Ukufuywa kwezinkomo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukhiqiza kanjani imfuyo yezinkomo, ukuhlolwa kwemfuyo kwenziwa. Kuyasiza ukusekela ubuhlobo bomuntu ngamunye, ngakho-ke ukwandisa inzuzo yepulazi, ngoba iningi lezinkomo, likhiqiza kakhulu. Ukuze ulinganise kahle imfuyo, kubalulekile ukwazi yonke imininingwane yenqubo.

Okuqukethwe:

• Izigaba zokuqoqa izinkomo
• I-criteria esemqoka yokuhlola abameleli bemfuyo
• Inqubo kanjani
• Imiyalo yokubopha izinkomo zobisi
• Izinkoma zokubopha inyama isiqondiso
• Ukunqunywa kwekilasi labasha
• Ukunquma iklasi lezinkunzi

Iyini isilinganiso sezinkomo

Ukubanjwa kwezinkomo kuhlolwe ngabanye ngabanye ngezizathu eziningana zokunquma ukubaluleka kokuzalanisa kanye nenzuzo yokusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo. Inqubo yenziwa njalo ngonyaka: izinkomo zihlolwa ngemva kokulahlwa, kanti ukukhula kwentsha kuhlolwa kusukela ngenyanga yeshumi yokuphila kwabo. I-Zootechnics ihlolwe ngabalimi bepulazi namabhizinisi wombuso.

Izigaba zokuqoqa izinkomo

Ngokweziqondiso zoMnyango Wezolimo, kunezigaba ezinjalo zezinkomo:

• irekhodi elite;
• i-elite;
• I-Class I;
• Isigaba II.

Kubalulekile! Isilwane asikwazi ukuhlala ngaso sonke isikhathi ekilasini elifanayo, njengoba likhula kulo lonke impilo, futhi ukusebenza kwalo kukhula noma kunciphisa unyaka nonyaka.

Cabanga indlela yokunquma ukuthi yiliphi iklasi inkomo. Ikhwalithi yezinkabi inqunywa ngesilinganiso sezinga. Ngokwehlukana, izinkomba zomkhiqizo kanye nesilinganiso sokukhiqiza ubisi (mhlawumbe amaphuzu angu-60), idatha yangaphandle, intuthuko kanye nomthethosisekelo (amaphuzu angu-24 angaphezulu), kanye ne-genotype (amaphuzu angaphezu kwangu-16) ahlolwa. Izibalo zesigaba ngasinye zifingqiwe futhi uhlobo lwezinkomo lubekwe inani eliphelele:

• Amaphuzu angu-80 namaphuzu amaningi - irekhodi elitjha;
• 70-79 - elite;
• 60-69 - Mina;
• 50-59 - II.

Ukuze uhlole izinhlamvu zezinkunzi ekilasini, ezinye izinqubo zisetshenziswa. Bahlaziya ukuzalwa nomsuka, idatha yangaphandle kanye nomzimba, isisindo sokuphila, ikhono lokuzala inzalo kanye nekhwalithi yayo. Ukulinganisa amaphuzu kufana nesilinganiso semfuyo.

Sincoma ukuthi sijwayelane nabamele abakhulu bezinkomo zenyama kanye nobisi.

Ukuhlola abasha, ochwepheshe nabo bahlaziya idatha yangaphandle, ubuningi, i-genotype, yezohlobo, umkhiqizo olinganisiwe. Kodwa isikali sezinga lapha sibheka okuhlukile:

• Amaphoyinti angu-40 noma ngaphezulu - irekhodi elisha;
• 35-39 - elite;
• 30-34 - Mina;
• 25-29 - II.

Indlela esemqoka yokuhlola abameleli bemfuyo

Kunezinqubo eziningi lapho umuntu ngamunye emhlambini ehlolwa khona:

• umsuka nokuzalwa;
• ukukhiqizwa ubisi (amafutha) nobisi ukukhiqizwa;
• ngaphandle nangokwenyama;
• ikhwalithi yenzalo;
• ikhono lezinkomo zokumaketha;
• kungenzeka ukukhiqiza.

Kubalulekile! Noma yimuphi umuntu ovela emhlambini wezinkomo njalo uqhuba inqubo yokuhlola ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.

Inqubo kanjani

Kukhona ukulandelana okuthile ekuhloleni kwezinkomo:

1. Uhlobo oluthile.
2. Umkhiqizo olinganisiwe.
3. Ukubukwa nokulinganiswa okulinganisiwe.
4. Ibanga lokugcina nencazelo yekilasi.

Ukunquma izinga lokuzalwa. Ukuzalwa kwesilwane kusungulwa ngokusho kwamadokhumenti okuvela kuwo, kanye nokuzalwa komzali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye wahlola ngokucophelela. Ngemuva kwalokho, isilwane singeqembu lezinhlanzi noma ama-hybrid. Uhlobo oluhlanzekile yilo:

• izilwane abazali babo ababengabahlobo olufanayo (okubhalwe phansi);
• izilwane abazali babo ababeletha isizukulwane sesine (kusukela ekutholeni ukulingana), okubhalwe phansi;
• abantu abanezinhlobo ezidumile;
• abantu ngabanye be-elite kanye nerekhodi elite.

Thola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinyosi zezinyosi ezikhuliswa kahle kakhulu ekudleni.

Izingxube ziyi:

• abantu abazalwa emva kokuwela izinhlanga ezimbili, ngaphandle kwaleyo mikhakha ehlwini olukhethekile;
• izilwane ezitholakalayo ekuhambeni abameleli benhlanganisela efanayo;
• abantu abavela ngemuva kokuwela izinkomo zendawo nge-purebred and crossbred.

Uma kungenakho amadokhumenti esilwaneni esiqinisekisa ukuthi imvelaphi yaso, kodwa sinomhlobo ozwakalayo wokukhulisa, ngakho-ke uhlukaniswa njengezizukulwane ze-I-II (i-1 / 2-3 / 4 igazi) yalolu hlobo.

Isibonelo esihle sezinkomba zangaphandle nezomthethosisekelo Uma ukweqa kwakuyisethulo, khona-ke labo abavela emzalweni basungulwa kanje:

• abantu abavela ngenxa yokuwela kwezihlobo ezimbili zokuqala ezivela esizukulwaneni sokuqala;
• abantu abavela ngenxa yokudlulela kwababameli be-crossbreed of the generation of purebrered breed abavela esizukulwaneni sesibili (igazi le-3/4) ngokusho kohlobo lomama;
• abantu abavela ngenxa yokuwela kwababameli be-crossbreed yesizukulwane sesi-2 ngamanzi angama-hardbreds ngobuqili bohlobo oluchazwe yiloluhlelo kuthiwa yi-purebreds (umama);
• izilwane ezitholakala ekuhambeni abameli be-ingxube efanayo yesizukulwane sesibili (3/4 yegazi), kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu boluhlobo oluhleliwe, buyingxenye yezihlobo ezixubile zesizukulwane sesithathu noma sesine sohlobo oluthuthukisiwe.

Ukunquma komkhiqizo. Ukunquma ukukhiqizwa ubisi lwezinkomo, kumele ucabange:

• ubisi ukukhiqizwa ngezinsuku ezingu-305 zokudla okuyi-kilogram;
• izinkomba ze-milk fat;
• inani lobisi olunamafutha kilogram nge-lactation.

Ukuhlolwa komthethosisekelo nangaphandle. Ukubonakala kwezinkomo kulinganiselwa ezinyangeni ezingu-2-3 zokukhishwa kwe-calving yokuqala neyesithathu. Uma, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, i-borenka ayikwazanga ukulinganiswa ngemva kokutholwa kokuqala, kwenziwa ngemuva kwesibili. Izinkomba zilinganiswa njalo ngonyaka kuze zifinyelele eminyakeni emihlanu.

Uma kuhlaziywa idatha yangaphandle yemfuyo kanye nomzimba wayo, ukunakekelwa kubhalwa ubukhulu behlobo lohlobo, ukuvumelanisa komzimba, amandla esilwane nesilonda (ezinkunzi), ubukhulu, ukuma kwesibindi kanye nokufaneleka kwawo ukushisa imishini (ezinkomo).

Funda mayelana nokubamba inkomo, futhi ufunde ngezinzuzo nezinsalela zemishini yokubamba.

Umthethosisekelo ulinganiselwe ngesilinganiso (amaphuzu angu-10 esiphezulu, ngokunemba - 0.5). Ukubonakala kwe-stock esincane kubalwa ngesilinganiso se-5-point (amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu "aphezulu", "okuhle", "okwanelisayo", "okungajabulisi" kanye "okubi").

Kubalulekile! Ekuhloleni isitoko esincane, amanani aphakathi nawo ayamukelekile: 3.5, 4.5, njll.

Isibalo sokugcina. Umphumela ufingqwa ngokucabangela izici ezilandelayo:

1. Izinkomo: ukukhiqizwa ubisi, ukubukeka, umzimba, i-genotype.
2. Ekukhiqizeni izinkunzi: ukubukeka nomzimba womzimba, i-genotype.
3. Ezilwaneni ezincane: i-genotype, ukubukeka, izinkomba zentuthuko.

Ngemva kokubeka ibanga lokugcina, iqembu ngalinye lezilwane lihlukaniswe ngezigaba.

Imiyalo yokubopha izinkomo zobisi

Ukubopha izinkomo zobisi, udinga:

1. Bala idatha ekukhiqizeni ubisi (ezinkomeni ezindala ezingaphezu kwezintathu zokugcina, amathole wokuqala - owodwa, namathole amabili - kokubili kokugcina).
2. Cabanga ngokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ebisi.
3. Bala inani elilinganiselwe lamafutha ebisi ubisi ubisi ngayinye bese uqhathanisa nedatha yabameli bekilasi I.
4. Hlaziya ukuqina kwenkomo yesifazane ukuze umshini ukhishwe.

Uhlelo lokuhlola lwezinye izihloko ezinkomeni zobisi Emva kokuqoqa yonke idatha, udinga ukuthola amaphuzu (okungenani 60). Kula maphuzu, izinkomo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba. Amaphuzu angeziwe anikezelwe ukwakha idatha yangaphandle kanye nomzimba (amaphuzu angama-24), kanye ne-genotype kanye ne-tribal affiliation (okungenani amaphuzu angu-16).

Izinkoma zokubopha inyama isiqondiso

Izinkomo zenyama zikwahlulelwa ngokubukeka, ziqala ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila. Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuhlola abasha. Ekuhloleni izinkomo zenkomo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasipha, ukuma kwendlala, amathambo we-vertebral, amalunga, nokuthuthukiswa kwesifuba kuyacatshangelwa.

Uyazi? Izinkomo zase-Israyeli zibhekwa njengeziqhamuka ebisi ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni. Phakathi kwabo kukhona umholi oyedwa - inkomo yeShmil, eletha amalitha angu-17680 ubisi ngonyaka ngenani lamafutha angu-4.01% kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni okungu-3.44%. I-freenka isilinganiso e-Israyeli iletha 11343 amalitha ngonyaka.

Uma kunesidingo ukuhlola abantu abadala, khona-ke ukuzala nokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasipha, ama-skeleton, ivolumu yemisipha bahlaziywa. Izinkunzi kufanele zihambisane nezindinganiso ezithile zomthethosisekelo, isikhundla sekhanda, ukuthuthukiswa kwesifuba, izicubu ze-adipose nesisindo somzimba.

Ukunqunywa kwekilasi labasha

Ukuhlolwa kwesitokisi esincane kuqala ukuqhutshwa kusukela ngesikhathi sokugaya, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu olinganisiwe akufanele abe ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala. Ngokwesisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sedatha emvelaphi, isisindo esibukhoma, ukubukeka, ukwakha, ukuzala.

Ukuzimisela kwekilasi lentengo encane ngokusuka kwenzelwa ngendlela efanayo nabantu abadala. Njengoba kunikezwe imiphumela yokuhlolwa komkhiqizo, ukuzimisela kwekilasi jikelele lezinkunzi kwenziwa.

Ukuze umuntu osemusha abe nomkhakha we-class elite-irekhodi jikelele, kufanele athole okungenani ama-4.5 amaphuzu ngokubukeka nomthethosisekelo, 4 emphakathini, 3.5 ku-i, futhi angaphansi kwezingu-3 ku-II.

Thola ukuthi ingakanani inkomo ejwayelekile enesisindo nokuthi isisindo sayo sincike kuncike.

Ukubambisana kwemifino ekunqandeni izinkomo zenkomo zobisi kanye nobisi lwezimbuzi kanye nezinkomo ezinamazinyo enyama zenziwa ngokohlobo lukababa. Iklasi lomama wezingane ezisencane lizinqunywa ngezici eziningana zezici zenkathi ethile, kodwa ngaphandle kokucabangela ukukhiqizwa ubisi. Izikhumba ezinesisindo esibukhoma esingaphansi kuka-10% ngaphansi kwesimiso sekilasi II zingabaliswa kulolu klasi, uma ngemingcele elandelayo ihambelana namakilasi I nangaphezulu. Izinkukhu ezivela ezinkalweni zangasese zeklasi eliqopha ama-elite, ama-elite kanye nezinkomo ezingenaklasini zesizukulwane sesibili nangaphezulu zingabuye zihlukaniswe njengeklasi yesi-II, uma zilinganiselwe amaphuzu angu-4 noma ngaphezulu ngokubukeka nomthethosisekelo, futhi .

Ukuze izinkunzi zibhekiswe kwi-elite-irekhodi ne-elite ngezizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuzalwa kwazo kufanele kube ngaphezulu kunezizukulwane ezintathu, nezinkomo - eziphakeme kune-II.

Ukunquma iklasi lezinkunzi

Ukuzimisela kweklasi lezinkunzi kwenzeka ngokuya kwenani lemininingwane efana nalokhu: ukuzalwa, umsuka, ubukhulu, ukubukeka, ukwakha umzimba, kanye nekhwalithi yenzalo.

Ikhwalithi yenzalo yabo ithonya kakhulu ukuzimisela kwekilasi lezinkunzi. Ingavuswa noma ihliswe.

I-elite-irekhodi kanye ne-elite yilezi zinkunzi ezikhiqiza ezisezizukulwaneni zesithathu neziphakeme ngokuzalwa, futhi ngokusho kolunye ulwazi - ezizukulwaneni zesibili neziphakeme.

Ushintsho ekilasini lenkimbinkimbi yezici phakathi nokuhlolwa okulandelayo kungenzeka uma:

• ushintshe idatha ngesisindo esibukhoma senkunzi kanye nokuhlolwa kokubukeka kuze kufike eminyakeni emihlanu;
• Abazali bathuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo ekilasini;
• idatha yabonakala kule nzalo.

Uyazi? I-Bull Repp yohlobo lwe-Podolsk ehlala e-Ukraine lubhekwa njengomkhiqizi ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni. Njalo ngonyaka, amathole angamakhulu amahlanu angama-50 aphilile azalwa kusukela kulesi giant esilinganisa amathani ayi-1.5 emva kokuqothulwa kwezinkomo.

Emva kokuthola idatha ngokulinganisa imfuyo yabo, umlimi angakha uhlelo lokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wemfuyo. Lokhu kuzosiza ukwenza izinkomo ezizalisayo zizuzise kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kungabonisa ukwehluleka ekuphathweni kwepulazi.