Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zingakwazi ukushaya inkomo enkulu emanzini. Futhi ngisho nalezi zidalwa ezincane kunabo bonke, kodwa ngisho nokukhululeka okukhulu kakhulu. Ama-poisons akhiqizwa yi-fungi adala umonakalo omkhulu kumuntu nakubantu. Kunelungelo lokuthi emazweni asathuthuka cishe amaphesenti angama-40 azo zonke izifo zabantu nezilwane ngandlela-thile ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ezikhiqizwa yizi microorganisms, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi ngalesi sifo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Iyini i-mycotoxins
Izinto ezibonisa izakhiwo ezinobuthi obubonakalayo, ezikhiqizwa yi-mold fungi, futhi yi-mycotoxins. Zakhiwa kusukela kunani elilinganiselwe lamakhemikhali alula ngezinhlobo eziningana zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngenxa yokuthi zinezimo zamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.
Uyazi? Isibungu asiyona isitshalo noma isilwane, noma kunalokho, bobabili ngesikhathi esifanayo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa kakhulu ukuthi amakhowe amancane anengqondo engavamile.Ososayensi sebevele bakwazi ukusekela izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zokubunjwa, okuyi-akhawunti yokukhiqiza izinto ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane ezinobuthi. Ukungena emzimbeni womuntu ngokuqondile, noma ngokusebenzisa inyama nobisi lwezilwane, i-mycotoxins ingabangela lonke isifo sezifo, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza.
Ama-mycotoxins
Cishe noma iyiphi imifino yokudla yemifino iyithwala yezinhlamvu ezibunjiwe. Ngokufika kwezimo zokushisa ezihle zokuthuthukiswa kwazo, kanye nokuphefumula okwanele, izinhlamvu zihluma. Futhi lapho kunezinto ezicindezelayo ze-fungus, ezivezwe ekushoneni kokushisa nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali, ama-microorganisms aqala ukukhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde kanjani nokuthi ungadla kanjani kahle ama-goose, izinkukhu, amadada, izigwaza, amadada, amajuba namapikoko.
Ochwepheshe baye baqaphela izindlela ezinhlanu eziyinhloko zokwenziwa kwe-mycotoxins, okuyizinto ezilandelayo:
- polyketides obhekene nokukhiqizwa kwama-aflotoxin, ama-ochratoxins, i-patulin, i-sterigmatocystin;
- i-terpenoid, ekhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwama-mycotoxin e-trichothecene;
- umjikelezo we-tricarboxylic acid unomthwalo wokukhiqiza ama-rubratoxin;
- i-amino acid eshukumisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ergoalkoloids, i-sporidesmin, i-cyclopiazonoic acid;
- kuxutshwe, ukuhlanganisa izindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo eziphethe i-cycloridasonic acid.
Ngokuvamile noma yikuphi uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezinto ezinobuthi.Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwabo kokudla kwesilwane kuholela ku:
- ukwehla okubukhali kokunomsoco, ukuwohloka kokunambitheka kwawo nezakhiwo ezimnandi;
- ngenxa yale nqubo - ukuwa kwesilinganiso sokudla okudliwa yizilwane, ukuwohloka kokubamba izinto eziwusizo;
- ukunciphisa izinhlelo ze-endocrine ne-exocrine;
- ukunciphisa umzimba.
Uyazi? Isikhunta esincane siyesaba ukushisa okukhulu noma ukushisa kwe-Arctic, noma imisebe, noma ngisho nendawo evulekile. Njengoba bebekhona esikhaleni, izinhlamvu zezibungu azizange zilahlekelwe "ukuhluma" kwazo.Abaningi abathintekayo yi-poison of mold fungus yizilwane ezincane nezinyoni.
Njengamanje, abacwaningi bahlukanisa i-mycotoxins ngezigaba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko ngendlela:
- ama-aflatoxin;
- i-trichothecin;
- fumonisins;
- i-zearalenone;
- ama-ochratoxin;
- i-ergot alkaloids noma i-ergot alkaloids.
Ngisho nokuqukethwe okunganaki kwazo kungabangela ukulimala kakhulu ezilwaneni nasezinyoni.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yikuphi okuphakelayo okugxilisiwe.
Aflotoksin
Ngokuvamile, le methabolite yefungi isikhunta itholakale ekuphawuleni okwenziwe kwesoyibe nommbila futhi ingenye yezinto ezinobungozi kakhulu zesikhunta isikhunta. 
Kungabangela:
- ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwesibindi;
- umonakalo kudivayisi yezidalwa zamafa;
- izifo ezingokwenkolo;
- ukunciphisa imisebenzi yokuvikela yesimiso somzimba;
- imiphumela emibi ekukhuleni kwemibungu.
Ukucubungulwa kwezolimo nezokubuchwepheshe kwalesi sifo akusho neze.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi unganika kanjani izinkukhu utshani, utshani, ukudla okuphilayo, inyama nesifuba, amafutha wezinhlanzi, imvubelo, nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukunikeza isinkwa, usawoti, ugarlic kanye ne-foam ezinkukhu.
Deoxynivalenol
Lokhu kubumba umuthi we-fungus, obizwa nangokuthi i-DON no-vomitoxin, kuvame ukubonakala ngotshani. Kungatholakala futhi emzimbeni nasebhali. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zokwehla ubuthi nale posi ziboniswa ekulaleni kokudla, isifo sohudo nokuhlanza. Kuyingozi kakhulu izingulube, kanye nezinkukhu, ngokuphambene nalokho, kungukudla kabi kakhulu, ngoba i-microflora ye-goiter yenyoni ayibukeli kakhulu. 
Fumonisin
I-fungus eveza le toxin ivame ukutholakala emzimbeni. Ikhombisa izici ze-carcinogenic. I-susceptible most action of this toxin yizingulube, lapho uhlelo lwe-cardiovascular lungathinteka khona, i-edema ye-pulmonary ibangelwa, kanti isibindi nama-pancresi ziyathinteka.
I-T2-toxin
Ukugxila okuphezulu kwalesi sifo kutholakala ngotshani nommbila. Izinkukhu, amadada nezingulube zihlupheka kakhulu. Ubuhlungu buyathinta isisu somzimba, okubangela ukuvuvukala kwebhubhisi layo elimangcwaba.
Kubalulekile! Ingozi enkulu yokubumba ubuthi kubantu kungukuntula iphunga, ukunambitheka nombala, kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu nokuphansi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomthelela omubi emnothweni obomvu, ukucindezela umsebenzi wayo. Ezinkukhu ezinobuthi obugcwele ubuthi, ukukhiqizwa kweqanda kuwela futhi igobolondo leqanda liba mnandi.
I-Zearalenone
Ngokuvamile lokhu kutholakala kwe-toxin kungatholakala kuzinhlamvu nezithelo:
- ummbila;
- i-rye;
- i-oats;
- ukolweni;
- uhlaka;
- ilayisi;
- amantongomane;
- ubhanana;
- i-amaranth;
- umnyama omnyama.
Kuzokusiza ukuthi ufunde ukuthi yini futhi kungani izilwane zidinga ama-premixes.
Cishe konke lokhu ubuthi emzimbeni wezilwane kuguqulwa ku-alpha zearalenone, okuyinto ethinta kabi uhlelo lokuzala lwezilwane. Kodwa isidumbu samadada nezinkukhu azihlupheki kulobu buhlungu, njengoba singena emzimbeni wenyoni, cishe konke kuguqulwa kube yi-beta-zearalenone ephephile. 
Adsorbent
Ukuze kuncishiswe noma kuqedwe umphumela omubi wezinkuni ezibunjiwe ngezinkomo, izingulube noma izinkukhu, ochwepheshe baye bafuna izinto nezindlela ezehlukene. Namuhla, okuvunywa kakhulu, okusebenzayo futhi ngakho-ke kuyindlela yokukhangisa, okuwukuthi, ukumuncwa kwezinto ezinobuthi obugcwele izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinobuso obukhulu.
Kunezikhangiso ezivele zikhona ngezizukulwane ezintathu:
- Okokuqala kuhlanganisa izikhangiso ezisekelwe ngamaminerali, lapho ama-aluminosilicates enza njengezinto ezisebenzayo. Izimfanelo ezikhangayo zezinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali zithathwa ukusebenzisana kwendawo engathintekiyo ye-adsorbent necala elihle le "imisila" yamangqamuzana yama-mycotoxins. Lezi zikhangiso zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ezikhanyisayo ngendlela yama-aflotoxin, fumonisins, ama-ceralenones, kodwa azihambisani kahle nokususwa kwe-mycotoxins esindayo emzimbeni. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zabo zokukhangisa, lezi zithunywa zidinga ukulinganiselwa okuphezulu okujojelwe kokudla kwesilwane, okuyinto ethinta kabi okuqukethwe kwamavithamini nama-amino acids ekudleni.
Ngakho-ke, lezi zindlela zokulwa nezidakamizwa zisetshenziswa kancane kancane. Loluhlobo lwe-adsorbent ludinga ukwethulwa kwama-5-7 kilogram ngetoni lokudla. - Isizukulwane sesibili sasiyi-adsorbents esekelwe ku-asidi noma i-hydrolysis enzymatic yezindaba eziphilayo kanye nemilenze yesilonda. Ngosizo lwama-organopolymers, okwenza njengento esebenzayo yalolu hlobo lwama-sorbing agent, cishe wonke ama-mycotoxins angasuswa. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwalezi zimali kufanele kubhekiswe ngentengo yabo ephakeme, ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwabo kudinga izindleko zamandla aphezulu. Yenza lezi izikhangiso zibe yi-1-2 kilograms ngetoni lokudla.
- Isizukulwane sesithathu salezi zimali, esanda kuqala ukukhiqizwa ngembonini, kufaka phakathi izikhangiso, ezifaka amaminerali nezinxenye eziphilayo. Ingxenye yamaminerali ihlanganisa izakhi ezifana nezikhangiso zezizukulwane zesizukulwane No. 1, lapho i-silicon dioxide ne-calcium carbonate efomini yabo ephazamisayo.
Lezi zinto azitholakali kahle kwezolimo, futhi intengo abanayo iphezulu kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, lezi zindlela zokulwa nezidakamizwa zisetshenziswa kancane kancane. Loluhlobo lwe-adsorbent ludinga ukwethulwa kwama-5-7 kilogram ngetoni lokudla.
Lezi zinto azitholakali kahle kwezolimo, futhi intengo abanayo iphezulu kakhulu.Kubalulekile! Ukudla okufana nobisi, amaqanda, inyama noma isibindi, kanye nezinhlamvu, ama-mycotoxins ayingozi kubantu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Inothi elikhethekile yi-adsorbents eziphilayo ezivela emanqeni enkuni. Zinezimfanelo ze-sorbing eziphumelelayo kakhulu nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, kodwa kuze kube yamuva ukusetshenziswa kwazo kulinganiselwe kumgangatho ongajabulisayo lapho bamukela amavithamini awusizo nama-amino acids ngokuqina njengama-mycotoxins ayingozi.
Konke kwashintsha lapho kwenziwa indlela yokukhiqiza amalahle yi-pyrolysis yezinkuni ze-oak, okwenza kube lula ukuthola umkhiqizo omkhulu wama-pores amakhulu ahlanganisa ama-mycotoxins kanye nenani le-micropores elithatha ama-molecule amancane amavithamini nemithi. 
Isiphetho
Ososayensi baqala ukubhekana nenkinga ye-mycotoxins cishe eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amane edlule. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kunqwabelana kwamaqiniso efakazela umonakalo obangelwa isikhunta isikhunta kwizolimo.
Sincoma ukuthi sifunde ngendlela yokupheka ngezandla zabo siqu izinkukhu nezinyoni ezindala, kanye namadada.
Kwakuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-mycotoxicoses, ngokucacile noma ngokungaqondile, kepha njalo iyakuthinta:
- ukwehla ekukhiqizeni izilwane zasemapulazini nezinyoni;
- uphonsa ekutholeni ukudla okusetshenzisiwe, okuthinta umkhiqizo wokugcina;
- imisebenzi yokuzala yezilwane nezinyoni, eziphazamisa kakhulu;
- ukwandiswa kwezimali ezibonakalayo ezidingekayo ekwelapheni izilwane kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela;
- ukuphumelela kwemigomo nemithi, kubuthakathaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo kanye nezinkukhu zokulima, ama-mycotoxins awela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile emikhiqizweni yezinkomo kanye nezinkukhu, efaka ingozi empilweni yabantu.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 nesigamu, umuntu akazange aqaphele ukulimala okukhulu lezi zinto ezincane eziletha, kodwa futhi wazuza okuhlangenwe nakho ekusebenzelaneni ngokuphumelelayo. Ama-mycotoxin akwazi ukunqotshwa, kodwa emapulazini aqinisekisiwe kakade agwetshiwe futhi avinjelwe kakhulu.
