Izaqathe - izitshalo zensimu, ezifuna izimo ezikhulayo. Ukuvuna okukhulu kungatholakala ngisho nangombhede owodwa, uma ulungisa kahle indawo yokutshala.
Ipharamitha ebalulekile yenhlabathi yikwakhiwa kwayo. Endaweni emicacile, isanqante ikhula engajulile futhi engenasidingo.
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, kuyadingeka ukunquma uhlobo lomhlaba, ukwenza izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yayo.
Kungani ngidinga ukuqeqeshwa?
Ngesikhathi sekwindla ukumba izinambuzane ezinambuzane kukhona ebusweni bese kufe ebusika. Ukufaka umquba nomhlabathi onomsoco kuzosiza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezicebile nezomnandi.
Imbewu ye izaqathe ihluma kangcono enhlabathini evulekile. Ukuze uphume ukukhula ubushelelezi, udinga ukuhlanza ngokucophelela indawo kusuka ezinhlakalweni.
Nini ukuqala?
Izwe lokutshala izaqathe liqala ukulungiselela ekwindlalapho inkathi yensimu iphelile. Entwasahlobo, ukusebenza kwisayithi ekhethiwe kuqalwa izinsuku eziyi-10-14 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu.
Imingcele yemhlaba
Uma ukhetha isayithi yezinqathe, kufanele ucabangele imingcele yomhlabathi elandelayo:
- ukuxhuma;
- i-asidi;
- ukuzala.
Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali
I-acidum enhle yensimu yezinqathe - engathathi hlangothii.e. nge-pH ku-6.5-7.0. Kuvunyelwe ukukhulisa imifino ye-orange enhlabathini encane e-acidic. Okuqukethwe kwe-humus akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-4%.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhi
Ama-karoti ahlwanyelwa kahle enhlabathini engcolile noma enomhlabathi. Akufanele iqukathe amatshe, izibani ezinkulu nezimpande. Ubungako bomhlabathi obuhle be-izaqathi ngu-0.65 g ngamasentimitha3. Emhlabathini olula, ohlanganisa ingxenye eyanele yesihlabathi, izimpande ziyamnandi futhi zinomsoco. Uma ukhulisa imifino enhlabathini enzima kakhulu isivuno sinciphisa kakhulu.
Ukudla akufanele ukutshala izaqathe. Yakha i-crust crense, okuvimbela imbewu ukuhluma. Amahlumela azoba buthakathaka futhi angafani. Enhlabathini enezinto eziphakeme zamanzi zobumba ezihlambalaza, okuholela ekubola kwezitshalo.
Imiyalo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokulungiselela inhlabathi engadini
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela izaqathe, kuyadingeka ukunquma uhlobo nomswakama wenhlabathi, i-asidi yayo.
Ukunqunywa kohlobo lomhlabathi
Ukunquma uhlobo lomhlabathi kungaba yindlela elula yabantu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, inhlabathi encane iswakanyiswe kancane ngamanzi, uzama ukwenza ibhola, bese uyifaka ensikeni kanye ne-bagel. Emva kokusebenza okusebenzayo kuhlola umphumela:
- Inhlabathi yobumba ipulasitiki, iyazibophezela kahle ukufanisa futhi igcine isimo sayo.
- Ibhola kanye namasoseji atholakala kalula kusuka ku-loam, futhi ukuqhuma kwakha umnikelo. Kungase kuhleni. Uma i-loam ilula, isimo se-sausage ngeke sisebenze.
- Akunakwenzeka ukwenza ibhola lisuke enhlabathini eyisihlabathi, kodwa inhlama ihamba kahle ibe yintambo encane.
- Inhlabathi yaseSandra iyaqhuma ezintendeni.
- Ukunyathelisa okumnyama "okunamafutha", okushiya inhlabathi entendeni yesandla ngemva kokuwucindezela, kuyisibonakaliso somhlabathi omnyama.
Izindlela zokuthola i-acidity
Ubuningi be-acid bunqunywa ngokusebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile - imitha ye-pH. Ungasebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezithembekile.
Iphepha le-Litmus
Ukuze unqume ukuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi iyini, izitolo ezikhethekile zithengisa izinkinobho ezifaka isikali sombala kanye nemichilo egxile kuma-reagents. Ukuze uthole izinkomba, kudingeka wenze izenzo eziningana:
- Dweba imbobo engama-35 cm ejulile. Qoqa ama-sampuli angu-4 enhlabathi ezindongeni, uwafake esitsheni seglasi bese uxuba.
- Hlanganisa inhlabathi ngamanzi a-distilled ku-1: 5. Linda amaminithi angu-5, bese ubhala umfutho we-litmus engxenyeni yemizuzwana embalwa.
- Qhathanisa umbala ophumela ephepheni ngezinga lamanani we-pH.
Ukubukeka
Ungahlulela izinga le-pH yenhlabathi ngokubonakala kwalo. isakhiwo. Izibonakaliso eziningana zifakazela ukwanda kwe-asidi:
- indawo emhlophe yomhlaba;
- amanzi emiphongolweni enezintuthwane ezimbi;
- umbala obomvu esikhundleni somswakama owathintekayo;
- i-rainbow ifilimu ebusweni be-puddle.
Izitshalo ezivamile
Isayithi ngalinye linomkhula walo. Ukuze ufunde uhlobo luni lwezitshalo ezinjengezitshalo ezithile, itafula lizosiza:
| I-acidity yomhlaba | Izitshalo ezikhulayo |
| Ukungathathi hlangothi | I-quinoa, i-nettle, i-clover ebomvu. |
| I-alkaline | I-Poppy, insimu iboshwe. |
| I-acid enamandla | I-Coltsfoot, i-thistle, i-clover, i-alfalfa, i-mountaineer, i-wheatgrass, i-woodlouse, i-burdock. |
| Sour | I-horse sorrel, inkanyezi, i-horsetail, i-plantain, i-buttercup ehamba ngezinyoni, i-moss, i-nursery, i-sedge, i-bell ephunga elimnandi, i-belly, i-mint, i-cornflower, i-tricolor violet. |
Sebenzisa uviniga
I-asidi yenhlabathi inqunywa ngokusebenzisa indlela kazwelonke elandelayo:
- Ikhophi yokuhlola yomhlaba ifakwa phezu kwengubo yengilazi futhi ithululelwe nge-uviniga ka-9%.
- Hlola umphumela: ukuqhuma okusheshayo kubonisa ukuthi i-alkali medium, elinganiselayo-mayelana ne-neutral, nokuntuleka kokuphendula-mayelana ne-asidi.
Indlela yokuqaphela izinga lomswakama?
Umswakama obangelwayo ubangela ukubola kwezitshalo, uhlanza amaminerali abalulekile emhlabathini, uphathise ukuphefumula kwawo. Ukuvikela ukutshala izaqathe emiphumeleni enjalo, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu kunquma umswakama wenhlabathi.
Abanini bezandla basebenzisa ishumisimeter, inzwa yokumisa kagesi noma imitha yamanzi emanzini. Ungenza ngaphandle kwedivaysi usebenzisa indlela elula: ukumba imbobo eyi-20 cm ejulile, uthole umhlaba omncane kusuka phansi bese ucindezela ngokuqinile esandleni sakho. Kuye ngemiphumela, faka iziphetho ezifanele:
- inhlabathi iqhubekile - umswakama awukho ngaphezu kwama-60%;
- izigxivizo zeminwe zahlala phansi - cishe ngo-70%;
- ihlombe iyahlukana lapho icindezelwe kancane - ngaphakathi kuka 70-75%;
- umswakama ubonakala emhlabathini - okungaphezu kwama-80%;
- isisindo sinomzimba okwanele futhi ushiya ukunyathelisa okumanzi ephepheni lokuhlunga - cishe u-85%;
- umswakama uphuma emhlabathini ocindezelweyo - 90% noma ngaphezulu.
Indlela yokwenza inhlabathi yokutshala kangcono?
Ukulungiswa komhlaba ngezinqamu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi elandelayo:
- Ekwindla, isakhiwo sihlanjululwa ukhula. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, bayayiguba kuya ekujuleni kwe-25-30 cm, basuse amatshe nama-rhizomes. Njengoba i-disinfectant isebenzisa i-3% ye-Bordeaux liquid, i-oxyfine noma i-4% isisombululo se-oxychloride yethusi.
- Umhlabathi wasentshonalanga ukhululiwe noma u-dig. Khona-ke ubuso bubekwe nge-rake.
- Ukumba isakhiwo, wenze umquba odingekayo.
- Ngentwasahlobo, umbhede olungiselelwe uphuziswa ngenhlanganisela equkethe 1 tsp. i-sulphate yethusi, 1 indebe ye-mullein, ama-10 amalitha amanzi afudumele.
- Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu, imifula ilele futhi ibambe kancane. Khona-ke imibhede ifakwe ukugoqa epulasitiki ukugcina umswakama nokushisa. I-Shelter isusiwe lapho kuvela amahlumela okuqala.
Isikhathi sonyaka sokudla singahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezimbili: isigamu sokwenza ekwindla, kanti konke - entwasahlobo. Izitshalo zikhethwa kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni.
Loamy
I-Sand ayifakiwe emhlabathini okhanyayo.. Ukwandisa ukuzala kwayo ngehora elilodwa2 yenza umanyolo onjalo:
- 5 kg we-humus noma umquba;
- 300 amagremu ezinkuni;
- 1 tbsp. superphosphate.
Chernozem
Ngesikhathi sekwindla ukumba emhlabathini omnyama ku-1 m2 yenza izingxenye ezilandelayo:
- 0.5 amabhakede we-sawdust endala nehlanzekile;
- 2 tbsp. superphosphate;
- 10 kg wehlabathi.
I-sawdust entsha kufanele ihambisane nesisombululo samaminerali amaminerali.
I-Clay ne-podzolic
Ekubeni, ubumba kanye nomhlabathi we-podzolic umiswe yi-dolomite ufulawa noma ugoki: yonke im2 yenza 2-3 wezipuni. noma iyiphi indlela. Ngokwezinto eziphezulu zobumba, ama-fertilizer aqukethe ama-humus ayodingeka. Entwasahlobo, ukuze ukwandise ukuzala kwenhlabathi, ngenkathi umba imitha eyi-12 engeza izinto ezinjalo:
- 2 amabhakede we-peat kanye nesihlabathi somfula;
- 10 kg we-humus;
- 3-5 kg ukhuni sawdust;
- 300 amagremu omlotha;
- 1 tbsp. superphosphate;
- 2 tbsp. nitrofoski.
Sandy
Inhlabathi engumhlabathi ehlanganiswe nomxube wezakhi:
- 2 amabhakede we-turf land ne-peat;
- Ibhakede elilodwa le-humus ne-sawdust;
- 1 tbsp. i-nitrophosphate ne-superphosphate.
Le vidiyo yenzelwe imitha engu-12. Ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu, kunconywa ukuthi wengeze izinkuni, okuzovimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwefungus, ukuhlinzeka izithombo ngezinto ezizuzisayo.
Sour
Uma uhlela ukuhlwanyela izaqathe esakhiweni enomhlabathi we-acidic, kufanele uqale ukuwuphatha nge-fluff ngesilinganiso se-1 indebe ngehora elilodwa2. Kungenziwa esikhundleni sokhuni, umgodi, noma ufulawa wama dolomite.
Peat
Ngaphambi kokutshala izaqathe enhlabathini ye-peat 1 m2 engeza izingxenye ezilandelayo:
- 5 kg wehlabathi elinyene;
- 3 kg we-humus;
- ibhakede lobumba;
- 1 tsp i-nitrate ye-sodium;
- 1 tbsp. superphosphate ne-potassium chloride.
Amaphutha akhona
Abalimi abangenalwazi ngesikhathi sokutshala izaqathe bangenza amaphutha anjalo:
- Uma ukwephula ukuhlushwa kwe-nitrogen equkethe umquba izaqathe zikhula ezingenangqondo, ezibuhlungu.
- Uma usebenzisa amahlumela omfutho omusha angathinteka ngokubola.
- Uma wenza izinto eziningi eziphilayo, lezi ziqongqo zizokhula ngokujulile, futhi izimpande zizovela "ziboshiwe" noma zigwenywe. Ukuvuna ngokushesha kwehla.
- Ukuqothula izaqathe enhlabathini enomsoco, thola izithelo ezimnandi ngeke zisebenze.
- Uma ngesikhathi sokulungiswa komhlaba ungasusi amatshe, izimpande ziyokhula ngama-curves.
- Ngeke kwenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenzisa i-lame kanye nomanyolo, kusukela bahlukumeza izenzo zomunye nomunye.
- Ukwehluleka kokujikeleza kwezitshalo kuholela ekuvuneni okuphansi ngenxa yokunciphisa inhlabathi. Ama-anyanisi, iklabishi, ithanga kanye nezitshalo ezithandekayo zibhekwa njengeziqaphelisi ezinhle zezinqathe. Akufanele ukhule imifino ngemuva kweparsley noma ubhontshisi. Ama-izaqathi abuyele kusayithi emva kweminyaka engama-4.
Ama-karoti awafuni ukukhathalela, kodwa azwela ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokwenza umhlabathi. Ukuze uthole isivuno esicebile, udinga ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inhlabathi engcono ukutshala, futhi ulungiselele kahle isayithi elikhethiwe. Okokuqala, thola uhlobo lomhlabathi, ngokuhambisana nokuqeqeshwa kwekwindla nokuqeqeshwa kwentwasahlobo. Ukuze ungalimazi izimpande, kufanele ulandele umthamo onconyiwe.
