Ngamunye wethu angathanda ukuba nomuthi omuhle we-fir esiqhingini. Noma kunjalo, lesi sihlahla singenangqondo futhi sibhekene nezifo eziningi. Ukuze ukhule i-spruce enhle, emide, enesibindi, udinga ukubeka umzamo omkhulu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukunakekelwa okufanele. Kulesi sihloko sizocabangela ukuthi yini engabangelwa yizifo nokugula kobuhle behlathi.
Uyazi? U-spruce ukhula eSweden, oneminyaka engaphezu kuka-9550 ubudala.
Izimbangela zesifo sezifo, noma amaphutha amakhulu ekunakekeleni izihlahla
Izifo eziyinhloko ze-spruce zibangelwa isikhunta, izifo noma izinambuzane. Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zezifo ze-conifers ukutshala okungalungile, izimo zezulu ezibi nokukhathalela, imiphumela okufanele sibhekane nayo:
- inhlabathi enemanzi amaningi;
- ubuhle obuphezulu bomhlabathi;
- ukuphakama okukhulu kwe-plantings, okwenza kube nokugeleza okwanele kwemoya nokukhiqizwa kwefungal;
- ukungabi nokukhanya;
- ukwanda komswakama womoya;
- ukufika okujulile kakhulu;
- ukungabi nalutho noma umanyolo owedlulele;
- ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa elinamandla kuholela ekushonekeni kwezinsimu ezincane;
- Ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuyinto eyaziwa kakhulu eholela ekulahlekelweni kwezitshalo.
Kubalulekile! Uma ukutshala kwesihlahla sase-spruce kwenziwa enhlabathini eyomile ngokushesha, khona-ke umhlabathi ozungeze isitshalo kumele uhambelane.
Izifo eziyinhloko zidla kanye nezindlela zokwelashwa kwazo
Cabanga ukuthi yiziphi izifo ze-conifers nokuthi ukwelashwa kwazo kunqunywa kanjani. Izifo ze-spruce zivame ukubangelwa yi-fungus kanye nezifo eziphilayo. Phakathi kwazo zonke izifo ezidliwayo, isihlahla sithandwa kakhulu schütte, fusarium, umdlavuza wesilonda. Okwamanje, izifo ze-conifers azibi kakhulu, ngakho siyazibona futhi siziphatha ngokwezeluleko ezilandelayo.
I-Schutte (evamile)
Lesi sifo sibangelwa izinhlobo eziningana zama-mushroom e-Lophodermium pinastri. Kukhona isifo ngenyanga kaMeyi. Uma uqaphele ukuthi izidakamizwa zidliwe, lokhu kuyi-shyutte. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, ingxenye engezansi yezinaliti ihlanganiswe nemikhakha emnyama ekhanyayo yomlingiswa ocacile noma odibeneyo, okwandisa usayizi ngesikhatsi. Ngemva kwalokho, lesi sitshalo soma futhi sifa. Isifo esiyingozi kakhulu sitshalo ezincane (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10) kanye nezithombo.
Izimbangela zokusakazeka kwezifo ezifayo ze-spruce yisimo sezulu esifudumele kanye nemvula enzima (umbethe, imvula enezimvula).
I-shyutte yangempela
Umthombo walesi sikhwama yi-mushroom ye-Lophodermium seditiosum. Ngenxa yalesi sifo, izinaliti ziwela ngokushesha ngesi-spruce. Izitshalo ezincane kanye nezitshalo ezincane ezibuthakathaka ziyathinteka. Ngesikhathi sehlobo nehlobo, izinaliti ziphenduka zibomvu futhi ziyahluma.
Ekwindla, amachashazi amancane aphuzi avela ezinaliti, kancane kancane akhula ngesayizi futhi abe mnyama ngombala. I-fungus igcinwa ezinaliti ezifakwe ezimnyama.
Uyazi? Ngenxa yokusabalalisa okufanayo kwezingcingo ngezinkuni, i-spruce ithathwa njengomuthi omuhle wokwenza izinsimbi zomculo.
I-shutte e-Brown
I-agent causative ye-brown schutte, noma isikhunta seqhwa, yi-mushroom Irpotrichia nigra. Lesi sifo senziwa ngezigaba eziningana: ukutheleleka ngezinhlamvu zefungi kuqala ekwindla, ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kwenzeka ebusika ngaphansi kwesiqhwa seqhwa emazingeni okushisa ngaphezu kwe-0.5 ° C. Lesi sifo sibonakala entwasahlobo nehla kweqhwa.
Isibhedlela sesifo sifana nezinaliti ze-necrosis ezinombala eziqhakaza ezimnyama nezimpunga, ezifana newebhu le-spider, kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi sephuzu izidumbu zezithelo zefungus. Amagatsha amancane omuthi afa, izinaliti aziqhubeki isikhathi eside. Izihlahla ezincane, ama-saplings kanye nezithombo ezizimele zihambisana nesifo. Ukwanda komswakama womoya, ukutshala okunamandla kwezitshalo, ukuqhuma endaweni yokukhula yizici eziyinhloko ezifaka isandla kwi-ongenesis yefungi.
I-shyutte yamaqhwa
I-detonator ye-snow shütte yi-mushroom i-Phlacidiumin festans, ejwayele ukuhlala ezindaweni eziqhwaqhwa kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuqala ngaphansi kweqhwa emazingeni okushisa okuzungeze 0 ºC. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kancane kancane: kusuka enaleni kuya enaliti, bese kusuka emthini kuya esihlahleni. Lapho iqhwa liqhakazile, izinaliti ezithintekayo namagatsha baba nsundu futhi bafe. Izihlahla ezigulayo zihlanganiswe namafilimu amhlophe we-mycelium. 
Ehlobo, izinaliti zishintsha umbala kusuka obomvu obomvu kuze kube mhlophe, ziqala ukuqhuma, kodwa zingapheli. Kumachashazi amnyama ekwindla avela ezinaliti. Ama-spores of fungi avela kulawa maphuzu athathwa yi-currents air ukuze aphumelele izihlahla ezingakaze zithinteke ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa liwe. Ukushisa okukhanyayo, ubusika obushisayo obushushu, ukushisa kweqhwa isikhathi eside, ukuwa kweqhwa nokuqhaqha ekwindla kunomphumela omuhle ekusakazeni kwamakhowe.
Kubalulekile! Ama-spores of fungi aqhubeka isikhathi eside ezitshalweni ezifile kanye nomhlabathi, ngakho-ke, uma utshala izitshalo ezivela emanzini, hlela izithombo ngokucophelela.Izinyathelo zokulwa ne-schutte kufanele ukhethe izithombo ezinempilo eziphikisana nesifo, ukucwiliswa ngaphambi kokuphambana nokupuniza izihlahla ze-conifer nge-fungicides efanele, amalungiselelo ensimbi nethebhulethi.
I-Fusarium (i-tracheomycous wilt)
Ukwehla kwe-tracheomic kubhekisela ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane ezibangelwa i-pathogen yenhlabathi. Isitshalo sezimpande zezitshalo sithinteka: izimpande ziphenduka zibomvu bese ziqala ukubola. I-Mycelium ye-fungus ilimaza isimiso sokugeleza kwesisindo, ngenxa yalokho izakhi azifinyeleli emhlabathini wesitshalo. 
Ngenxa yokudla okungenamsoco, izinaliti ziba obomvu, khona-ke umbala obomvu, uqubuka, futhi umuthi uyoma futhi ufe. Izithombo zeConiferous zitholakala kulesi sifo ngaphansi kwezimo ezibandayo zomkhathi. Isibonakaliso saleso sifo isembatho esimhlophe esifunga izinaliti. Ama-causative agents of the disease aqhubeka ezitshalweni ezifile futhi asakazeka ngezithombo noma inhlabathi ethintekile.
I-Fusarium ayikwazi ukuphathwa, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa izitshalo ziyafa. Ukuze uvimbele i-tracheomycosis, kubalulekile ukutshala izithombo ezinempilo, ususe ngokucophelela izingxenye ezithintekile zezitshalo. Ngokubonakaliswa kwezibonakaliso eziyisisekelo zokutheleleka, baphathwa nge-biological or fungicides.
Uyazi? Ekuseni, izihlahla zikaKhisimusi zichitha izinaliti zazo.
Ukugqwala
Izifo ezinamafutha ezihlahla ze-fir zihlala endaweni ekhethekile phakathi kwazo zonke izifo ezithintekayo, futhi ukwelashwa kwazo kufanele kuhloswe ekuqedeni amakhowe Pucciniastrum areolatum, Coleosporium, Cronartium ribicola, ephinde ithinte izitshalo ezinqabile. I-Ate ingatholakaliswa kakhulu nezifo ezifana nokugqwala kwama-cones nokugqwala kwezinaliti.
Ukugqwala kwama-cones kubangelwa i-mushroom i-Pucciniastrum areolatum. Isibonakaliso saleso sifo sibonakala ezindongeni zangaphakathi ze-cones ye-etsiopustul eluhlaza obunobunzima obubomvu. Ngemuva kwalokho, amafihlethi avulekile futhi aphelelwe ngaphandle kokuwa, imbewu ilahlekelwa ukuhluma kwayo, amagatsha aphelile. 
Isimbangela sokugqwala umbhisi yi-Coleosporium yama-mushroom. Isifo se-fungal siqala entwasahlobo, sihlasela izinaliti. I-vesicular yellow etsiopustuly ifakwa ezihlangothini zombili izinaliti. Uma lesi sitshalo sithintekile kakhulu, izinaliti zishintsha umbala wazo kusuka eluhlaza kuya ophuzi bese ziwa.
Uma i-rust ibonakale ngesi-spruce, kufanele isetshenziswe, njengezinye izifo ze-fungal. Kunconywa ukusika amagatsha aphethwe yizifo bese wenza ama-microfertilizers.
I-Necrosis ye-cortex
I-Necrosis yamagxolo iyisifo sefungal of the amagxolo amagatsha. Izimpawu zesifo: ukumnyama nokumiswa kwamagxolo, ukwakheka kokukhula kwamabhulebhu amnyama noma amnyama amnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, igxolo liyafa, futhi umuthi uyabalala.
Grey ukubola
Isithwali se-gray rot iso-mushroom i-Botrytis cinerea. Lesi sifo sithinta izingxenye zasemhlabeni zezitshalo ezincane. Amagatsha ayimpunga, asundu noma amnyama. Ihlanganiswe nge-conidia ebukeka njengendlala yothuli. Ukuphindwa kabusha kwezitshalo kuqhubeka ngesikhathi sokukhula. 
Ngenxa yalokho, izihlahla ziyancipha futhi zilahlekelwe ukubonakala kwazo. Ngokuvamile, lesi sifo sivame ezindaweni ezinokuhlwanyela okukhulu, ilanga elibi nokuphefumula.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukubola kwegrey - lokhu kususwa kokuqala kwamagatsha abathintekile, ukuqedwa kwamasayithi okusika kanye nesisombululo se-copper sulfate. Uma ucabanga ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani izifo zesifo njengesisindo sokuvimbela, i-Bordeaux ingxube "Skor" iyisiluleko esihle.
Umdlavuza wepeni wadla
I-spruce umdlavuza wesilonda kubangela i-fungus Lachnellula pini. Isibonakaliso sokutheleleka ukubonakala kwe-tar emagatsheni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo ezidabukisayo ezifile zivela endaweni ehlala kuyo, bese kuthi i-crust ihlanganisa imifantu, futhi izilonda ezivaliwe noma ezivulekile zenziwa. Amagatsha amancane afa ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwezilonda.
Izilonda ezivulekile zingaba zomile futhi zimanzi. Izomile zibukeka njengombala omncane obomvu obomvu. Emanzi njenge-saucer emlenzeni omfushane, ongabonakala ngaphezu kwegxolo. Izilonda zimbozwe izinwele ezimnyama ezine-orange, ezungeze ungqimba lwe-hymenial. Izitshalo ezithintekayo ngumdlavuza, zinciphisa futhi zome.
Isilinganiso esiyinhloko empini yokulwa nomdlavuza sinisela ngaphansi kwezimpungushe ze-fungicides, ukucubungula ngezidakamizwa ezinezethusi, ukuhlanza ngesikhathi samagatsha asomile, ukucutshungulwa kwezicucu nge-pitch pitch. Ukushisa amagatsha anegciwane nezinaliti.
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo ezigulayo nezingxenye zawo kufanele zisuswe eziqhingini.
Izifo zidla: ukuvimbela izifo
Ungavimbela izifo zemithi kanye nokwelashwa kwazo ngokuqhuba izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Hlanganisa nemithetho yokutshala okufanele nokubekwa kwezihlahla, ukusika futhi ususe amahlumela omisiwe anesifo kanye nezinaliti ezivela kusayithi ngesikhathi. Qinisekisa ukuthi uphilisa izigaba ze-stem. Ukuze utshale, sebenzisa izithombo ezinempilo futhi ezingamelana nazo.
Izifo ikakhulukazi zithinta intsha, hhayi izihlahla ezikhulile. Ukwandisa ukumelana nokutheleleka ngezilonda, kusetshenziselwa ama-microelements, umanyolo obunzima okwandisa umkhuhlane wezitshalo. Khumbula, isitshalo kufanele sithole umswakama ngokulinganisela. Ukupompela kokuvikela kuzosiza ukugwema izifo nokufa kwesitshalo.
