umswakama womoya
Izinduna ze-grazdovnikov zazihlala endaweni elishisayo, lezi zitshalo zisadinga umswakama ophezulu. Ezingxenyeni zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile zimile kakhulu, zithuthukise isikhala esiseduze ne-fern ngezindlela zokufakelwa.
Uma kukhona i-aquarium ekhaya, faka ibhodlela eceleni kwalo. Esinye isixazululo: faka ubumba olumanzi epanini. Njalo kabili ngosuku, fundiza amaqabunga ngamanzi, futhi kushisa, le nqubo kufanele ikhuphuke ibe izikhathi ezinhlanu.
Ukunisela
Ezimpandeni grazdovnikov akukho izinwele ezikhethekile, futhi lonke uhlelo kuyinto ekujuleni okujulile. Ngenxa yalezi zici, bona angeke athathe amanzi emhlabathini futhi adinga ukuchelela njalo.
Qaphela: Emhlabathini owomile isitshalo sizofa ngokushesha, futhi ngokuswakama okunamandla, izimpande zawo ziyobola.
Indlela elula yokuhlola - thinta umhlabathi ngomunwe wakho. Uma izandla zidinga ukugeza emva kwalokho, ukuchelela akudingeki; uma izitshalo zivuthwa ngaphandle kokulandelana, inhlabathi yome.
I-chlorine kanye ne-lime zimbi kulolu sitshalo, kungcono ukuwuthambisa ngamanzi noma amanzi emvula ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, ama-breaks phakathi kokuchelela kufanele akhuliswe.
Ukudla
AmaClusters udinga ukudla, kodwa ungadluli. Ehlobo, uceke izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamasonto amabili, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphumula - kanye ngenyanga.
Kuhle, uma ungathenga ukwakheka okhethekile kwama-fern; uma lokhu kungatholakali, sebenzisa isisombululo se-slurry noma i-ammonium nitrate (isipuni esingu-1 ilitha lamanzi).
Lapho ukhetha umanyolo, bheka ukuthi ukubunjwa akukhulisi i-acidity yenhlabathi.
Ukufakelwa
Lezi zinhlobo zama-ferns ukufakelwa okungeke kubekelelekile. Yenza lo msebenzi lapho isitsha sesincane futhi izimpande zigcwalisa yonke ivolumu.
Susa isitshalo ngenhla yomhlaba bese uyibeka ebhodweni elikhulu, uzama ukuphazamisa izimpande. Uma ungatholi esitolo inhlabathi ekhethekile yama-ferns, hlanganisa izingxenye ezilinganayo zomhlaba ovundile, i-peat nesihlabathi ngokungeziwe kobumba obanzi ukuze ugcine umswakama. Ngezansi, gcwalisa igravel elihle emanzini.
Ukudubula
Amafreyimani aluhlaza ayidingi ukusika izihlahla, isikhathi sokuthula sizofika, futhi bayokufa. Susa izingxenye ezomile bese ushiya isitshalo ukuze uphumule. Uma ukhohliwe ukuphuza umvini futhi amaqabunga asomile, zama ukuvuselela isilwane sakho. Unqume ingxenye efile engenhla, uhlanganise umhlabathi bese ubeka ibhodlela endaweni ekhanyayo.
Ukuzala
Ngisho nokutshala okuvuthiwe kwamagilebhisi ekhaya kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu, nokulima kwezi zitshalo - umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Kunezindlela eziningana zokuzalisa ama-ferns, yikuphi okungcono kulazi zimbali?
Amahlumela
Akusizi ngalutho ukuzama prikopat vayi emhlabathini. Awekho amahlumela okukhula emaqabunga e-grasseur; ngeke avelise amahlumela.
Isigaba
Entwasahlobo, amahlathi amaningi angabhalwa ngezigaba eziningana.
With grazdovnikom inqubo enjalo kungcono hhayi ukuqhuba. Izimpande zawo azibekezeli noma yimiphi imiphumela, futhi ngemuva kokusebenza okunjalo kungenzeka ukuthi angatholi kuphela amakhophi amasha, kodwa futhi ukulahlekelwa isitshalo esikhulu.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa
Emvelweni, utshani buvame ukuzaliswa yizimpande. Ungazama ukwenza lolo hlobo ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kwesitshalo, kodwa, njengalokhu kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, usengozini yokushiywa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwesitshalo.
Izingxabano
Indlela ephephile: nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi ihlume izovela, kodwa isitshalo ngokwaso ngeke sihlupheke. Ephakathi kwehlobo, ama-tubercles amancane afaka engxenyeni engezansi ye-frond, lapho izinhlamvu zivuthiwe. Uma izinhlamvu zibophaza, nquma iqabunga bese ulomisa.
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela egumbini lapho kungekho khona i-drafts, shaya ishidi noma uhlasele ama-hillocks. Isikhathi esihle sokuhlwanyela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo. Thatha izingxenye ezimbili ze-peat kanye nengxenye eyodwa yenhlabathi enomhlabathi nesihlabathi, ukhiqiza inhlanganisela, uyihlanganise, ufafaze izinhlamvu bese uvala isembozo.
Ngokwemvelo, izitshalo zivela enhlobonhlobo ethile yenhlabathi, zifaka inhlabathi encane enhlabathini, ithathwe ngaphansi kwamagilebhisi akhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo. Gcina umkhumbi ngo-20 °, amahlumela azovela ezinyangeni ezingu-1-2.
Kukhona izitho zesilisa nabesifazane kuhlumela ukuze ukukhulelwa kwenzeke futhi i-groundflower asexual iqala ukuthuthukisa, igcine umhlabathi nomoya emswakama ophezulu, izitsha kufanele zivaliwe nasemthunzini. Njalo uvula itanki ngokuhambisa. Lapho ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamaqabunga kuqala, tshala izitshalo endaweni ehlala njalo.
Izifo nezinambuzane
Izinambuzane ziyingozi: i-scypherite fern, i-mealybug noma i-aphid. Hlola njalo amaqabunga, uqaphele izindawo ezonakalisiwe, inqubo karbofosom noma ukulungiselela okukhethekile.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nezakhiwo ezizuzisa
I-hilar iqukethe ekubunjweni kwayo:
- Ama-Flavonoids;
- Quercetin;
- I-Kempferol;
- Izikwele;
- I-Alkaloids;
- I-ficilic acid;
- Amavithamini C, E, A, B;
- Ama-Tannins;
- Ama-glycosides namakhakishi;
- Amafutha amancane namafutha abalulekile.
Lesi sitshalo sinempahla ye-hemostatic ne-antiseptic, futhi iyakwazi ukubhekana nokubonakaliswa kwamathambo, ukuphulukisa amanxeba, izilonda nokushisa. It isetshenziswa njengendlela antidote for snake ukukhala. Futhi amathuna angasetshenziswa njenge-agent ye-anthelmintic.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimbali emithi yokwelapha
Ukupheka nezindlela zokusebenzisa lesi sitshalo kusuka ezifweni ezihlukahlukene:
Ngenyoka ye-snake:
- Isitshalo sesidliwe eluhlaza;
- Ingxenye ephezulu isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa;
- Geza izinto eziwusizo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa;
- Yidla ngempela ngesinkwa. Ukwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kusiza ukususa ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo izakhi ezinobuthi ezifakwe egazini nge-bite.
Izilonda, ukushisa, amanxeba:
- Njengento eluhlaza esebenzisa ingxenye engaphezulu yesitshalo;
- Gweba kahle ubukhulu obuhlaza bese uqothula i-mush;
- Faka isicelo ezindaweni ezithintekile, ubambe imizuzu engu-30.
Kusukela ekukhuleni kwesibungu:
- Amagremu ayishumi ama-rhizomes omisiwe aqoshiwe aphuza ama-200 ml amanzi abilayo bese ubilisa ingxube kuze kube yilapho ivolumu yayo iyingxenye eyodwa;
- Thatha isipuni esingaphansi uju;
- Ungaphinda uhlanganise umhluzi nofulawa, uhlukaniswe izingxenye eziyishumi udle ngaphakathi kwesinye isici ngosuku;
- Ngemva kokwamukela, kuyadingeka ukuthatha i-saline laxative bese ubeka ambalwa okuhlanza.
Amanye ama-ferns angaphakathi ahlanganisa: Pelleya, Pteris, Cirtriumium, Asplenium, Adiantum, Davallia, Blehnum, Salvinia, Polypodium, Platiserium, Uhnikov neNeprolepis.
