Indlela yokutshala shiitake ekhaya

Ama-mushroom aseShiitake anezici ezinhle kakhulu, kanye nomphumela onenzuzo empilweni enekhwalithi efanele yomkhiqizo.

Ukuze uthole amakhowe asemqoka kakhulu futhi aphezulu kakhulu kulezi zinyoni, kubalulekile ukubhekana ngokucophelela nangokucabangayo ngezinkinga zokulima kwazo.

Okuqukethwe:

• Izindlela zokukhula ze-Shiitake
• Indlela ejulile
• Indlela enamandla
• Indlela enamandla
• Ukulungiselela ama-mushroom blocks
• Ukulungiswa kwe-Substrate
• Inoculation
• Ukufakelwa
• Ukuhluma nokuqoqa
• Indlela ejulile
• Ividiyo: Shiitake - indlela yokutshala amakhowe, i-substrate nokuhlwanyela

I-Shiitake mushroom

I-Shiitake ibhekwa njengenye yezitshalo ezivelele kakhulu zama-mushroom emhlabeni, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo ekwenzeni ukwelashwa, kodwa futhi ngenxa yezici zayo ezinhle kakhulu zokudla okunomsoco. Lesi siko samakhowe sikulungele ukulungiselela izitsha zokuphuza umlomo ngisho neziphuzo.

I-mushroom ine-cap enombala enesisindo esingu-4 kuya ku-22 cm ngephethini eliyingqayizivele embossed. I-Shiitake ine-stem fibrous, kanti abamele abancane bale mzimba nabo banikezwa ikhefu elikhethekile elivikela izingxenye zezithelo phakathi nenkathi yokuvuthwa kwezinhlamvu. Lapho izinhlamvu zilungele, i-membrane iphumula futhi ihlala ifomu le "izicubu ezilenga" kwi-cap. Abamakhosi baseShayina badla ukunqunywa okukhethekile kwalawa amakhowe ukuze bathuthukise ubusha babo, ngakho emazweni amaningi ase-Asia, i-shiitake ibizwa ngokuthi "i-mushroom yempi." Izwe lakulo mzimba yihlathi lamaChina neJapane, lapho isiko sithela khona emithini yemithi elukhuni.

Uzoba nesithakazelo sokwazi ukuthi amakhowe akhula kanjani ezihlahleni nasezikhunjini.

Okuqukethwe kwe-caloric yalo mkhiqizo kuncane kakhulu - ama-kcal angu-34 ngamagremu angu-100 wesisindo samanzi. Okuhlukile yi-shiitake eyomile, njengoba okuqukethwe kwabo nge-caloric cishe ku-300 kcal ngamagremu angu-100.

Kusukela ekubukeni kokudla okunomsoco, lo mmeleli wamakhowe uyinzuzo yangempela, ngoba iqukethe inani elikhulu le-zinc, i-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi, uhlu oluphelele oluphelele lwe-amino acid, kanye ne-leucine ne-lysine ngokwanele. Ngosizo lokusetshenziswa kwe-shiitake, unganciphisa izinga le-cholesterol emzimbeni, futhi unciphise izinga lokushukela egazini futhi unqobe umuthi. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi senyama ngendlela efomile kungasiza ekwelapheni izifo zenhliziyo noma izifo zesibindi.

Uyazi? Ama-spores of fungi angalinda ithuba elihle lokuhluma amashumi eminyaka. Kulokhu, izimo zezulu ezidingekayo zingakwazi ukuqonda impikiswano ezindaweni ezingalindelekile: ku-bump, isikhwama sokusanhlamvu, udonga noma enye indawo.

Umkhiqizo unezindawo ezithile ezinobungozi. Isibonelo, abantu abanomkhuba wokugula ngezifo, kufanele baphathwe ngokucophelela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-shiitake. Futhi, ungadli le fungus ngesikhathi sokukhipha nokukhulelwa (umkhiqizo uhlanganisa nenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo).

Izindlela zokukhula ze-Shiitake

Lezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziseklasini lefungi le-saprotroph, elikhula ngokujulile ezingxenyeni zezinkuni ezifa lapho kuphakama izimo zemvelo ezidingekayo. Abalimi be-mushroom bafaka uphawu olulodwa oluhlabayo lokutshala kwalesi sitho - ukukhula okuncane kancane kwe-mycelium, kanye nezimfanelo ezimbi zokuncintisana emzabalazweni wokusinda endle (uma kuqhathaniswa namakholomu okubunjwa nama-bacterium).

Funda mayelana nokuthi i-mycelium ikhona nokuthi ungayikhula kanjani ekhaya.

Kodwa ngokugcinwa kwazo zonke izinqubo ezikhulayo ezidingekayo nokugcina ubumpofu obuphelele kuzo zonke izigaba, kungenzeka ukuthola isivuno esikhulu ngokwanele ngomzamo omncane.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlakulela amakhowe ase-shiitake: eningi futhi enamandla.

Indlela ejulile

Isekelwe ekukopheni okuphezulu kwezinqubo zemvelo ze-fungus ukuhluma ngezinkuni. Ngenxa yalokhu, izihlahla zemithi efanelekile zivunwa futhi zihlolwe futhi ngendlela ekhethekile zithinta i-myitlium ye-fungus ye-shiitake. Le ndlela izoletha imiphumela emihle kunazo zonke ezindaweni ezihambisana nesimo sezulu esifanele (amazinga okushisa namazinga omswakama).

Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-fruiting liyabonakala ngonyaka wesibili wokusungulwa kwe-mycelium zibe yizinkuni eziluhlaza. Manje ukukhiqizwa komhlaba kwama-mushroom ka-shiitake cishe angu-70% kusekelwe kulolu hlelo.

Indlela enamandla

Isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-substrate elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile kusuka ku-chips, izihlahla zemithi enqabile, utshani wezinhlamvu ngokufaka okusanhlamvu, bran, hay noma izithasiselo zamaminerali. Le nhlanganisela kufanele inzalo efanele noma ingakhanjiswa, emva kwalokho i-mycelium engangomuthi kufanele ingezwe ku-substrate. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukuqedela ukoloni lwamabhuloki kwenzeka futhi umlimi we-mushroom uthola izithelo zokuqala.

Indlela enamandla

I-Mycelium yokutshala indlela ye-shiitake enamandla ikhiqizwa futhi ithengiswe emakethe ekhethekile ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• sawdust - Mycelium dilution kwenzeka on sawdust-bran ingxube. Lesi sici siphelele ekuzaliseni amakhowe ku-substrate ehambisanayo. Inani elivamile le-mycelium ne-sawdust substrate yokuvuthwa okukhulu kwe-shiitake ngu-5-7% we-mycelium yesisindo se-substrate.
• okusanhlamvu - i-placer yokusanhlamvu, lapho izinhlamvu ze-fungus zakha khona. Futhi, okusanhlamvu kusebenza njengomthombo omuhle kakhulu wezondlo ukuze ukwandise ukwakhiwa kwe-high-quality mycelium. Ukuze ukhiqize ngokuphumelelayo kwe-shiitake ngalolu hlobo lwe-mycelium, udinga ukungeza okusanhlamvu okungu-2% okusuka ebunzini be-substrate.

Ochwepheshe emkhakheni wokulima amakhowe batusa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cereal mycelium, ngoba ukuhlwanyela okunjalo kuzolondoloza inombolo enkulu yezici zofuzo zomzimba, futhi noma yiziphi izakhiwo ezimbi zomkhiqizo kungabonwa kangcono ku-substrate enjalo yokusanhlamvu.

Kubalulekile! Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izakhiwo eziphikisanayo zokulwa ne-shiitake ziye zaziwa, okuvela kuyo izifo ezihlukahlukene kanye ne-helminths.

Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu ukuthenga iphakethe le-mycelium, elilingana no-18 kg, lohlobo lwezinhlamvu, kanye nokupakisha kwalo emaphaketeni epulasitiki nge-latch ekhethekile (200 amagremu). Ukupakisha kufanele kwenzeke ekamelweni elihlanzekile ngaphandle kokungena umoya. Uyodinga futhi itafula kanye nesitsha sokuhlambulula nge-rag ehlanganiswe nesisombululo sobumhlophe. Inqubo yokwabiwa kwe-mycelium kufanele yenziwe ngezigaba eziningana:

• Isigaba 1 - ukukhishwa kwengxenye ye-substrate ekhanda. Uhlu lwakhe lwezandla zibe yizinhlamvu ezihlukene;
• Isigaba 2 - ukubuyisela emuva i-mycelium ezingxenyeni ezingu-200-gramu ezikhwameni ezinezinhlamvu;
• Isigaba 3 - ukukhiqiza uhlobo oluthile lokuhlunga umoya kusuka ephepheni (ukufakwa kwesikwele esinezici eziningi nge-30 × 30 mm);
• Isigaba 4 - izikhwama zemishini ngehlungi lwe-mycelium (faka isikhwama singena esikhwameni, bese uvala isikhala esisele ne-latch);
• 5 isigaba - ukufaka phezulu kwezikhwama nge-stapler ngokuqhubeka nokuyifaka esikhwameni nge-tape yokunamathisela.

I-billet enjalo ingagcinwa ngokuqondile (nge-filter) phezulu esiqandisini sekhaya kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-6, futhi ibuye ifaneleke kakhulu nge-inoculation (ukungcola kwe-substrate ne-grain mycelium).

Ukulungiselela ama-mushroom blocks

Umthamo ofanele kakhulu wokutshala izikhwama ze-plastiki ze-shiitake kubhekwa njengefomu elijwayelekile, kanye nevolumu evumelekile yama-1 kuya ku-6 amalitha. Izinto eziyinhloko zokwenza iphakheji elinjalo kufanele zibe yi-polypropylene noma i-polyethylene ephezulu (ukuze ibhulogi elungisiwe lingamelana nemithwalo yokushisa eningi ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya insimu ye-substrate).

Kubalulekile! Ukubuyisela kabusha kungabangela izinqubo ezingalungile ku-substrate, okuzokwenza imvelo enobuthi ngokuphathelene ne-shiitake mycelium. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqapha ngokucophelela imingcele yokusebenza ye-sterizer kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza.

Amaphakheji angenawo amahlungi ahlomele kufanele avalwe nge-plug-gauze ipulaki enendandatho (kufanele yenziwe ngamathemikhali anganaki futhi abe nobubanzi obubanzi obungama-40-60 mm). Kuthengiswa kukhona amaphakheji akhethekile amakhowe akhula. Isici sale mikhiqizo ukutholakala kwezihlungi ezikhethekile ze-microporous. Ngakho-ke, emva kokugcwalisa isitsha esilungisiwe ne-substrate, isikhwama sisindiwe ngokuqinile futhi sashintshwa ngegesi senziwa kuphela kulezi zihlungi, futhi isidingo sokuba indandatho kanye nesikhwama sichithwe ngokuphelele.

Ngaphambi kokukhipha i-mycelium emabhuloki anjalo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubonakalise kahle i-substrate elungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwenza lo msebenzi:

• ukupakisha i-substrate engavunyelwanga emasakeni (ukwakheka kwamabhuloki) ngokufaka inzalo eqhubekayo. Inqubo enjalo idinga ukusebenzisa i-autoclave, lapho kuvezwa khona amabhlokhi nge-substrate (imingcele ye-autoclave: ukucindezela komoya - 1-2 atm., Temperature - 120-126 ° C). Inqubo izodinga isikhathi esincane kakhulu - amahora angu-2-3.
• inzalo ye-substrate ngaphambi kokupakisha emasakeni (amabhlogo). Ukwenza inzalo yi-substrate usebenzisa le ndlela, uzodinga umthamo ohlanzekile we-litter-200 litre (efakwe ngaphezu komlilo ekusekelweni okuqinile okushisa okushisa), lapho i-substrate kumele ichithe, igcwale ngamanzi abilayo futhi ubiliswe emlilweni amahora amaningana (4-5). Okulandelayo, i-substrate kumele isuswe ku-container ehlanzekile futhi ivumele ukupholisa. Ngemuva kwalezi zinqubo, udinga ukupakisha ingxube eyinzalo emasakeni. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma usebenzisa indlela enjalo yokuzalisa inzalo, izikhwama zepulasitiki ezivamile zingasetshenziswa njengesitsha sokudala amabhlogo ngaphansi kwe-substrate ngokufakwa kwezigaba ezihlungiwe ngenhla.

Ukufaka i-substrate emasakeni

Ukulungiswa kwe-Substrate

Uma usebenzisa indlela ejulile yokulima isikhunta ukuze udale i-substrate, ama-husks, izinhlamvu zamagilebhisi noma ama-apula, ama-rice bran, i-rice bran, i-sawdust kanye ne-gark yezihlahla ezinqabile, kanye ne-flax noma i-husk ye-sunflower ingasetshenziswa.

Kubalulekile! Izingxenye zezihlahla ze-coniferous angeke zisetshenziselwe ukwakha ingxube yesitshalo, ngoba ziqukethe izinto eziningi ze-resin ne-phenolic substances, ezithinta kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium.

Amaphesenti angama-55-90 wezingxube zokutshala amakhowe ase-shiitake kufanele athathe ubukhulu be-sawdust ka-3-4 mm. Izingxenye ezincane zingalimaza inqubo yokushintshaniswa kwegesi, okuzophuza ukukhula kwefungi. Kunconywa ukuthi wengeze izinkuni zezinkuni nama-chips ku-substrate ukuze uhlanganise isakhiwo somxube we-aerated. Abalimi abaningi be-mushroom basebenzise ngentshiseko utshani lwe-cereal njengenye yezingxenye ze-substrate ye-shiitake. Lesi sici sizozuza enkambeni yokutshala amakhowe kuphela uma utshani luhlangabezana nezidingo ezilandelayo:

• utshani kufanele luqoqwe esimweni sezulu esifudumele nge-low air humidity (mhlawumbe ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuvuna);
• Ukukhula kwesikhumba kufanele kube nobungane;
• inani lemifino kufanele lihambisane nokufaneleka kwe-biennial, kusukela ngemva konyaka owodwa wokulondolozwa, utshani landisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziwusizo (i-nitrogen) ngesigamu, futhi kulula ukugaya.

Cabangela konke ukucabangela kwamakhowe akhula njengama-oyster amakhowe, amakhowe asendle, ama-mushroom, ama-black truffle ekhaya.

Umsebenzi obalulekile kule substrate wenziwa ukungcola okuwusizo, okuphethwe ukulawula izinga le-nitrogen engxenyeni, ukuhlinzeka ngezinga le-pH elithandayo, ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium, nokunciphisa ukuxuba kwenhlanganisela. Izingxenye zomsoco kufanele zibe kusuka ku-2% kuya ku-10% wengqikithi yenani le-substrate.

Lezi zingcola zihlanganisa okusanhlamvu, ukolweni noma elinye ufulawa, ufulawa we-soy, udoti oluthile lokudla, kanye ne-chol kanye ne-gypsum. Izingxube ze-substrate zokutshala amakhowe ase-shiitake zihlukaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. I-substrates ethandwa kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yilezi ezilandelayo:

• 41 kg we-sawdust ehlongozwayo ngezihlahla zomuthi nge-8 kg we-cereal bran. Futhi ngokungeziwe kwama-25 amalitha amanzi kanye no-1 kg ushukela;
• ibhakede ne-sawdust (isilinganiso 1: 1 noma 1: 2 isisindo);
• amagxolo, i-sawdust kanye ne-substrate (1: 1: 1);
• i-rice residues ne-sawdust (4: 1).

Uyazi? Ngo-2003, i-mushroom itholakele ngaphakathi kwe-reactor e-athomu eJapane nge robot yocwaningo olukhethekile.

Kuwusizo ukucebisa phansi kwe-substrate yamagxolo kanye nofulawa we-sawdust kusuka kummbila noma soy. Inqubo yokulungiselela i-substrate ye-inoculation iqukethe izigaba ezintathu ezilandelanayo:

1. Ukugaya. Ikuvumela ukuba wenze ingxube ye-compact eyengeziwe, ethinta kahle ukusabalalisa kwe-mycelium (izindawo ezinkulu ze-voids mycelium kunzima kakhulu ukunqoba). Futhi, inqubo yokugaya ibaluleke kakhulu uma usebenzisa utshani olusha. Ekhaya, utshani obwanele ukugaya kuze kube ngu-5-10 cm.
2. Ukuxuba Isigaba esibalulekile sokwakheka kwe-highstrat substrate. Lesi silinganiso sizobonisa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ngokubunjwa okungafani kahle kwezingxenye ezithile ezengeziwe.
3. Iyacubungula. Lesi sigaba siqinisekisa ukudala indawo yokuphila yamahhala yezingxenye ezithelayo ze-shiitake, njengendawo ekhukhumezayo ephansi ekusebenzeni kwamakholoni amakhulu okubunjwa nama-bacterium. Ukusetshenziselwa kwe-substrate kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa inzalo noma ukuguqulwa kwamathambo futhi kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokwakhiwa kwamabhuloki amakhowe. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokubuyisela inzalo ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngenhla.

Ukulungiswa kwe-Substrate

Inoculation

Le nqubo ibhekwa njengomthwalo wemfanelo kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kuyodinga ukuxilongwa okukhulu nokuqapha. Inhloso eyinhloko yalesi sigaba ukufakwa okulungile kwe-shiitake mushroom mycelium engxenyeni yemifino elungiselelwe. Zonke izenzo kumele zenziwe ngeziqukathi eziyinyumba besebenzisa amathuluzi ahlanzekile, angahlanjululwa.

Ngaphambi kwe-inoculation eqondile, kubalulekile ukugaya i-mycelium etholakalayo kumanhlamvu ngamanye, futhi futhi ukuchitha amagciwane namaphakheji ngezixazululo ezikhethekile (70% utshwala noma 10% hypochlorite ye-sodium).

Inqubo kumele yenziwe ngokushesha kakhulu: vula iphakheji, ubeke i-mycelium, ivale iphakheji. Isilinganiso se-mycelium silinganiselwa ku-2-6% we-total substrate isisindo. Kubalulekile ukwethula i-mycelium ngokulinganayo ukuze kuqiniswe izinqubo zokuvuthwa. Isixazululo esihle kakhulu ukulungiselela kusengaphambili ku-substrate uhlobo oluthile lwesiteshi nasenqubo ye-inoculation ukunquma i-mycelium kuso. Ngaphandle kwe-mycelium yokusanhlamvu, kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa i-sawdust noma ingxenye yamanzi. Le ngxube izobonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngezici ezakhiwe ngendlela efanayo. Izinga lokufaka isicelo somkhiqizo we-sawdust ngu-6-7%.

I-liquide mycelium izithelo ezikhethekile (isibonelo, ubhiya wort). Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinjalo kungenzeka kuphela ezimweni zobuningi obuhlukile be-substrate. Ukuze uthole inoculation liquid kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa dispenser ekhethekile. Isilinganiso singama-20-45 ml ngo-2-4 kg we-substrate.

Uma uhlela izindlela zakho zokuzingela "mushing", thola ukuthi yimaphi amakhowe adliwayo (ekhula ngoMeyi nasekwindla) futhi enobuthi, futhi ubone ukuthi ungabheka kanjani amakhowe ukuze uqiniseke usebenzisa izindlela ezidumile.

Ukufakelwa

Lesi sikhathi sibonakala ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwenhlanganisela yesitshalo yi-fungus kanye nokwamukelwa kwezingxenye ezidingekayo ekwakheni izithelo. Ukushisa okuphezulu kwemoya ekamelweni lokuvuthwa kwe-mycelium kuyi-25 ° C. Amabhuloki afakwe ezindaweni eziphakeme (kusuka ku-20 cm ngaphezulu kwezinga lesiteji) noma ukumiswe emoyeni ukuze kukhishwe ukukhishwa kwegesi ephezulu. Uma izinga lokushisa kwemvelo lapho iziqukathi zihlala khona enkampanini yokufaka incubation zidlula u-28 ° C, khona-ke amathuba okufa kwe-mycelium akhula kakhulu ngenxa yokudala izimo ezihle kunazo zonke zokuphila okusebenzayo kwezinhlobo zokuncintisana (isibonelo, isikhunta se-Trichoderma noma i-neurospore).

Phakathi nesikhathi esicatshangelwe, ukuvuthwa kufanele kwenziwe endaweni yeziqukathi ezivaliwe, ngakho-ke isibonakaliso somswakama asibalulekile. Ukufakelwa kwegazi kungenziwa izinsuku ezingu-40-110, kuye ngokuthi umthamo we-mycelium owethulwe kanjani, ukwakheka kwe-substrate kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba.

Uyazi? Kunesigaba esithile sezilwane zasendle. Lezi zinhlobo ziyakwazi ukusetha izicupho ebusweni be-mycelium (izindandatho ezibukeka njengezinetha ezinamathele). Uma isisulu sizama ukukhulula, ngokushesha i-ring is tightened. Inqubo yokwamukelwa kwemvelo engaqapheli ithatha cishe amahora angu-24.

Inqubo yokoloni iholela ekuguqulweni kombala we-substrate (iba mhlophe). Lesi yisiteji se-substrate emhlophe, ehambisana nokubamba izakhi. Ngemuva kwalokho, kukhishwa ama-white bloat on the block. Inqubo yekoloniyamu ye-shiitake Okulandelayo, i-block iqala ukuthola umbala obomvu, okhombisa ukukhula kwenqubo yokuvuthwa. Ngokuvamile, ngosuku lwama-40-60 lonke ibhulogi liluhlaza. Lesi yisigaba se-block "brown" - umzimba ulungele ukuhluma. Lo mbala ukhiwa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-enzyme ekhethekile - i-polyphenol oxidase, eyenziwa ngokukhanya okunamandla nokukhona kwe-oxygen.

Futhi ebusweni be-substrate sakhiwa uhlobo oluthile lokuzivikela okuvikelayo lwe-mycelium, okuvimbela ama-microorganisms ukungena e-substrate nokumile kwawo. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nenkathi yokukhushulwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhanyise amafomu amahora angu-7-9 (i-light - 50-120 lux), ukuze kuphuthumise ukubukeka kwe-primordia.

Ukuhluma nokuqoqa

I-Fruiting ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana, ngayinye efuna izimo ezithile zemikhakha emincane:

• Isigaba 1 - ukufakwa kwezithelo ukwakheka.Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa lomoya ezingeni lika-15-19 ° C, ukwandisa umoya wokungena endaweni, nokuqinisekisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwamahhala angu-8-11 ngosuku.
• Isigaba 2 - ukwakha izithelo. Lapho ama-primordies eqala izinqubo zokufundisa ezikhuthele, ziba lula kalula kunoma yimiphi imiphumela emibi ye-microclimate. Kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa ezingeni lika-21 ° C - izinkinga zokushisa noma 16 ° C - ngenxa yothando olubandayo (isidingo sokuhlola nomthengisi we-mycelium). Umswakama omuhle phakathi nesikhathi sokubunjwa kwezithelo kungu-85%.
• Isigaba 3 - fruiting. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukudala okusebenzayo kwezinhlaka ezinkulu ze-shiitake izithelo zenzeka. I-fungus yakha i-cuticle evikelayo, ngakho-ke umswakama ungancishiswa ube ngu-70%. Ngemuva kokubona ukuhambisana kokubona kwesithelo kanye nemingcele yamakhowe avuthiwe, kubalulekile ukwenza isivuno sokuqala. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukwehlisa umswakama womoya, ngoba izithelo eziqoqwe ezimweni ezinjalo zizohamba kahle futhi zigcinwe kahle.
• Isigaba 4 - isikhathi sokushintsha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-mycelium iphinda iqoqe izakhi ezisuka ku-substrate. Ukuze kuphuthumise le nqubo kubalulekile ukuphakamisa inani lokushisa kuze kufike ku-19-27 ° С. Kubalulekile futhi ukugcina umswakama ophansi we-air - 50%, futhi wenze inqubo ephelele yokususa ukuvuthwa okuhleliwe kwenzalo yangaphambilini. Isici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvunwa okuhle kwamakhowe ase-shiitake kusetshenziselwa kahle ukuvimbela izinambuzane nezifo ezikhona. Kukhona amagagasi angama-2-4 wezithelo zokuvuthwa kusuka ephaketheni elilodwa njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu emva kokuvuna kwangaphambilini.

Indlela ejulile

Ukulima okujulile kwe-shiitake kugcina ubuholi obunethemba phakathi kwezinqubo ezikhona, ukuhlinzeka ngomuntu ngemikhiqizo ye-mushroom ephakeme ngamaphesenti angama-65% okukhiqizwa.

Le ndlela ivame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kunesimo sezulu esifudumele futhi esinomswakama, futhi "amasimu" amakhowe afakwa ezindaweni ezivikelwe ilanga eliqondile kanye nomoya.

Uma udala i-mushroom "ingadi" shiitake ezimweni zendlu ezisetshenziselwa izihlahla zemigodi ebomvu. Izinkuni kumele zibe nempilo, zihlanzekile, zinegxolo eligcwele futhi likhulu kakhulu. I-humidity bran nayo ibalulekile. Kumele kube sezingeni lika-35-70%.

Isixazululo esihle kakhulu ukukhetha iziqu ezinesisindo esingu-10-20 cm bese uzinquma zibe yi-bran 100-150 cm. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lezi "substrates zemvelo" kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nomhlabathi noma ukungcola kwangaphandle. Imfundo ye-mushroom shiitake ekhulayo ngendlela ejulile ekhaya inefomu elilandelayo:

• Kudingekile ukubeka ukusika phezu kwendawo elungiselelwe (ithebula noma i-trestle) ukuze kusetshenzwe kahle izimbobo. Izimbobo akufanele zibe nobubanzi obukhulu (2-3 cm ngokwanele). Kubalulekile ukulawula ukujula kwezimbobo ezingeni lika 8-12 cm.
• Ngemuva kokuba izimbobo zenziwe, ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, lezi zakhiwo kufanele zigcwaliswe nge-sawdust noma i-mycelium yokusanhlamvu, ihlanganiswe nezinsimbi zezingodo, futhi izimbobo kufanele zivalwe nge-wax noma iparafini.
• Esikhathini esilandelayo, kunconywa ukubeka igatsha ekamelweni lapho kunokwenzeka khona ukuhlinzekela ngokucacile i-microclimate evamile yokukhula kwamakhowe avuthiwe - ukushisa kwama-21-25 ° C kanye nomswakama ka 75-80%. Uma kungenakho ukufinyelela emagcekeni, kuyadingeka ukuthola indawo ehlathini noma yimuphi omunye indawo yokulala ilanga eliqondile.
• Ukuhluma kwe-mycelium kwenzeka kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya eminyakeni eyodwa nengxenye. Hlola ukusika kwezithelo shiitake kungenziwa ukubuka okubukwayo kwesigaba-cross (kufanele kube nezindawo ezimhlophe), futhi ngokuthinta kancane ngokomzimba ekunqunyeni, akufanele "ukukhala";

Dala izimbobo ezigodini Ukusheshisa inqubo yezithelo zokuvuthwa kungaba izindlela ezimbalwa zokufakelwa. Isibonelo, ukuqinisa umvuthwandaba wokuqala we-fruiting, kubalulekile ukugcoba ama-cuttings ngezindawo ze-mycelium emithonjeni yamanzi etholakalayo emanzini noma ukuwasebenzisa ngosizo lwamadivayisi akhethekile. Ngenkathi efudumele, le nqubo kufanele yenziwe amahora angu-9-20, emakhazeni - izinsuku ezingu-1.5-3. Inkathi yenzalo ingamaviki angu-1-2, futhi inani lamagagasi alinganiselwe ku-2-3 noma ngaphezulu.

Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukuthola ukuthi amakhowe akhula kuphi phakathi kweRussia, iKrasnodar Krai, iBashkiria, Rostov, Kaliningrad, Volgograd, eLeningrad nase-Voronezh.

Ochwepheshe batusa ukumboza umugqa phakathi kwamagagasi e-fruiting (ngezikhathi zokuphumula) ngezinto ezikhethekile zokuzivikela okufanele zithumele ukukhanya nomoya. Inhloso eyinhloko yalesi senzo ukuhlinzeka ngesimiso sokushisa esitebeleni emazingeni aphezulu (izinga lokushisa - 16-22 ° C), kanye nokuqinisekisa umswakama we-20-40%. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingu-1-3, i-bran kumele ixiliswe emanzini bese isethelwe ukwenza izinhlelo zokuchuma. Ukubikezela ukuthi "isivuno" esingahle sikwazi ukuqondiswa ukulawulwa kwabalimi be-mushroom abanolwazi - inani lazo zonke izithelo kufanele libe ngu-17-22% wezinkuni. Futhi i-fruiting yona ingadlulela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-6.

I-Shiitake mushroom ukulima kuyindlela ekhangayo futhi efundisayo ezovumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kakhulu kwemfucuza yokucubungula izinkuni. Lesi siko samakhowe ngeke sikwazi ukwandisa ukuhlukahluka kokudla, kodwa futhi sizothola izakhi ezidingekayo ukuze sibe nesisindo esihle sokuzivikela komzimba futhi silondoloze isibindi, inhliziyo, nezinso ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu nomzamo.

Ividiyo: Shiitake - indlela yokutshala amakhowe, i-substrate nokuhlwanyela