Noma yimuphi umlimi kufanele aqaphele impilo yezilwane zakhe, ngoba umbuzo awugcini nje ngokulondoloza izinkomba zomnotho kanye nenzuzo yebhizinisi, kodwa futhi nangokuphepha kokuqala. Kunezifo eziningana eziyingozi ngokufanayo kokubili izilwane nabantu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu angenwa yi-HIV ngokudla inyama enesifo esithintekile. Esinye salezi zifo, esibeka isongo esibulalayo kokubili izinkomo nabantu, isifo sokuphefumula kwesiponsi, ngezinye izikhathi futhi sibizwa ngokuthi isifo sofuba sezinkomo noma isifo sezinkomo ezimbi.
Iyini lesi sifo
Ubuntu buqalisiwe kule nkinga maduzane. Maphakathi nawo-1980, izinkomo eziyizinkulungwane eziningana zaseNgilandi zahlaselwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenxa yokugula okungaziwa. Cishe kanyekanye, izimpawu ezifanayo zatholakala ezinkomo zase-Ireland, futhi kwezinye izindawo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Cabanga ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ungaphatha kanjani izifo ezinjalo ezithathelwanayo njenge: bluetongue, leptospirosis, i-maltant catarrhal fever, i-aplasmosis, i-parainfluenza-3, ne-actinomycosis.
Kodwa iNgilandi yahlupheka kakhulu kulokhu kushayisana okungajwayelekile: ngo-1992 izinkulungwane zezinkomo zafa lapha kakade. 
Izimpawu zalesi sifo zazifana ne-rabies: ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba isikhala esivinjelwe, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukwesaba okukhanyayo nokuzwakalayo, ukusabela okwesabekayo kokuthinta, isifiso sokuba nesisodwa, ukugaya amazinyo kubonakala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lesi sifo futhi sathola igama laso, ngokuvamile silahlekisa abalimi mayelana nemvelo yayo.
Kubalulekile! I-spongiform encephalopathy ayihlangene no-rabies. Lezi zifo zinemvelo ehluke ngokuphelele, i-pathogen, indlela yokutheleleka kanye nenkambo. Okuwukuphela kwezinto ezizihlanganisayo ziyizinye izimpawu, lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi kwelinye futhi kwezinye izimo uhlelo lwesisindo esiyinhloko nobuchopho buyathinteka.
Ama-rabi ane-viral nature, kanti i-causative agent ye-spongiform encephalopathy ayiyona igciwane, hhayi ibhethri, noma ngisho ne-fungus. Kuvela ukuthi lesi sifo sibangelwa i-protein ejwayelekile yamangqamuzana, ekhona phezu kwamangqamuzana omzimba, ebuchosheni nasemnkantsheni wezilwane nabantu, kodwa endaweni ethile ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ithatha ukulungiswa okungavamile. 
Ukutholakala okunjalo okuthakazelisayo ngo-1982 kwafika isazi samakhemikhali esiNgisi uStanley Prusiner. Wabiza i-protein yamaprotheni "esontekile" ebangela ukulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu "i-prion."
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo kufana nalokhu. "Amakhonsoni angalungile" adonseleka komunye nomunye, enza i-clot noma i-plaque esitokisini sezinzwa. Ngenxa yalokho, isisindo se-nerve siyafa, futhi endaweni yaso kukhona isikhala esineziphuzo zeseli, okuthiwa yi-vacuole. Njengoba kuthuthukiswa lesi sifo, i-vacuoles enjalo igcwalisa lonke ubuchopho, iguqule ibe yinto efana nesiponji (ngakho-ke i-spongiform encephalopathy).
Yiqiniso, umsebenzi wobuchopho ukhubazekile ngokungapheli, futhi umzimba ophethwe yilesi sifo uyafa.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kanjani?
Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi behluleka ukuthola ukuthi kungani "ukuhlanekezela" kwama-molecule we-protein amangqamuzana anomzimba. Ekugcineni, ukucabanga kwakwenziwe, hhayi okungavunyelwe okwamanje, ukuthi kunelungelo lokuthi umunye oyedwa "ongalungile" angene emzimbeni ukuze ama-molecule angomakhelwane aqale ukuhlelwa kabusha ngokufana nesithombe sakhe. 
Indlela yokwenziwa kwalesi simo ayisoze yaqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi enye "izimvu ezimnyama" ngandlela-thile ihlasela "umhlambi wonke" cishe akungabazeki.
Ngesifundo esijulile sendlela yokutheleleka, kwatholakala ukuthi umthombo wesifo (i-molecule engalungile) kungenzeka ukuthi wangena emzimbeni wezinkomo ezihluphekayo ezinomzimba nenyama yethambo, ezongezwa ukudla kwazo ngabalimi baseNgilandi. Lokhu kufulawa kukhiqizwa ezidumbu zezimvu, futhi izimvu nazo zihlushwa izifo zesikhumba.
Ngeshwa, inqubo yemvelo yokwehlukaniswa kwezinkomo isikhathi eside futhi ayisebenzisi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Funda mayelana nokuqothulwa kwezinkomo ngokufakelwa.
Ngakho-ke, inyama namathambo ezimvu ezigulayo ziphenduka ubuthi, kancane kancane zibulala ezinye, izilwane ezinkulu.
Ukuphendula umbuzo othi kungani inyama kanye nesidlo sakusihlwa, okuye kwenezelwa ekudleni kwezinkomo, kwaqala ukubulala izinkomo esikhathini esithile, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo kuhambisana nokwethulwa kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ohlelweni lokukhiqiza ufulawa, noma kunalokho, kube lula ukuyeka ezinye izigaba, ngokuqhubekayo ukukhipha imishanguzo ekushiseni izidakamizwa. 
Futhi ngempela, ngokushesha nje lapho inyama kanye nesidlo sakusihlwa bekungavunyelwe ekwakheni ukondla, izinkomo zaqala ukulimaza kancane, futhi lo mkhuhlane waqala ukwehla. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwavela enye inkinga - abantu baqala ukugula nge-spongiform encephalopathy.
Kubalulekile! Isifo semfuyo yamadla siyadluliselwa kubantu ngokusebenzisa inyama yenkomo egulayo, edlayo. Akukho ukutheleleka kokuxhumana okuqondile nesilwane.
Lesi sici sokudluliselwa kwalesi sifo sisho ukuthi uhlobo lwesifo sengculaza kuthatha ukungabi nesifo se-spongy, hhayi ngoba izilwane zithathelana, kepha ngoba zidla ukudla okufanayo.
Uma inkomo egalelwe "isifo sofuba" singene emhlambini, ngeke isenze abangane bayo, kepha lesi sifo singasakazwa yi-intrauterine indlela, okungukuthi, amathole azalwe yinkomo enjalo cishe ayogula. 
Amafomu kanye nezimpawu ze-rabies ezinkomeni
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nokuxilongwa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi ukwelapha i-encephalitis ye-spongiform, ukuthi lesi sifo sinesikhathi eside kakhulu sokuxubha. Ezinkomeni, kungaba iminyaka emibili kuya kweyisishiyagalombili, futhi kubantu, lesi sifo sinesimo esivamile ngisho nangaphezulu, ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube yiminyaka engu-30.
Kodwa uma lesi sifo sizizwa sizizwa, sithuthuka ngokushesha futhi asihambisani nokuthuthukiswa okwesikhashana esimweni.
Uyazi? Ukuhlonza isifo esisha esibulalayo sezinkomo kubangele ukwesaba kwangempela. Abalimi baseBrithani baphoqeleka ukuba babulale izinkomo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.5, futhi, cishe, iningi lawo laliphilile ngokuphelele. Amazwe amaningi (kufaka phakathi iRussia) avimbele ukungenisa inyama evela e-UK ensimini yabo, okwabangela ukulahlekelwa kukaFoggy Albion kwezigidi zezigidi zamakhilogremu.
Yamukelwa ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zesifo:
- athola (ngezinye izikhathi libizwa nangokuthi okuhlukile noma okuncane, ngoba kwenzeka kubantu ngabanye futhi akuyona isifo);
- ifa (isilwane sitholakale esibelethweni somama ogulayo futhi sizalwa ngokutholakala kwesifo).
Ngokuphathelene nezimpawu zesifo, zingahlukaniswa ngokuthi "zinobudlova", ezihambisana nezinguquko ekuziphatheni kwenkomo egulayo, nalabo abenza isimo sesilwane jikelele.Exuberant
Isiguli esine-spongey encephalopathy yesilwane sinesibindi esingenangqondo, noma kunjalo, uma isifo sofuba esivamile sibhekene ne-hydrophobia eqinile, ukutheleleka kwe-prion kubonakala ngokusabela okunamandla kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana okunamandla, umsindo, womzimba.
Abalimi bayelulekwa ukuthi bazijwayele ngezinhlobo ezifuywayo zezinkomo: iSychevskaya, iBelgium blue, Hereford, Simmental, Dutch, Holstein nase-Ayrshire.
Inkabi ingakwazi ukukhahlela inkosi, ngokungabi nalutho, ukulahlekelwa isikhundla esilandelayo emhlambini, uqale ukuthuthumela yonke indawo, ugijimele izithiyo. Ngokuvamile, le block of izimpawu kufana kakhulu nomtholampilo isithombe rabies. 
Phumani
Ngaphezu kokushintshwa okusobala ekuziphatheni, i-spongiform encephalopathy ingabonakala nakweminye eminye, izimpawu "ezizolile," ezihlanganisa:
- imimoya engathintekile nokuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo zokuhamba (ataxia): lesi sibonakaliso ngezinye izikhathi sihlala amasonto ambalwa, futhi kwezinye izimo kuqhubeka izinyanga ezingaphezulu;
- i-limping gait;
- ukuhamba njalo kwezindlebe;
- ukukhohliswa kwempumu;
- ukukhanda ikhanda (isilwane esinalesi sizathu singase sigubhe ngezinhloso ezihlukahlukene noma sizame ukufinyelela ekhanda ngezinyawo zayo);
- umbono ongenalutho;
- ukuchotshozwa kwemisipha nokuzibophezela komzimba, kuhambisane nezinzwa ezibuhlungu kakhulu;
- ukulahlekelwa isisindo (ngokuqhubeka nokudla);
- ukukhiqizwa ubisi okunciphise;
- ezinyathelweni zokugcina - ukwehluleka kwesilonda esinqwelweni, i-coma nokufa.
Kubantu, isici esibonisa ukuthi i-spongiform encephalopathy iyinkumbulo yokulahlekelwa, ukuwohloka komqondo nokunye ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi wobuchopho, ukucindezeleka nokuqwashisa, ukuxosha emaphethelweni, kodwa inkomo inezibonakaliso (okuyiqiniso, kuyenzeka) kunzima ukuqaphela.
Kubalulekile! Ngokungafani ne-rabies yangempela, ne-spongiform encephalopathy, akakho ukwanda kokushisa komzimba. Ngalesi sibonakaliso, ungahlukanisa izifo ezimbili ezifana nesithombeni esitholakala emtholampilo.
Ukuhlonza
Ulwazi lwezokwelapha kanye ne-epizootological aluhlolisisi ngokunembile ukuxilongwa kwe-spongy, ngoba izimpawu zalo zinamanye afana nezifo eziningi zezinkomo, futhi akuzona kuphela izidakamizwa ezisebenza kuzo.
Kuze kube manje, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-spongiform encephalopathy:
- i-biochemical (yakhetological);
- immunological.
Indlela yokwelapha yezinto ezinokwemvelo Indlela yokuqala ihilela isifundo ngaphansi kwe-microscope ye-electron yesigaba sesifunda sobuchopho ukuze kutholakale i-voids (i-vacuoles) ne-prion plaques ehlanganisa izintambo.Sincoma ukuthi uthola: indlela yokukhetha inkomo yobisi olufanele, isakhiwo sobunzima bezinkabi, futhi ucabange ngezici zobuningi bokubanda ubisi.
Ukuxilongwa kwe-immunological kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibodies ethize ahlangene nama-prions akhubazekile, esabela ngazo, okungatholakala. Kukhona ukusabela - ukuhlaziywa kuhle, ukusabela akusekho - asikho isifo. Le ndlela inokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi inolwazi kunokuhlola okubukwayo.
Inkinga kuphela "encane" ukuthi ingenziwa kuphela ezilwaneni ezifile. Ngamanye amazwi, indlela yokuzivikela nge-immunological kahle uma kudingekile ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe inyama yenkomo ingadliwa, isibonelo, ifakwe emazweni asengozini yesifo sezinkomo. 
Indlela yokuzivikela emzimbeni yokuxilongwa
Yile ndlela esebenzayo namuhla eNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho isitshalo sokucubungula inyama, esiteji sokulungiselela izidumbu zezinkomo ukucubungula, senza ukuhlaziywa kwabo kokuqala kwe-spongiform encephalopathy; kuthatha amahora angaba ngu-10.
Kodwa-ke, izivivinyo zokuxilonga abantu ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezififi zesifo sezivele ziqhubeka - uketshezi lomgogodla noma ucezu lwezincuba ezithathwe emphinjeni kuthathwa ukuhlaziywa.
Kungenzeka yini ukwelapha
Ngeshwa, ukuxilongwa okufika ngesikhathi akudingekile ukwelashwa, kodwa kuphela ukwelashwa kwesondlo (kubantu) nokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokudla inyama (izinkomo).
Kubalulekile! I-spongiform encephalopathy ayinakuphulukiswa kanti amacala angu-100% aholela ekufeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nemilenze yegciwane lengculaza, ukugoma okumelene nalesi sifo akukhona (unikezwe uhlobo oluthile lwe-pathogen, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi akunakwenzeka).
Kubantu, ukufa kusukela "isifo sezinkomo ezimbi" kwenzeka esikhathini esisuka ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya konyaka emva kokuthola izimpawu zokuqala zesifo. Kodwa-ke, uma kunikezwe isikhathi eside kakhulu sokukhushulwa, uma inkinga itholakele ngesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kungancishiswa kancane.
Ingabe umuntu angenwe igciwane ezilwaneni ezigulayo
Ukufa kwe-100% nokungakwazi ukugoma kwenza i-spongiform encephalopathy ibe yingozi kakhulu, yize noma amathuba okuthi umuntu athola lesi sifo esiyingqayizivele akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi iphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, namuhla, cishe abantu abangu-80 (ngokusho kwamanye amadatha - 200) babulawa yizinkomo zezinkomo emhlabeni, futhi lezi zibalo zifaniswa nezibalo zokufa ezivela "ezimpilweni" zangempela, okuyilapho zibulala, kuphela uma kungekho izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi. ukuphathwa kwegciwane. 
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi inani labantu abafa ngokubulawa kwe-spongiform encephalopathy lingakhuphuka kakhulu esikhathini esizayo ngenxa yalabo abadla inyama yezinkomo ezithathelwanayo ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale isifo esiyingozi (uma i-alamu yaqala ukuzwakala ngo-1985, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokugula kumuntu kungadlulela 30 iminyaka, kungenzeka ukuthi imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokutheleleka ayikakabonakali ngokwabo).
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukudla inyama yesilwane esigulayo, kuhlanganise nesilwane, njengezinyamazane noma i-elk, empeleni kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthelela abantu ngesifo sofuba sezinkomo (ngokungafani ne-real rabies virus, i-causative agent ye-spongiform encephalopathy ayitholakali ematheni esilwane). Noma kunjalo, izindlela eziningi ezingavamile zokutheleleka kungenzeka.
Uyazi? Ezinye izizwe zaseNew Guinea, ezisasebenzisa ukuthunjwa ngesikhathi sokugubha imikhosi, zathinteka "ngesifo sofuba" ngokudla inyama yomuntu. Kukhona namacala okutheleleka kwabantu abaye bathola ukufakelwa kabusha noma ukumpontshelwa igazi, okungukuthi, kubaxhasi abagulayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngendlela, e-UK namuhla igazi le-donor kubantu abahlala ezifundeni ezibhekiswe njengezikhungo zokusabalalisa "isifo sofuba sezinkomo" asamukelekile.
Ngaphezu kokudla, imithombo yokutheleleka ingaba nobisi nemikhiqizo yobisi, futhi asikhulumi nje ngeenkomo kuphela, kepha futhi ubisi lwezimvu nezimbuzi. 
Ukuvimbela imfu yeMad
Uma kungenalo umuthi wokugoma, ukuvimbela kuyindlela kuphela yokuvimbela ukufa okungenakugwemeka ezifweni zezinkomo. Futhi izinyathelo zokuqapha akufanele zisebenzise kuphela emapulazini lapho izinkomo nezinye izinkomo ezikhungethwe khona zigcinwa, kodwa futhi amabhizinisi aqhuba nokuthengisa inyama nobisi, kanye nabathengi bokugcina bale mikhiqizo.
Ngokuqinisekile uyoba usizo ukwazi izimbangela zegazi ebisi lwezinkomo.
Emazweni lapho isimo ngesifo sezinkomo samademoni sibukeka kahle (ngenhlanhla, iRussia, i-Ukraine neBelrusrus ziphakathi kwalabo; kodwa, njengoba abantu bezitshela ukuthi, inkinga isidlulile kunalokho ngoba abafuyi basekhaya abakwazi ukuthenga inyama - ithambo lesifuba elikhiqizwa eNgilandi futhi londla ama-boars ngotshani lendawo kanye nefolda ehlangene), izinyathelo zokuvimbela zinciphisa ukulandela imithetho embalwa elula:
- Imikhawulo ekungenisweni kwemikhiqizo yezinyama ezivela emazweni noma ezindaweni lapho ngisho nokucindezeleka okuphazamiseka okungahleliwe kwaqashelwa khona. Lokhu akufanele kusebenze kuphela ekudleni kanye nasezinhlakeni, kodwa futhi nemikhiqizo eqeda ukuphela, imibungu, isidoda, izicubu eziphilayo, inyama kanye nesidlo samathambo kanye nezinye izithako zokudla kanye nezondlo ezivela emfuyweni, amafutha ochwepheshe, okuthiwa izinto zokusetshenziswa kwamathumbu emathunjini, izinkukhu kanye neminye imikhiqizo yobisi.
- Ukuhlola ngokucophelela bonke abantu abazalisayo abangeniswe ezweni, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
- Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa izithasiselo zokudla inyama kanye nesifuba esenziwe ngezimvu nezinkomo ezifuywayo.
- Ukutholakala kwezithako zokudla kanye nezondlo kuphela ngokuba khona kwesitifiketi esifanele sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo idlulisa ukuhlolwa kwe-spongiform encephalopathy.
- Ucwaningo oludingekayo lwe-laboratory lobuchopho lwezimvu nezinkomo ezafa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, kanye nezidumbu ezihlatshiwe.
Ucwaningo lwe-Laboratory lobuchopho lwezinkomo njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela isifo sofuba sezinkomoE-United Kingdom, e-Ireland, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe angenakulinganiswa nesifo sesifo sezinkomo, ukuvinjelwa kufakwe izinga elingathí sina. Isilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke, okwamanje, izakhamuzi eziningi zala mazwe seziye zasebenzisa isikhathi eside, ukuphika ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwezinkomo, iwundlu, inyama yembuzi kanye newundlu.
Ngokuphathelene nezinyathelo zikahulumeni zokulwa nesifo esibulalayo, isibonelo, abaseBrithani baye bahlakulela isimiso esikhethekile sokuthola izifo zesifo sezinkomo. Ezweni, ukuhlola okungahleliwe kwemikhiqizo yenyama okuhloswe ukudayiswa kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Uyazi? Ama-molecule ajwayelekile amaprotheni aqala ukuguqa, aphenduke i-gel, ekushiseni kwama-65-70 ° C, kodwa i-agent ye-cow cow (i-pathogenic prion eseyishintshile ukulungiswa kwayo kwemvelo) ibhujiswe emazingeni okushisa angaphezulu kuka-1000 ° C! Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa okuvamile, ngisho nokucophelela, ukushisa komzimba okungcoliswe yisifo sofuba senkomo akukwenzi kube khona ukusetshenziswa komuntu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi i-rabies evamile igciwane ifa ngokushesha lapho ifuthelwa ku-100 ° C, futhi kungakapheli imizuzu emibili ngo-80 ° C.
Emuva ngo-1997, e-United States of America, i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yavinjelwa ukufakwa kwamaprotheni ezinkomo ezondla izinkomo nezincane ezincane.
Таким образом, от нас, к сожалению, мало что зависит. Uma inyama yesilwane esinegciwane lesilwane elibi liwela phansi etafuleni, ukutheleleka nokufa okulandelayo (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa ngaphandle kokukhethwa kukho) kulindeleke ngokungenakwenzeka. Ngesikhathi sihlala ekhaya, asikho isizathu esithile sokukhathazeka, ngaphandle kokuba inyama nemikhiqizo yobisi kufanele kuthengwe kuphela kubakhiqizi abahloniphekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba i-spongiform encephalopathy isifo seNgilandi esasakazwa emazweni athile eNtshonalanga Yurophu, isimo lapho sithathwe ngokulawulwa kombuso okuqinile.
Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukuvakasha namuhla kungaba nokujabulela i-steak epholile endaweni yokudlela enhle lapho ngaphandle kokwesaba, kodwa kusengcono ukulahla shawarma emgwaqweni nezinye izitsha zenyama zemvelaphi engathandeki yokuphepha kwabo.
