Abalimi abaningi, abaqalayo, bakholelwa ukuthi ukhukhamba ezikhulayo endaweni yokushisa zizovumela ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni eziningi, futhi izovikela izilokazane ezingcono kunezimo zomhlaba ezivulekile.
Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ake sizame ukukhuluma ukuthi yiziphi izingozi ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala endaweni yokushisa, yiziphi izifo nezinambuzane ezingasongela, izindlela zokuzivikela ezinambuzane, izindlela zokwelapha nokuvimbela izifo zekhukhamba.
Izifo: izincazelo nezindlela zokulawula
Ukutholakala kwezifo endaweni yokushisa, uma ukhula ukhukhamba, akugcini igama elilodwa. Tshela ngakho ejwayelekile kakhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa:
- ukubola okumhlophe nokuphuzi;
- ukubola kwempande;
- amazolo: amanga ne-mealy;
- indawo emnyama (umnqumo);
- isikhunta seqabunga (omnyama).
Ake sicabange ngesifo samakhukhamba kubamba lokushisa kanye nokuphathwa kwabo ngezibonelo ezibonisa isithombe.
Ukubola okumhlophe
I-agent ye-Causative izifo zezitshalo yi-fungus. Isibonakaliso sokunqotshwa yi-patina epholile emhlophe kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo, kusukela ezimpandeni nasemivimbo emifula, ukushiya nezithelo. Imfihlo yi-fungus izinto hhayi kuphela ukubhubhisa izitshalo, kodwa futhi igcinwe emhlabathini isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izitshalo ezigulayo zibola ngokuphelele. Kunzima ukulwa nalesi sifo, kodwa kungenzeka ngempela. Izinyathelo zokulawula ukususwa kwazo zonke izinhlawulo zezitshalo ezithintekile, izithelo ezindala namaqabunga. Ukuguqulwa kwenhlabathi okugcwele kuyadingeka. endaweni yokutshala ukhukhamba.
Ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nokubola omhlophe ngamakhukhamba kuvidiyo:
Grey ukubola
Isibonakaliso sokunqotshwa kwe-gray gray is ukubonakala kwegrey, izindawo eziluhlaza ezithelweni. Khona-ke ukutheleleka kusakazeka kulo lonke isitshalo. Izithelo, ama-ovari, izimbali zithinteke kakhulu.. Ukuncintisana kuyafana nalabo abane-white rot.
Isidingo kuphela sokuvota impova ngezigaba zokuqala zesifo esinoshukela sulfate (isipuni esisodwa) esinengilazi yokhuni. Ukuphalaza kuzosiza, ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nemiyalelo, uhlobo lomuthi "Isivinini". Isidakamizwa asiyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Okubalulekile: ngisho nangaphandle kokutheleleka kwe-fungal, ukuguqulwa kwenhlabathi ku-greenhouse yonke iminyaka emibili kunconywa. Faka esikhundleni sezingqimba zomhlabathi (cishe amasentimitha angama-20) ngenhlanganisela yomhlaba, i-peat, isihlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuhle kanye nenhlabathi yokuzala.
Umsuka wokubola
Ngokuvamile, lesi sifo sibonakala lapho uhlwanyela izithombo zamakhukhamba kubamba lokushisa. Ivela ngenxa yokufika ngokujulile, kungenzeka lapho uqhuba izintaba ezengeziwe izitshalo zokutshala. Lesi sifo siphuthuma kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma izithombo zitshalwe emhlabathini lapho ukhukhamba isetshenziselwa khona ukukhula. Ukususa isifo kunganisela ngamanzi abandayo noma ukwehla okubukhali ekushiseni kwenhlabathi.
Isifo sesifo kunamabala emaqabungeni, okubonakala ngokubonakalayo emva kwesimo sezulu esibi isikhathi eside. Isibonakaliso naso umbala ophuzi futhi ophawuliwe kahle weziqu. Ukuqhaqhazela nokuguqulwa kwezinto kubonakala ngokucacile, uma u-otgresti umhlaba usuka emgodini.
Izicubu ezonakalisiwe zingabonakala ngokucacile uma zisuka emhlabathini kusukela esitshalweni sesitshalo. Izindawo zokulimala zingaba yimpuphu ngekiki elichotshoziwe noma amalahle, umuthi wokhuni. Emva kwalokhu kuyadingeka izindawo ezomile. Ngesikhathi sokunisela okulandelayo, ungavumeli iziqu zilele phansi emhlabeni, amanzi kuphela umhlabathi emgodini, okuvimbela umswakama ukuba ungene ezinhlakeni ezithintekayo.
Iziqu eziphelile zihlanjululwa nge-clod yomhlaba. Thela umsele osele ngesisombululo se-sulfate se-aqueous, esilungisiwe kule nxenye elandelayo: ama-5 amalitha amanzi, amagremu angu-20 e-sulphate yethusi. Isitshalo esishisayo siyashisa.
Ukwaziswa okuwusizo mayelana nezimpande zokubola emakhukhamba kuvidiyo:
Idonsa likaMealy
Amaqabunga Amakhakheni Athintekile embozwe ngeqhwa elimhlophe. Lesi sifo sibangelwa i-fungus. Amahlamvu okuqala ashintshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo sifinyelela kwiziqu zezitshalo. Isigaba esilandelayo sesi sifo Ukomisa nokufa kwamaqabunga neziqu. Ukulungiswa okuhle kakhulu empini yi "Topaz". Isidakamizwa sitholakala kuma-ampoules, okuqukethwe okuqulethwa ngamalitha ayisishiyagalombili amanzi.
Isixazululo esiphelele sitshalo esithintekile. Ukwelashwa ngesisombululo kungenziwa kuphela ekuboniseni izibonakaliso zesifo, kodwa futhi ngenhloso yokuvimbela.
Kungenzeka ukwelashwa nezidakamizwa "I-Barrier"okuyinto ephumelela kakhulu ekuboniseni izifo zesifo.
Isixazululo sokufafaza silungisiwe ngesilinganiso - ama-caps amathathu omuthi ahlakazeka emalitha amanzi.
Qaphela! Ukuze kuvikelwe izifo, ikakhulu lapho kunezindawo ezinkulu zokwelapha sebenzisa i-biologics. Njengo-Alirin-B, Gamair, Gliokladin, Trihotsin. Khumbula ukulandela ngokuqinile imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa.
Ukwaziswa okuwusizo lwama powucy isikhutha kuma ukhukhamba kuvidiyo:
I-Downy isikhutha
I-agent causative of downy isikhutha uhlala phansi isikhathi eside, ingazibonakalisa eminyakeni engu-5-7 emva kokugula kokuqala. Isibonakaliso sokutheleleka ukubonakala kwamachashazi afana nokushisa emaqabunga. Esikhathini esizayo, amaqabunga abe mnyama. Ukumisa amaqabunga abathintekayo ngokusheshisa kakhulu, akungekho izinsuku ezingu-2-3.
Ukususa ukutheleleka kunganisela ngamanzi abandayo noma umehluko ocijile emazingeni okushisa emini nasebusuku, umswakama ophezulu endaweni yokushisa ebusuku. Izinyathelo zokulwa ukhonza ukumisa futhi ukwenza ukugqoka. Ventilate the greenhouse ukunciphisa umswakama.
Ulwazi oluwusizo lwesikhutha samanga ekhukhamba kuvidiyo:
Indawo yesikhala esincane (umnqumo)
Ngokuvamile kunqobe kubonakala ngezithelo zezitshalo. Izimpawu ukubonakala kweziphambeko zombala obomvu, okuvela kuwo ukugeleza kwamanzi. Uma kungekho izinyathelo ezithathwe ukuvikela ngokumelene ne-causative agent, zonke izitshalo ezitsheni zokushisa zingafa zingakapheli isonto.
Umswakama ophezulu, ama-drafts, ukuchelela ngokweqile, nokungafani okushisa okukhulu phakathi nosuku kungabangela ukutheleleka. Ukulwa nalesi sifo Imidwebo ebusuku kufanele igwenywe, izinsuku ezingu-5-7, ayeke ukuchelela, emini, isikhathi esishisayo sosuku ukuvimbela ukubukeka kokunciphisa, ukuhambisa umoya wokushisa.
I-Leaf Mold (Emnyama)
Yehluleka zezitshalo kubangelwa amafungusetholakala engaphakathi kwendawo yokugqoka nasemhlabathini we-greenhouse. Amaqabunga okuqala avame ukuthinteka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo sifinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo ezingaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Amachashazi avela emaqabunga, kancane kancane ahlangene nanye. Amaqabunga abathintekile aphelile, ngemuva kwalokho embozwe ngokuqhakaza komnyamakufana kakhulu newebhu. Izindlela zokulwa zikhona ukuchithwa kwe-intinfection kwe-greenhouse ngaphakathi, ukuguqula inhlabathi kwi-cucumber ridge, imbewu yokugqoka noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo eziphikisana nezifo.
Ikhukhamba izinambuzane
Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu zokukhukhamba ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo ziyi-aphid, kanye nezinambuzane zesicabucabu.
I-Aphid emnandi
Ukwehla nokuguqula amaqabunga Ikhukhamba ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngokunqotshwa kwama-aphid. Emaqabunga avela amabala aphuzi, ishidi lihlungwe. Uma ubhekwa phansi ngezansi uzobona izimpungushe ze-aphid ezinemibala ehlukahlukene. Njengoba ukhethe isitshalo, aphid esiphuza ama-juicengokunciphisa ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinombolo kuyashesha kakhulu futhi i-aphid isakazeka phezu kwazo zonke izitshalo ezitshalwe. Uma uthola i-aphid ngamakhukhamba kubamba lokushisa, izinyathelo zokulawula zilandelayo - ukuze uvikele ukutshala, kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise ukumnika isikhunta se-anyanisi esizobhubhisa i-aphid ku-greenhouse yakho.
Ukuvikela ukulawula izinambuzane uma kudingeka izindawo ezinkulu sebenzisa izinambuzane okhiqizwa imboni.
Isibungu se-spider
Ukunqotshwa kwe-spider mite Amaqabunga nama-stalks ayomile.futhi kamuva ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwesitshalo. Ukunqunywa kokulimala kwamantombazane kungaba kuwebhu kumaqabunga kanye neziqu zamakhukhamba. Lapho kutholakala isikhumba sesicabucabu ukucubungula okudingekayo okudingeka ukutshala endaweni yokushisa. I-spider mite ngamakhukhamba e-greenhouse, ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezithathwe ukulibhubhisa, ingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwawo wonke amakhukhamba asetshalwe.
Ukususwa kwezitshalo eziwonakele ngokuphelele kuphumelela kakhulu, ngokushisa kwabo okulandelayo. Uma isitshalo esisodwa sonakalisiwe, kubalulekile ukusimboza ngefilimu noma indwangu ngokufaka ngaphakathi kwesitsha se-turpentine.
Esikhundleni se-turpentine ungafaka i-garlic eqoshiwe eduze kwayo. Ukuthunga kuzobhubhisa i-aphid colony esitshalweni. Ukucubungula kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe, kugcinwe ukuphumula kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3.
Ukulimala okwesikhashana emathunzini ku-greenhouse yakho ngefungus noma izinambuzane, kanye nokucubungula okufika ngesikhathi kuzosiza ukusindisa izitshalo.
Nokulondoloza ukutshala, ngeke ushiye ngaphandle kwesitshalo samakhukhamba.
