Emhlabeni jikelele, izinkomo eziningi ezivame ukwenziwa ngobisi yiHolstein, noma i-Holstein-Friesian. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi linikeza, ngokunakekelwa kahle, inani elirekhodiwe lobisi obuphezulu, izinkunzi zalolu hlobo, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo nesisindo sabo, zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inqwaba yezinkomo ezidliwayo ezinamakhono aphezulu.
Umlando wokubeletha nencazelo
Indawo lapho lolu hlobo luvela khona, emithonjeni ehlukene ebizwa ngokuthi I-Holland ne-America. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokufanayo, ngoba umlando wokukhetha izinkomo zobisi zaseHolstein-Frisian kunezimpande ezijulile. 
Umsebenzi wokhetho
Bethunyelwa ensimini yaseFrisia ngabahlali baseJalimane ekhulwini lokuqala BC. Izinkomo ezimnyama, ezihlangene nomFrisian omhlophe wendawo, zaqala ukwakha uhlobo olukhethekile, kamuva olubizwa ngokuthi iHolstein-Friesian.
Funda futhi ngezinye izinhlobo zezinkomo zobisi, njengeDutch, Jersey, black and motley, i-Ayrshire.
Ekhulwini le-XIII, insimu yaseFrisia ngenxa yezinqubo ze-geological yahlukaniswa yizibi elikhulu, inani lezinkomo lahlukaniswa futhi amagatsha eHolstein naseFrizian aqhubeka ethuthuka ngokuzimela. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, ngenxa yezenzakalo zomlando wabantu, baphinde bahlangana futhi lo mhlobo wathola igama lamanje lanamuhla. 
Phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, lo mhlobo wakhuliswa ngabalimi baseMelika oholwa nguWinston Chenery, owaphela ngo-1872 ngokushicilelwa kwencwadi yokufunda.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphandle kokungcola okuncane okungahleliwe, ukukhethwa kohlanga lweHolstein-Friesian kwakuhlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxubana kwazo nezinye izinhlobo kungaveza inzalo ebuthakathaka nokungapheleli kanye nokukhubazeka noma ukukhiqiza okuncane. Ngakho izinkomo zaseHolstein zinezici ezihle kakhulu, ezinezici ezinhle kakhulu.
Izici zangaphandle
Naphezu kokuthi ama-Holsteiners ngokuyinhloko izinkomo zobisi, zikhulu kakhulu: isisindo esinqunyiwe sezinkomo kukhona ama-6-7 angama-cent, izinkunzi zingabantu abangaba ngu-9. Ngosizo lokudla okunomsoco, lezi zibalo zinganyuswa ngamakhulu amabili.
Ngenkomo lapho izinkabi zifinyelela ku-145-150 amasentimitha ukuphakama, izinkunzi zingamamitha angu-160 ubude. Isifuba ezilwaneni zalesi sizwe sinesisindo esingu-83-86-centimeter ububanzi kanye nobubanzi buka-64-cm, ububanzi be-centimeters angu-62. 
Ingaphandle yezilwane ihambelana nokuma kwazo:
- ikhanda alinzima, libukeka lihle;
- umzimba - ojulile, omadiza, ode;
- croup eqondile;
- Amahlombe amade avulekile;
- umkhumbi ugcwele ngokwanele;
- imilenze emifushane isethwe kahle;
- ezinkomeni, naphezu kobukhulu bawo obunomthelela, banomgqomo omelelwe ngesitsha, lapho imifino yobisi ibonakala ngokucacile.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuzalisa izinkomo emkhakheni wangasese: ukukhulelwa kwezinkomo, ukugcina amathole amasha, ukuphuza amathole ukukhula okusheshayo; ukhetha ithole elihle uma uthenga; amagama omama ngamathole; ukuthi zingaki izikhathi zokubilisa inkomo.
Okuvame kakhulu kulezi zizwe kubhekwa njenge-suit-black-and-pie suit. Izilwane zalolu mbala zinomkhiqizo omkhulu wobisi. Umbala obomvu-piebald obangelwa isakhi sofuzo esingaqediwe awuhambanga kakhulu futhi wenqatshelwe ekuqaleni, kodwa njengamanje okwehlukanisiwe njengomhlanga ohlukile. Umkhiqizo walezi zilwane uphansi, kodwa ubisi lukhulu kakhulu. Kucatshangwa kakhulu ukuthi kungavamile ukuba nombala we-bluish-pagay, otholakala ngokuxuba izinwele ezimnyama nezimhlophe zoboya.
Kubalulekile! Indlela inkomo yobisi, abanikazi abanolwazi abanquma ukuthi yiyiphi ifomu, nokuthi imifino ye-milk is developed kanjani. Uma kunkulu kakhulu, futhi ngisho nangokwemvelo, amathuba aphezulu ukuthi isilwane sinikeza ubisi oluncane.
Izici ezikhiqizayo
Izinkomo zaseHolstein zinesakhiwo somzimba esisebenza kahle, sinikeza ukudla okunomsoco omuhle, ama-lactation amaningi amaningi, ukuqina nokulula kwe-calving. Ukukhethwa isikhathi eside kuye kwenza amathumbu namathumbu abo ukuba aphule ukudla okunamandla, kodwa ingxenye yengonyama yokukhiqiza incike kwikhwalithi nokudla okuningi: ukutholakala kwesisindo esithuthukisiwe nokuvunwa okukhulu kuzohlinzeka ngokudla okuhle kwekhwalithi, ukunciphisa izinga lokudla ngeke linciphise ukwehla. 
Nazi ezinye izinkomba zokukhiqiza izinkomo zaseHolstein:
- I-lactation ihlala izinsuku ezingu-305. Ubungako bokukhiqiza ubisi buhluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi izimo zokuphila, ikhwalithi yokudla kanye nenani lamakhekhe adlule. Ezingxenyeni zethu izinkomo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza cishe amakhilogremu angu-7,5 ebisi ngobuningi bamafutha angu-3.8%. I-Dutch-pieballed Dutch inikeza ubisi obuncane kune-black-piebalized - kufika kuma-kilogram ayizinkulungwane ezingu-4, kodwa i-fatter, iphesenti lamafutha ifinyelela ku-3.9;
- Izinkomo zaseHolstein azishesha, ukukhulelwa kufika eminyakeni yobudala. Ukukhulelwa kokuqala kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-24, kanti ngokunakekelwa inkomo enjalo ingaba nama-2-3 amathole iminyaka emine, kucabangela isidingo sokunikeza izilwane ukubuyisela imithombo, okuthiwa izinkuni ezifile, eziphakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-50 kuya kwezingu-70, kuye ngokuthi iminyaka yesilwane uthi. Ukuthandwa kwabo kuyanelisa kakhulu: banikeza ngamathole angu-83 kuya kwangu-90 ngamaphoyinti angu-100;
- uma kuqhathaniswa nemigqa yenyama ehlanzekile inyama isivuno ingaphansi kancane, 50-55%, kwezinye izimo - kufika ku-60%Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlaselwa ukukhula okusheshayo kwezinkunzi ezincane kanye nekhwalithi yenkomo eyenziwa. Inkunzi esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingama-38-50 kg futhi zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-15 ngokunakekelwa okufanele kanye nokudla okunomsoco kungakwandisa izikhathi ezingu-7-10. Uma kwenzeke kule nkathi, inzuzo iyancipha futhi kuba yinto engavumelekile ukugcina isilwane isikhathi eside. Zonke izinkunzi, ezingenzelwe ukukhiqizwa, zithunyelwa ekuhlatshweni. Inyama yezinkunzi ezincane zalesi sizwe isethenda, inezici eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqukethwe kanye namafutha aphansi, le nkomo yenkomo ibhekwa njengokudla.
Izinzuzo nokuqeda
Lolu hlobo aluzuze izinzuzo:
- ukukhishwa kwesibisi esiphezulu kubeka i-Holsteins kuqala ekukhiqizeni ubisi, naphezu kokuqukethwe kwamanoni ubisi kubonisa isilinganiso samanani;
- usayizi omkhulu nesisindo sezilwane zombili zesilisa kwenza kube lula ukuphakama kuhhafu yethoni yenyama yenkomo kanye ne-offal evela kumuntu oyedwa ohlatshiwe;
- Ubudala obungelona okhiqizayo buyingcosana ngenxa yokuthi ukukhulelwa kuqala eminyakeni yobudala;
- abameleli balezi zizwe bayakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezulu, ukuvumelanisa nezimo zendawo;
- banomkhuhlane omuhle futhi banakekelwa kahle ngeke badale umnikazi wengozi eyengeziwe ehlobene nemithi yezilwane.
Ukungalungi zinjalo kumlimi omncane nemindeni yangasese, lapho kunzima ukwakha izimo ezidingekayo izinkomo zeHolstein:
- lezi zilwane zihlanzekile kakhulu, ezizimele zodwa, kepha amaphutha ekunakekeleni nasekwephuleni amazinga angasese azolimaza kakhulu ukusebenza kwawo;
- ukwephulwa kwemigomo yesondlo, njengokuhlanzeka, ukufudumala, ukungabi nalutho kwemidwebo, kuzoholela ekukhulekeleni izifo ezithathelwanayo;
- Izinkomo zaseDutch zidinga ukondla okuphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ebusika, uma ngokuhambisana nemijikelezo yemvelo, inani lobisi liveza ngokwemvelo;
- Lezi zilwane zitholakala kalula ekucindezelekeni, okungaholela emisebenzini yezilwane, eminye imisindo kanye nezinye izimbangela zokukhathazeka. Ukucindezeleka kakhulu kunciphisa isivuno;
- uma kuqhathaniswa nemigqa yezinyama zezinhlanzi zaseDutch, kunesisindo esincane sempilo;
- I-Holshtinki ayigxili kahle ezindaweni lapho kunesimo sezulu esinzima.
Kubalulekile! Kungcono ukugwema ukuthenga inkomo enkulu yaseHolstein, kanye nokuhamba kwayo nokuthuthela kwenye indawo. Ekhungethwe ukucindezeleka, kungenzeka ukuthi anganciphisi umzimba futhi akwehlise kakhulu ukukhiqiza kwakhe, okuzobe kunganaki iqiniso le-acquisition.
Ukugcinwa nokunakekelwa
Ephefumulelwe ukhiqizwa ubisi oluphezulu, umlimi anganquma ukuthi izinkinga ezingenzeka izinkomo zeHolstein zingenakunqotshwa ngokuphelele, futhi kuyafaneleka. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ukudala izimo ezidingekayo kulezi zilwane lapho zingakhulisa khona amandla abo. Eqinisweni, inkomo enjalo ngokuvamile ayinakwazi amapulazi amancane. Njengomthetho, lezi yizinkomo zezinkampani ezinkulu zezolimo zezimboni. 
Bafuna kakhulu izimo ezingelula ukudala nokugcina, kanye nokucindezeleka, hhayi indlela engcono kakhulu ethinta umkhiqizo.
Uyazi? Izinkomo zinokuhlakanipha okuphakeme kakhulu, okulingana nenja: abantu bakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinyoni ezingu-11 e-cow mooing, izilwane ziyakwazi ukufunda komunye nomunye, zizwelana nabanye abantu futhi zibonisa uthando kubo.
Indawo yokuhamba ehlobo
Izinkomo zeHolstein azikwazi ukugcinwa emadlelweni njalo, nakuba zidinga umoya omusha nokukhanya kwelanga ukuze kusetshenziswe imetabolism engcono nokugcina umkhiqizo ophezulu. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokudla umoya omusha kuyoba yindawo yokuhamba.
Kudingeka i-Paddock ukuhlomisa nge-canopy, ngaphansi kwazo zonke izinkomo ezizokwazi ukuzitholela. Akunjalo kufanele uvimbele ukushisa - lezi zimo ezicindezelayo zomzimba wesilwane, ukushisa kungaholela ekufeni kwayo. Uma kungenjalo okwanele ukuchithwa, ezimweni zokushisa, izilwane zidla, isifiso sabo sinciphisa, ngisho nokukhula kuyancipha. Kungcono ukwenza i-canopy engekho emiswe ngenxa yengozi yokuqoqa udoti, umswakama kanye nesikhumba, okubandakanya ingozi yesifo sezinkomo nge-mastitis. 
Ukuze silondoloze izinga eliphezulu lactation futhi ekulweni nokushisa okunokwenzeka, izinkomo kufanele zibe ukufinyelela emanzini amasha ngaphandle kokungcola okulimazayo. Emini, izinkomo ziphuza cishe amalitha angama-50 ngabanye ngosuku.
Izinkomo zaseHolstein kufanele zinikezwe izikhathi ezingu-4-6 usuku lonke ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lactation; le nqubo kunzima kakhulu ukuhlela emadlelweni kunokuba kuhambisane nokuhamba.
Ukuhlelwa kwenqolobane
Inqolobane kumele ifudumele, mhlawumbe izitini noma i-limestone, ukhuni alinakwenziwa. Kudingekile ukufudumala ekamelweni, ukuhlomisa amafasitela okukhanyisa kanye nokuphuza umoya, ngenhlabathi engcolile noma yobumba.
Kubalulekile! I-flooring flooring akufanele yenziwe enqolobaneni: ingalimaza amahlumela nemilenze yezilwane, kubangele izimo ezibuhlungu kanye ne-hypothermia.
Indawo yokugcina izinkomo zeHolstein kumele ifake:
- ama-stalls akhululekile nemidwebo;
- izindawo zokuzijabulisa;
- amahholo akhethekile;
- izingxenye zezilwane.
Abondla kanye nabaseziphuzo kufanele kwenziwe ngezinto ezingazange zikhiphe iphunga, angathinti ukunambitheka, kulula ukuwahlanza nokukhipha imishanguzo.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokwenza isitoreji sakho (umoya wokugcoba, udoti, abaphuzayo), kanye nezindlu zokudoba izinkomo.
Izimo zokuboshwa
Kukholelwa ukuthi izinkomo zaseDutch zivumelane kahle nezimo zombili ezifudumele futhi zibandayo, nakuba isimo sezulu esibi asihambisani nazo.
Uhla lokushisa olukhululekile lwezinkomo zeHolstein Ama-5-20 degrees ngaphezu kwe-zero, izinga lokushisa emgodini kufanele libe ngu-+20, kodwa hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-+30 degrees. Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme noma liphansi, izilwane zicindezelekile, ezithinta ukukhiqiza.
Uhlaka luyingozi kakhulu kuHolshtinki, ngoba basengozini yokugaya imastitis. Inqolobane kufanele ifakwe amafasitela amakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokugcwele ukukhanya kwayo emini. 
Ukuze bangabonakali izilwane engozini yezifo ezithathelwanayo, bona ngokwabo, izitsha zabo kanye negumbi lapho behlala khona badinga ukuhlanzwa njalo.
Kubalulekile! Izinkomo zaseHolstein zithandeka futhi zithandekayo, kodwa uhlamvu lwazo lungadlulela uma zigcinwa ezimweni zangasese ezingalungile.
Ukuhlanza inqolobane
Izimo zangasese zezinkomo zaseHolstein zihlinzeka ukuhlanza njalo indawo yabo. Lezi zilwane ezihlanzekile kakhulu, futhi isikhumba sabo asisoze sichitha kakhulu, kepha sidinga ukuhlanza njalo, sidinga ukugeza, ukusika izinselo kanye nezinye izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka.
Ukuze kube lula ukususwa komquba, i-groove yenziwe esiteshini phansi, okulula ukuqoqa nokulahla imfucuza. Itholakala ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka emgodini. Kudingeka ukuthi ubeke umonakalo njalo endaweni engcolile noma emanzi. 
Iziphuzo zokuphuza nezimbiza kumele zihlanzwe njalo njalo, zigweme isimo lapho kukhona ukudla noma izilwane ezingenayo i-unaten. Ngaphambi kokudlulisela izilwane ebusika egumbini elisegumbini, ukuhlanza jikelele kumele kwenziwe futhi izitsha kanye nezitsha kufanele kutholakale nge-disinfected.
Uyazi? Kubantu abaningi ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka, kanti kuze kube yamuva, inkomo yayiyindlela yokukhokha, kanye nenani lemali, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu, amafurs kanye nezigqila.
Ukudla ukudla
Ikhwalithi kanye nokwanela kokudla okudliwe yenkomo kuhambelana ngqo nekhwalithi nobuningi besibisi olukhiqizwayo. Abesifazane baseDashi bafuna ukudla, abakwazi ukudla ukudla okujwayelekile, okusetshenziselwa yonke imfuyo. Ngisho nasesikhathini sasebusika, umuntu kufanele anakekele ukudla okwanele okungavamile ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, ngaphandle kwalokho inkomo ingakwazi ukunciphisa ukukhiqiza kwayo ngokungenakuqondakala.
Ukudla kwenkomo yokulahla kuqukethe isethi elinganisiwe yezinhlobo zokudla:
- isitshalo nesilwane;
- okwenziwa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali nezindlela ezincane zezinto eziphilayo;
- feed nokuxuba;
- amavithamini kanye nezithako zamaminerali.
Ukudla kuqukethe amaprotheni angu-10% namaphrotheni, ukungabi nakho okubandakanya ukudlula kokudla kanye nokwehliswa komkhiqizo.Uyazi? Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinkunzi, ngaphandle kokuhlinzekwa ngezigqoko, izinkomba nezinye izindlela zokuzivikela, zathola ikhono lokudla nokubalekela, bese zihlala endaweni ezolile ukuze zishise - okungukuthi, zaba yi-ruminant.
Kuzo zonke izikhathi zonyaka, i-holshtinki idinga:
- i-silo;
- inhlanzi;
- okusanhlamvu;
- imifino yezimpande;
- hay of legumes - vetch, clover, alfalfa, njalonjalo.
Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba wezinkomo nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza, udinga ukwengeza amavithamini ekudleni kwawo. Uma inkomo inikeza ngaphansi kwama-kilogram ayi-20 yobisi ubisi, isidinga ama-gramu ayi-105 amaprotheni ngayinye ye-feed unit, uma ingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-20, idinga amagremu angu-110.
Ngakho, inkomo yaseHolstein idinga:
- ukondla ngamaphrotheni - cishe ama-kilogram angu-30;
- ubhontshisi hay - cishe ama-kilogram angu-20;
- utshani obuluhlaza - ivolumu elingenamkhawulo.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze kuvezwe inani lokudla okunomsoco we-feed, elinganikeza isilwane ngamanani ahlukene wezamandla, kukhona umqondo ohlangene we- "unit unit", ehambisana ne-kilogram yama-oats.
Ihlobo lihamba edlelweni
Ehlobo sasehlobo, izilwane ezinjalo kufanele zithole ukudla, kodwa ukushintshwa kancane kancane emifineni emisha kufanele kugwenywe ukugwema izifo zokugaya ukudla. 
Ngaphambi kokukhulula isilwane emadlelweni ekuseni, iyanisela ngamanzi futhi idliwe nge-mash. Kunconywa ukuba ukondle uphinde ukondle inkomo ukuze idle ngesikhathi sokudla, bese uyondla kusihlwa ngemuva kokubekwa emgodini.
Ngokungafani namadodakazi abesifazane, abesilisa balolu hlobo bagcinwa kangcono ezindlini, lapho bondla kangcono futhi banesisindo ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla ize. Ukudla ikhalori nokungabi nokusebenza ngokomzimba, izilwane ezinjalo zizuza nsuku zonke kuya ku-kilogram eyodwa nesigamu sesisindo esibukhoma.
Uyazi? Kungenzeka ukukholisa inkomo ukunyuka izitebhisi, kodwa ngeke umphoqe ukuba abuyele phansi.
Umehluko ekudleni kwasebusika
Lapho isikhathi sehlobo siphelile, sekuyisikhathi sokuhambisa izilwane ezifuywayo esiteshini. Ngokuvamile, abesifazane bahlwanyelwa entwasahlobo, ehlobo banethuba lokuthola izinga eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo, futhi ukubeletha kwehla ngonyaka oNyaka noKhisimusi.
Isikhathi lapho abesifazane abakhiqiza kakhulu badluliselwa esiteji kuqondile. Ukuze ugweme ukukhubazeka ohlelweni lokugaya, izinkomo zihanjiswe kancane kancane ekudleni okunamandla okuqukethe i-fiber. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukwethula ekudleni kwamaminerali, ikakhulukazi, i-magnesium. 
Ebusika, i-Holshtinkas kufanele ibe nokulinganisela ekudleni:
- ibhontshisi hay;
- okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu;
- ukudla kwesoya.
Kubalulekile! Ngeshwa, inkomo ingase ingabuyiselwa ukusebenza kwayo ngisho noma ukuphutha okuvela emthethweni kungapheli isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke, ukondla izinkomo ezikhiqizayo kakhulu kufanele kuhlelwe ngokucophelela. Amathole okuqala ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokudla agula kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi izakhi ezinamanani amaningi zisuswe emzimbeni kuphela ngobisi, okuwumthwalo omkhulu emzimbeni.
Ukudla ebusika kubonakala kanje:
- ukudla okunamafutha - 38%;
- ukudla okunomsoco - 34%;
- ukudla okugxile - 28%;
- kuwo wonke ama-centner of isisindo esibukhoma, kukhona ama-kilogram ayi-5 wezindaba ezimile.
Ividiyo: Izinkomo zeHolstein-Friesian
Izinkomo zeHolstein emhlabeni wonke zisetshenziselwa amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni ukukhiqiza ubisi obuningi obuhle kakhulu. Emapulazini amakhulu kunamathuba okulawula ikhwalithi yokudla kanye nokugcinwa kwalezi zilwane ezingenasisekelo, ezifuna futhi ezibiza. Kulula futhi ukuhlela yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza nezobuchwepheshe, ukuheha ochwepheshe abadingekayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Emkhakheni wangasese nasepulazini elincane, ingozi yokungakwazi ukubhekana nokubhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kakhulu.
