Yiziphi amakhowe ezikhula eRussia ephakathi

AmaRashiya, futhi hhayi nje kuphela, bathanda ukudla ama-mushroom izitsha.

Ephakathi kweRussia kunemibandela yalokhu, okunye okuzokwazi ukuhlukanisa amakhowe adlekayo angakabikho.

Ngenxa yalokhu kufanelekile ukubazi kangcono.

Amakhomikhali edlayo

Kuneziningi zazo eRussia ephakathi. Izici zezici ezithandwa kakhulu kuzo zihanjiswe lapha ngezansi.

Amakhowe amhlophe

I-Cep ibizwa nangokuthi i-boletus noma imhlophe kuphela, futhi ngesiLatin Boletus edulis.

Hat ngezinye izikhathi kufinyelela kumyingcele wamamitha ububanzi, nakuba ubukhulu obujwayelekile buphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 kuya ku-30. Kuye ngenkathi nezimo zezulu, kungashintsha ubuso obushelelezi obunamathele, obungabonakali obuncane obuzwayo noma obunamathele ngezikali, i-matt eyomile noma ekhazimulayo.

Umbala hhayi imhlophe - kunezinhlamba ezibomvu, eziphuzi (lemon), ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nokusabalalisa okungenalutho - emaphethelweni we-cap alula futhi ngezinye izikhathi abe nomsizi onika ophuzi noma omhlophe ngokuphelele.

Uyazi? Kukhona okungenani amagama amabili namashumi ama-fungus amhlophe asetshenziswe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseRussia. Iningi lokuzibuza - i-wood grouse, i-ladybird, ibhere, i-pan, iqiniso futhi, ekugcineni, i-mushroom ebiza kakhulu. Lokhu, mhlawumbe, ngandlela-thile kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi i-mycologist eyaziwa kakhulu yaseSoviet B.P. I-Vasilkov iphethwe, ngenxa yeminyaka eminingi yocwaningo, ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezingu-18 ze-fungus ezimhlophe, ezizihlanganisa zibe yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo.

Inyama emhlophe, enamanzi, enamandla ifihla ngaphansi kwesikhumba esakhula ngokuqinile. Esikhathini isikhunta esihlobene neminyaka, kancane kancane siphenduka ophuzi. Uma indawo yesikhumba ibumnyama, khona-ke ngqo ngaphansi kwalo kungase kube khona ungqimba obomvu noma obomvu obomvu. Nakuba i-mushroom iluhlaza, inyama yayo enamafutha ayiphunga kakhulu.

Umlenze i-bolet ikhulu kakhulu - ngezinye izikhathi ubukhulu bungaba ngaphezu kuka-10 cm, nakuba ngokuvamile kungadluli 7 cm. I-standard isilinganiso esingu-12 cm, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi (kufika ku-8 cm), nokuningi (kufika ku-25).

Funda futhi ngezindawo ezizuzisayo zamakhowe amhlophe, ukuhlukanisa amakhowe amhlophe amhlophe, ukulungiselela amakhowe amhlophe ebusika, ukukhipha ama-mushroom amhlophe.

Ukuma kwemilenze emincane kufana nomgqomo, futhi kwesinye isimo - i-mace. Izinguquko ezihlobene nobudala zinikeza ukubonakala kwe-cylinder ngesisekelo esancibilikile.

Amapheshana ehlathini ahlukahlukene okwakhiwa kwezinhlobo zezihlahla yizindawo ze-boronik ezikhulayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi amasimu amakhowe avela ku:

• ama-birch groves;
• oak izinkuni;
• i-fir grove;
• amaphahla amahlathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaqoqi be-mushroom bakhetha ukubheka inyamazane "emhlophe" emahlathini axutshwe (ngesihlahla se-spruce-birch) - ekhula lapho, iphenduka ibe mnandi kakhulu.

Kubalulekile! Akekho ongenza iphutha ngokufaka ebhasikisini, kanye namakhophi amhlophe amawele awo, abizwa ngokuthi abuhlungu ngenxa yokufutheka okwenyukayo, okungonakalisa yonke ibheki ngesikhathi sokupheka.

Ukukhula ngokwabo noma ngamaqembu amancane, amakhowe amhlophe avuna kakhulu kusukela maphakathi no-Agasti kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba, ekhetha labo abanesigqoko senqola esingadluli ku-10 cm. Kunezibungu eziningi phakathi kwamasampuli ahlobene nobudala, okudinga ukucubungula okwengeziwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amakhowe amhlophe kuhlanganisa lonke uhla olukhona, lisetshenziselwa:

• fresh
• ibilisiwe;
• okuthosiwe;
• inhlabathi;
• okunamathiselwe;
• omisiwe

Ngomsebenzi wokusebenza, indlela ekhethwayo kakhulu iyomiswa.

I-bum yangempela

Ebizwa ngale ndlela, leli khowa linamanye amagama: i-salmon emhlophe, i-saumoni eluhlaza, i-salmon emanzi, i-saumon yasePravskian. Igama lesayensi lwanamuhla lokuthi libizwa ngokuthi i-Lactarius resimus.

I-Gruzdevaya isikhwama Inesakhiwo esiqinile, esimweni sokukhula sishintsha ukulungiswa kwayo kwe-plane-convex ekujuleni kombhobho, lapho imigodi ye-pubescent ifakwe khona. Ubuningi bezinhlangothi eziphakathi kwe-5 ukuya ku-20 cm.

Thola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-fungus ezikhona, ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani izinkuni ze-aspen, nokuthi zingumnyama kangakanani, yiziphi amakhowe awusizo.

Isigqoko sesikhumba (isikhumba) sinama-mucous, esinezicucu zamanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi, umbala ungaba ophuzi ophuzi noma obumhlophe.

I-cylinder ebushelelezi nengenalutho yomlenze ineziminganiso (ukuphakama / ububanzi) obuyi-3-7 / 2-5 cm futhi ifakwe ngombala omhlophe noma ophuzi.

I-pulp enamandla, eqinile yembala omhlophe ine-aromatic fruit.

Amaphutha amaningi, kodwa amaqembu amakhulu amafungal, izindawo ezikhulayo zitholakala ikakhulukazi emahlathini ahlotshisiwe futhi ahlanganisiwe (i-birch ne-birch-pine, evame ukuba ne-linden undergrowth).

Isivuno se-Gruzdeviy ngoJulayi-Septemba.

Ngenxa yokuthi cishe yindlela yokwelapha kuphela ye-salmon, ngemuva kokukhipha intukuthelo yemvelo, i-salting, kubhekwa njengama-mushroom okwakungokwemvelo, kodwa ukubeka indawo yokuqala kulolu hlobo.

Uyazi? Emkhakheni wezinzalamizi owawudla ukudla kwasekuseni eRussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 leminyaka, ama-pie amakhowe amakhowe, amakhowe obanda abomvu nebhotela, futhi afudumele abizwa ngokuthi, ikakhulukazi. - nebhotela nejusi - ukudla okunjalo kuhlawulelwa ngempumelelo ngokuntuleka kwamaprotheni emzimbeni.

I-Raincoat

Leli khowa elihlakaniphile kakhulu, ngendlela yesayense - i-Lycoperdon, ekuqaleni yaqamba igama layo kuwo wonke umndeni we-rainbow, kodwa kamuva ososayensi babebeka phakathi kwamakhowe amakhowe, lapho manje sekukhona khona. Amagama adumile awabalanga, kusukela ekushayweni okukhulu kakhulu, ukubhema, ugwayi omkhulu, ukudliwa yi-tavlinka.

Akanayo ukwahlukana okucacile ku-cap kanye nomlenze - banamathela ngokuqinile komunye nomunye. Umzimba one-mushroom owodwa ungaba ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amakhulu - kuze kube yingxenye yemitha ngaphesheya futhi, ngokufanayo, kuze kube ngu-10-kilogram mass. Ubuso obumhlophe buhlanganiswe nezinhlumela ezinjenge-spike ezingawa phansi njengoba zikhula.

Emahlathini okuphakathi kweRussia uqoqwe ekupheleni kwehlobo. Ekudleni, i-raincoat isetshenziswa njengesithako sesobho; ngaphambi kokupheka, isikhumba esinzima sisusiwe kuso.

Chanterelle

Kubizwa ngokucacile ngokuthi umbala obomvu (umbala we-orange, ophuzi). Ezesayensi, yaziwa ngaphansi kwegama lesiLatin elithi Cantharellus cibarius.

Njengesithelo, umzimba owodwa lapho kungekho mngcele ocacile phakathi kwekhanda nesigamu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bangachazwa ngokuhlukile.

Funda ukuthi ungatshela kanjani i-chanterelle yamanga kusuka ku-chanterelle yangempela, indlela yokukhipha futhi ukhiphe ama-chanterelles.

I-Hat:

1. Ubukhulu: kusukela ezincane kakhulu (ububanzi obuyi-2 cm) kuya ku-12 cm.
2. Ifomu: engavamile, ngezinye izikhathi idibanisa futhi isakazeka kabanzi, igcwele, igxilile phakathi nendawo futhi ibe nemiphetho ephihliwe, idonsax-ecindezelekile futhi ifomu lomngcwabo (okulandelayo ekukhunjini okuhlobene nobudala).
3. Isikhumba: nge-surface matte ebushelelezi, ixubane kakhulu ne-pulp.

Umlenze:

1. Ubukhulu (ubukhulu / ubude): 1-3 / 4-7 cm.
2. Ifomu: ikholomu encane yancipha kusuka phezulu kuya phansi.
3. Okuphezulu: bushelelezi, ngaphandle kokuphumula.

Manje mayelana ne-pulp enezinyosi ezinomsoco, ukubuyiswa okuncane uma ucindezelwa, ku:

• emlenzeni uba yintambo;
• emkhosini we-mushroom uhlanganisa imibala emibili - emhlophe ngaphakathi nokuphuzi emaphethelweni;
• kukhona ukunambitheka okumuncu ukunambitha, nezithelo ezomisiwe noma izimpande ku-flavour.
• iqukethe i-chinomanose, iqinisekisa ukungabi khona kwezibungu nezibungu.

Amaqembu e-Chanterelle afakwe ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwempande ye-beech, i-oki, i-spruce ne-pine izihlahla. Isimo sezulu saseRashiya esisimweni esifanele sibabo, sikhetha amahlumela e-coniferous namaxube, amaqabunga awile, ama-moss aswakanyisiwe kanye nohlaza.

Kwadlula ekuqaleni kukaJune, kanti ngo-Agasti-Septemba, ukuduma kwezulu kuyisiginali kulabo abaqoqa amakhowe ukuya "chanterelle".

Kubalulekile! Ukukhula ehlathini kanye nokubola, izinkuni zamanga, ezibhekene nemvamisa yamapuleti kanye ne-pulp elula, azibhekwa njengezidliwayo, naphezu kweminye imibiko yendawo ehlukile. Musa ukudideka!

Nakuba i-chanterelle ihluke ngokuphelele ekubukeni kwamakhowe amhlophe, ihambisana ngokugcwele ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo okungenamkhawulo ekuphekeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, unezimfanelo ezinhle ezengeziwe:

1. Ngenxa ye-chitinmanoza yemvelo iyisithunywa esiphezulu se-anthelmintic.
2. Enye i-polysaccharide equkethwe kuyo - i-ergosterol - iyasiza ekwelapheni izifo zesibindi.
3. I-Chanterelles iyimphakeli yemvelo emzimbeni we-vitamin D, ama-amino acids ayisishiyagalombili abalulekile, kanye ne-zinc nethusi.

Larch isitifiketi

Akazange athole amagama angaphezulu noma angaphansi kwalawo amathanga ebhotela, kodwa ochwepheshe beLatini bambiza ngokuthi uSuillus grevillei.

Isigqoko samafutha singase ifomu:

• ama-convex pads;
• ukuxoshwa kolunye uhlangothi phezu kwesisekelo seplati;
• umjikelezo ophelele, kufaka phakathi kabanzi.

Okukhethwa kukho kokugcina kubhekisela kumafutha anamandla, ngamazinga amakhowe, iminyaka. Ikhefu elizungezayo linesisindo kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-15 cm.

Umcucu onamathele owawugubungela i-cap engenalutho, elibushelelezi wanikeza leli gama igama. Umbala wayo ojwayelekile unombala obomvu, kodwa ukudlala kwawo kutholakala kulamula ne-orange kuya kwegolide nokubomvu.

I-mace, isilinda noma i-mushroom njenge-hook efana ne-hook efana nombuzo umbuzo ofanayo nombala (nakuba ungabomvu nge-tinge ebomvu), unomphetho ophuzi noma omhlophe ngenhla, ngaphansi kwayo lapho imilenze ihlala khona isakhiwo esixubile nombala we-lemon ophuzi.

Pulp Nakulokhu, umbala ophuzi (lo mbala ukhona emafutheni), ngqo ngaphansi kwesigqoko sekhanda kunesicu esibomvu.

Uma uthatha i-mushroom evuthiwe, ama-fibers ayo anzima, kanye ne-juiciness esithambile, kancane kancane ashintshe umbala wabo obomvana, obomvu obomvu nokubomvu. Emafutha amancane, ukusika akushintshi ukusika.

Ingxenye echaza igama lebhanta elitholakala endaweni yendabuko yokukhula - emahlathini lapho i-larch ejwayelekile khona, futhi ngqo ohlelweni lwempande yalesi sihlahla. Imindeni ikhetha amafutha omhlaba omuncu ogcwele umhlabathi.

I-Maslata ingaqoqwa kusukela maphakathi noJuni kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - izikhathi ezinjalo zokugcina ziqoshwe abacwaningi.

Izinsipho ziphekwe kulezi amakhowe, zidliwe ezithosiwe, zivunwa ngendlela efakwe ngosawoti futhi eqoshiwe.

Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokushayela emanzini, ama-larch amilisiwe abizwa cishe ngehora lesehora.

I-Mokhovik i-yellow-brown

Lena futhi isitsha se-bhotela, kodwa ehlukahlukene, ngendlela yesayense - i-Suillus variegates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namanje kunamagama amaningi, ikakhulukazi, amathini angama-variegated, ama-sandwheel, i-bog fan.

I-Hat Shape, ubukhulu bayo buhluka kusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-14 cm, buvame ukushintsha - kusuka enhlokodeni emaphethelweni ahlanganiswe emceleni omncane. Ngaphezulu kwe-bonnet, kukhona ukukhanya okuphansi, kufakwe esikhundleni sokuqhekeka nezikali ezincane ngobudala, futhi futhi kuyanyamalala ekupheleni kwempilo yama-mushroom.

Izinguquko zenzeka ngombala wekhanda lomshukela lesikhumba - kusuka ku-grey nge-tint ephuzi noma e-orange, lishintsha obomvu obomvu bese luya ku-tint ocher obala. I-mushroom ehlelekile igcwele ngaphakathi (i-mace noma isilinda yombala we-lemon ophuzi obomvu noma u-orange ngezansi) ivela emhlabathini kuya esikhwameni ngo-3-9 cm ngobukhulu obufinyelela ku-3.5 cm.

Pulp eMokhovik kunzima ngokweqile, okungafani nombala kuye ngokuthi yingxenye yomzimba wamakhowe - ekhanda ingxenye iphuzi, engxenyeni yezinyawo kungcono kakhulu, ephenduka okwesibhakabhaka kancane uma ibonakalisiwe. Empeleni, enganambitheki, ine-aroma ehloniphekile.

Ama-flyingwheels aphuzi abomvu akhetha ukuxazulula, njengoba kubonakala kumunye wamagama abo, emagqabeni ehlabathi. Thola ukuthi baphumelele emahlathini axhumene nama-coniferous kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba. Ungakhubeka konke, ukukhuluma ngokwemvelo, ukutshala, kodwa ukutholwa okungashadile akuvamile.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-mushroom ukunambitheka nge-se, i-flywheel ayithandwa kakhulu ngabapheki.

Kodwa abesimame abafuni ukuwavuna emanzini - futhi ngoba banamavithamini acebile, ikakhulukazi amavithamini D, nama-amino acids (okufana nemikhiqizo yenyama), lawa amakhowe aphansi kwamakholori futhi asebenza kahle ekudleni kwesisindo.

I-monkey yasehlobo

I-Kuehneromyces mutabilis, noma i-garlic ehlobo, ibizwa nangokuthi i-kyuneromitses eguqukayo, isihlahla se-lime noma, ukuze sikubeke kalula, i-govorushka.

Omncane isikhwama (kusuka ku-3 ukuya ku-6 cm), ukuguqula ubusha nentsha, kepha nge-tubercle lapho kubonakala khona imibuthano emnyama, ukuguga kuhlanganiswe nekhanda elibushelelezi.

Ukuyingqayizivele kwesikhombi, okuyinto, ngokuyisigameko, esinemiphetho, ikwazi ukushintsha umbala kuye ngesimo sezulu - imvula yenza ibe yintsundu futhi iguquguquke, futhi ilanga liluhlaza okwenziwe uju olusuka phakathi nendawo kuya emaphethelweni.

Inyawo elimnyama, elibushelelezi eliphakeme ngokwanele ukuze ikhava enjalo (i-7 cm) ibe nobubanzi obufinyelela ku-1 cm, ingxenye ephezulu ephakeme eqhathaniswa nekhanda, izikali ezimnyama ezivela ngezansi kwendandatho.

Yiba i-pulp Ukunambitheka komzimba kufana nokumnandi kwamapulangwe asanda kukhishwa. Yena unesakhiwo samanzi amancane nombala ophuzi ophuzi ophuzi obomvu uma kufika emlenzeni.

Imindeni ye-Opopechny inabantu abaningi kakhulu. Kutholakala emahlathini axutshwe futhi ahlotshisiwe ngezinkuni ezibolile noma ezibolile kakade.

Uma phakathi nonyaka isimo sezulu sasihlala sinyene, amakhowe angatholakala ebusika. Kodwa isikhathi sendabuko sokuqoqwa kwabo ngo-Ephreli-Novemba.

Kubalulekile! Ungayidibanisi umthunzi wehlobo ophethe igalari efanayo efanayo - Kukhona ingozi ephezulu yobuthi. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, bheka phansi komlenze - i-fibrous in the fungus enobuthi, kuyilapho i-agaric i-scaly.

Amakhowe angadliwa ahlanzekile noma aqoshiwe.

I-monkey ye-autumn

Ngokungafani ne-agaric ehlobo, osebenza naye ekwindla akatholanga amagama engeziwe, ngaphandle kweLatin Armillaria mellea, esetshenziselwa imibuthano yesayensi.

Ukuvula ngezikhathi ezithile (kusukela ebhujeni kuya endizeni), i-cap opal, ezimweni eziningi, imiphetho ye-wavy kanye nesimo esithinteka esikhaleni esilinganiselwe ngesikhulile, sikhanya phakathi naphezu kombala, okungafani - uju (kuya ensundu) nomnqumo (kuya amafutha).

Ububanzi bendawo eguqukayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yamamitha angu-10 kuya kwanguyishumi kuya phezulu kuya ku-17 cm kwezinye izibonelo ezithile.

Okumnandi (1-2 cm ububanzi) futhi kunalokho kude (kuze kube ngu-10 cm) amakhowe imilenze wehla kancane kancane. Ebusweni babo obuhlaza obuncane obunemibala ephuzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-sheen - scaly (flaky). Njengoba uhamba phansi umlenze ubumnyama kumbala ombala obomvu.

Pulp I-monkey yekwindla iduma okuhle futhi iyakuthande okuhle. Ngaphakathi izigqoko i-white, ilahlekelwa kancane kancane, futhi emilenzeni iqukethe amafayili akhule kakhulu.

Amakhowe angashadile ayingavamile ngokweqile kunamacala amaningi kakhulu, amakholomu amaningi ahlaselwa emithini nasezihlahleni, okwenza kube khona ukubola okumhlophe phezu kwezinkuni.

Kubalulekile! Ukuvela kwemindeni yemvume emibhede yamazambane kusongela ukuthelela isivuno esizayo - qaphela!

Isimo esihle sokusabalalisa lawa amakhowe kungumanyolo emahlathini, lapho kuhlwanyelwa khona emithini nasezintweni - i-birch, i-oki, i-alder nabanye.

Isivuno sivuna ekwindla (akumangazi ukuthi kuhloswe esihlokweni), kwenzeke ukuthi isivuno senzeke ngezigaba ezintathu - amasonto amabili ngamunye.

I-Pine ibomvu

Eqinisweni, izazi ze-mycologists azibizi i-pine, kodwa zingokoqobo, nakuba igama lesiLatini, eqinisweni, linye - Lactarius deliciosus. Esihlokweni kukhona izincazelo zokudla, ezihloniphekile, njll.

Amakhowe e-Convex isikhwama kancane kancane waqondiswa futhi waguqulwa waba umbhoshongo, amaphethelo enqola aphinde adlule indlela esuka emgodini ogoqwe ukuya eqondisiwe.

Ukwehla kwamanzi kunika ikhanda, kodwa kunoma yikuphi isimo sezulu kukhanya nge-satin e-orange, lapho amabala amnyama afaka khona futhi izindandatho ezigxilile zihlukana phakathi kwe-tubercle ephakathi. I-Ryzhiki ingaba nezinhlamvu ezincane (4 cm) nezinkulu (kufika ku-18 cm).

Ukufaka ama-cylinders angenalutho eRyzhikov imilenze ngombala bahambisana ne-cap futhi babe nokuphakama (kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-7 cm ububanzi buka-1.5-2 cm) ngokulingana nobukhulu bayo. Izimbiza ezincane zingabonakala ebusweni bomlenze.

Uma usuqede umzimba wamakhowe, umuntu angabona ukuthi ophuzi obomvu nokushintsha kwenyama e-orange kuqala ukuphenduka, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside - okuluhlaza kushabalala ngokwayo.

Amahlathi amakhulu lapho udinga ukubheka amakhowe yihlathi lamapayipi namahlathi ase-spruce. Imindeni ye-fungal ingatholakala lapho kunotshani nomswakama. Ukukhishwa okukhulu kwama-mushroom pickers kubonakala ngemuva kwabo kusukela ekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, kodwa ungakwazi kancane kancane uqale futhi uqede inyanga, ngokulandelana, ngaphambili nangemva kwalokho.

Indlela eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwamakhowe yi-salting, yize kuhle kakhulu kokubili okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Row grey

Ukugweda grey kuthiwa ngokuthi umugqa streaky, futhi Latin Latin mycologists ukubiza it Tricholoma portentosum.

Hat uyakhothama, engalingani-lumpy. Ngesihloko esiyinhloko kucacile ukuthi umbala wakhe uwuhlaza, uguqule kuphela ama-shades (ngisho nokubomvu). Amaphethelo angama-wavy, ububanzi angafinyelela ku-12 cm.

Umlenze ophakeme (kuze kube ngu-10 cm) ukhululekile ukukhula okunjalo (kufinyelela ku-2 cm) futhi ukhula phansi. Umbala omhlophe uphuzi noma ubuhlaza.

Pulp umbala ufana nombala wangaphandle wemilenze futhi uphunga njengofulawa.

Большие колонии рядовки грибники ищут в сосновых лесах, а также в смешанных, но всё равно возле сосен, в том числе среди опавшей хвои. Признаком, свидетельствующим о наличии в данном месте рядовок, может служить находка семьи зеленушек - они, как правило, соседи.

Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zemigqa njengemigqa eluhlaza, irowu elibomvu, irowu elimhlophe, umugqa womhlaba, umugqa we-poplar.

Ukukhula okuqala maphakathi no-September akuyeki ngisho nangemva kwamaqhwa kuqala bese kuphele kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba.

Ukupheka, i-grey gray iyinto yonke, nakuba kukhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi intsha, i-pickled neyelisiwe. Ngezinye izinhloso, lawa amakhowe aphekwa kuqala (kuze kube yikota yehora) - izibonelo zonyaka wonke zifanelekile lokhu.

I-Brownberry

Leli gama libhekisela eqenjini elikhulu lamakhowe, konke okudliwayo.

Igama lesayensi le-Leccinum lifananiswe nohlaza olubomvu:

• evamile (okukhulunywe ngakho kulesi sihloko);
• i-marsh;
• i-harsh;
• ash gray kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-5 ngaphezulu.

Abantu baseBraberryberry abavamile babizwa nangokuthi yi-birch nje, kanye nama-blackheads.

Amakhowe amhlophe omhlophe isikhwama uma uneminyaka yobudala iba mnyama futhi ibomvu, futhi isigamu sebhola, okwamanje, siba umqubu.

Ingakhula ibe ngu-18 cm ububanzi. Ukuba khona komswakama obalulekile emvelweni kubangela ukubonakala kwe-mucus okunamathelayo emkhathini.

Umlenze ubude futhi bukhulu (kuze kube, ngokulandelana, 15 no-3 cm), isilinda saso sigcwele imfucu noma imhlophe emhlophe, futhi izilinganiso ezimpunga zifiphaza.

Emanzi nomhlophe i-pulp ngaphansi kwesigqoko, ngokuguga, kukhululiwe futhi kugcwele amanzi, futhi inyama ye-foot pulp ithola isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuba khona kwezihlahla ze-birch ehlathini kusho ukukwazi ukuthola lapho ama-brownberries. Amakhowe athande ukukhanya akhetha ama-glades namaphethelo. Isibonakaliso sokuqala kwesivuno ukukhula kwe-cherry bird, inkathi iphela phakathi kwekwindla.

Ngokwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwamakholishi, i-brownberry ingakwazi ukuncintisana ngisho nangama-mushroom amhlophe, abilayo, ukuthosa, ukudoba, ukuma, ukukhipha kanye nokuqhwala kuyatholakala kuwo.

I-Boletus

I-Boletus ihluke ku-brownberry:

• umbala we-cap (omhlophe noma obomvu-orange, njengalawo amahlamvu ashukela);
• i-pulp eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva kokusika;
• ngesayizi - zikhulu kakhulu ku-aspen;
• indawo eyinhloko yokukhula icacile kusuka egameni.

Abantu bayabiza le makhowe futhi i-Osinovik ne-Krasnogolovik (qhathanisa, futhi, nge-boletus), igama lesiLatini lalawa amakhowe ahlobene afanayo - i-Leccinum.

Ngokuvuna kwamakhowe ase-aspen, abaqoqi be-mushroom babuyiselwa emuva engxenyeni yokuqala kaJuni, futhi le nkathi iqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Okthoba.

Ngomqondo wekhono, akusilo phansi kune-brownberry.

Marsh Russula

I-Marsh Russula (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-float, futhi ngokusho kwesigaba sosayensi - uRussula paludosa) okokuqala iheha ukunakwa ngesikhwama esinesikhumba esomile, okudwebe kahle ama-pink-red-orange tones.

Ububanzi bonneton benyama ayinkulu kakhulu (7-12 cm), inemiphetho enobungozi, igobe phakathi nendawo enkulu.

Umlenze oqinile ungagxila futhi ungagxili, uphephu futhi umhlophe, ngesimo se-spindle noma i-mace, ububanzi bawo obuyi-5 cm nobubanzi bamentimitha bungaba kabili.

I-pulp emhlophe engenakusihlwa, enomsoco ebusheni futhi ekhululekile eminyakeni yobudala, inomsindo obuthakathaka obunzima.

Imindeni emincane ye-syroezhek ikhula ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-coniferous (i-elfin emisedari, i-larch, i-pin), kuhlanganise namahlathi ahlanganisiwe. Qoqa nabo ehlobo lokugcina nangezinyanga zokuqala zekwindla.

Ekudleni kwamakhowe, i-russula ithatha indawo yayo efomini, ebilisiwe futhi ifakwe usawoti.

Champignon ejwayelekile

Uyaziwa nangokuthi uPecheritsa, ku-mycology ibonakala, ngaphandle kwe-champignon, futhi njenge-mushroom wangempela kanye ne-Agaricus campestris.

Thola ukuthi izidakamizwa ziyasiza kanjani umzimba nokuthi ngabe kungenzeka yini ukuba zikhule ekhaya.

I-cap, ekhuphukela ku-15 cm ububanzi, inomumo we-hemispheric, ohlangothini lwayo oluhle kakhulu ngaphakathi (esemncane).

Ukuthuthukisa, ijaji iba ekuqaleni nje kwendilinga yendilinga, bese-phansi kakhulu. Phakathi nendawo une-bulge.

Ubuso obomile bumhlophe (bubuye bube buncane), ngokubukeka nokuthinta - ngezilinganiso ezincane noma ezincane.

I-monotonous nge cap, umlenze olinganiselwe (5-9 / 1-2 cm) unwetshiwe phansi futhi, njengokungathi, uvimba, phakathi (ngokuvamile kaningi) okuzungezwe ngendandatho enkulu.

Inyama emhlophe igxuma ekuqhekekeni.

Kubalulekile! Ku-champignon yamanga, engase ibe nobuthi, i-pulp ngemuva kokuphuka iba yiphuzi, ngaphandle kwalokho, iveza iphunga elimnandi le-carbolic (inkino) iphunga. Lezi zingxabano zidinga ukukhunjulwa.

Ukusabalalisa kwe-champignon kuyamangalisa - amadlelo, amapaki, izivande, amahlathi, ngokuvamile, ungawahlangabeza yonke indawo (amakoloni amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi imilingo). Ngakho-ke, umkhumbi omkhulu wezilwane ezikhulile ezikhulile.

Abapheki abaqeqeshiwe nababelethi basekhaya basebenzisa ama-champignon ezitsha zokuqala nezesibili, ekuhlanjuleni nasekuseni. Abantu abaningi bathanda ukunambitheka nokuphunga kwama-mushroom aluhlaza.

Amakhowe angabuthi anobuthi

Ukuqapha okuqhamukayo kubangelwa abaqoqi be-mushroom abanolwazi, ngoba bayazi ukuthi ingozi yokuthi isifo esinobuthi esingalimaza impilo yabantu noma ngisho nokubulala sizobe sesibhasikidi kanye namakhowe adle.

Uyazi? Amakhomikhali anokuqukethwe kwe-toxin namuhla engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwekazi lethu abonakaliswe ngamakhulu ayishumi namashumi ayisihlanu, okuyi-3% yenani lezinhlobo zezimila.

I-grebe yama-Pale

Ngesikhunta esiyingozi esitholakala enkabeni yeRussia, ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke yi-toadstool ephuzi (ngesiLatin Amanita phalloides).

Ubizwa ngokuthi yi-mushroom enobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, empeleni, ubuthi, kuyingozi ngoba kufana nezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe ezidliwayo: amakhowe, ama-russules, zelenushkami, njll.

I-grebe encane ifana neqanda efilimu.

Ikhulile futhi ikhulile ine:

• isigqoko sombala omnqumo omuhle (onomkhuba wokuba uhlaza noma u-grey), okungenzeka kube flat noma hemispheric. Ubuso obunamathele buphela ngamaphethelo abushelelezi. Ububanzi abukho ngaphansi kuka-5 cm nangaphezulu kuka-15;
• umlenze, okungase kubonakale kuwumsebenzi wobuciko bemvelo ngenxa yokuthi unesimo se-moire (hhayi njalo). Uma kungenjalo, i-cylinder ejwayele ukuqina okuphansi. Umbala uhambelana neshidi, kodwa futhi ungaba mhlophe. Ububanzi bufinyelela ku-2.5 cm, ukuphakama kufinyelela ku-16 cm. I-characteristic ring ring isemlenzeni - isibonakaliso sokuxwayisa kwabazingeli bamakhowe;
• inyama emhlophe yinyama, cishe ingenasiphelo, futhi ukunambitheka kwayo nayo cishe ayinakulinganiswa. Izimo zonyaka kuphela ziveza iphunga elimnandi elingabangeli imizwelo emihle.

Izindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwe-toadstool ezimibalabala zombili ziyihlathi elimnandi futhi elixubekile, lapho libopha khona enhlabathini evundile eduze kwe-beech, i-oki ne-hazel, futhi ngokuvamile ikhula ngokuqondile emiphakathini yawo (i-mycorrhiza).

Okudinga ukunakekelwa ikakhulukazi ukuba kube yisikhathi sokuvuna se-toadstool ephuzile - kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla.

Amanita obomvu

Uma sisebenzisa igama lesimanje ngokuthi "i-agent e-psychotropic" kuzipho zemvelo, khona-ke cishe nje ngama-mushroom obomvu (i-Amanita muscaria).

Uyazi? Amasiko we-shamanism aseSiberia ayakhelwe kancane ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa zaleli mushroom.

Amakhowe amahle kakhulu endaweni yokuqala ngenxa yekhanda. Uyakwazi ukukhula kuze kube ngu-20 cm (ngaphansi kwezingu-8, njengomthetho, akenzeki). Ukuqhaqhazela kwakhe kufinyelela ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka esibomvu futhi kubonakala sengathi imifino emhlophe ihlakazekile kuyo yonke indawo.

Imilenze yamakhowe iyingqayizivele efana ne-cap, enobubanzi be-cylinder yayo emhlophe noma ephuzi ephakathi kwe-1-2.5 cm: uma iminyaka iguquka kusukela ekugcineni ibe yize. Isisekelo esibanzi sifana ne-tuber.

Iphunga elincane elibonakalayo le-pulp elimhlophe, elingaphansi kwesikhumba se-orange noma eliphuzi (kuzo zombili izimo, ithoni elula kakhulu).

Izimpande ze-Birch kanye ne-spruce zikhonza njengama-mushroom ukwakha i-mycorrhiza. Inhlabathi enomhlabathi esimweni sezulu saseRussia esinomoya ophansi - indawo ekahle yokukhula kwabo ngo-Agasti no-Okthoba.

Porphyry Amanita

Akuyona nje into enobuthi (nakuba encane), kodwa futhi futhi iphunga elimnandi nelinambitheka kwenza le makhowa engabonakali.

I-Porphyry i-Amanita i-bell bell (i-Amanita porphyria) kancane kancane ikhula ngendlela engaguquki njengoba ikhula. Ikhanda limbozwe ngesikhumba esihlanzekile, noma ngokufaka ithoni elibomvu noma elibomvu. Unamaphethelo abushelelezi, futhi isikhumba sakhe sizungeze izintambo, senziwe njengokungathi sivela kusilika.

Ubukhulu obuncane bekhanda (kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-9 ububanzi ububanzi) buhambisana kahle no-8-13-cm ububanzi obungaphezu kuka-2 cm ubukhulu. Ikholomu yayo engxenyeni engezansi ine-thickening hemispheric, ayinayo ukukhula; ngezinye izikhathi ezinemibala ye-moire.

Okumhlophe, okufana nendawo encane yomzimba, i-pulp ine-smell ngempela (amazambane amasha) nokunambitheka (njenge-isithombo), okungafanele ukukhohlise i-mushroom picker.

Indawo enobungozi emasimini e-coniferous (noma ehlanjululwe ngehlathi le-birch) yindawo yendabuko yokukhula kwe-porphyry amanita, inkathi yokuqoqa okuyizinyanga ezimbili zokugcina zehlobo kanye nekwindla yokuqala yokuqala.

Isibhakabhaka se-sulfur

I-Hypholoma fasciculare noma i-agaric e-sulfur-yellow ayinakutholakali, kodwa isizathu salokhu esimweni semvelo esingazange sitholwe ekugcineni: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyinambitheka ebuhlungu kanye nephunga elibi, noma kuyi-toxins equkethwe kuyo.

Kubalulekile! Kunoma yikuphi, leli khowa akufanele lidideke ngamakhowe adle, okufana nawo - Kufanele iqondiswe iphunga elimnandi le-monkey sulfur-yellow.

I-cap encane (engabi ngaphezu kuka-5 cm), ekhanyisa emaphethelweni, iphuma ku-convex ukuze iguqe umumo. Faka umbala ezimweni eziningi ubunzima-obuphuzi, kodwa kwenzeka futhi obomvu.

Ubuningi bomlenze we-fibre ongenalutho (0.5 cm) ukufanisa i-cap, kodwa ukuphakama kuyinto encane kakhulu (kuze kufinyelele ku-10 cm).

Ukunambitheka okubabayo kwe-pulp sekushiwo kakade, futhi umbala wayo uphuzi obala.

Amaqembu okuhlwanyela akhula esihlahleni somuthi, eduze kwawo, nangenkuni eqala ukubola, ngaphandle kokwenza umehluko emkhatsini we-deciduous and coniferous. Inkathi ye-fruiting ngo-Meyi, yonke ihlobo no-Septhemba-Okthoba.

Amathimikhali aseRussia ephakathi

Imvelo yamahlathi lapho ama-mushroom ekhula khona kanye nezindawo eziqondile kuzo kuchazwa ngenhla.

Isibonelo, kusuka ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo sikhetha i Voronezh, Vladimir, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kursk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod naseTver izindawo ezicebile ngamakhowe.

Kuqukethwe "kwamakhowe" ngamunye wabo angabhala incwadi ehlukile.

Imithetho yokukhetha amakhompiyutha

1. Ukuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa kwamakhowe emigwaqeni - amakhowe alula kakhulu kalula izinto ezingaphephile kubantu, isibonelo, izitha zensimbi ezinzima.
2. Kwabaqalayo kuyadingeka ukuthi bahlanganyele ekuhambeni kwe-picker ye-mushroom abanolwazi, ngaphandle kwalokho ingozi yokuthola i-toadstool noma i-fly agaric yanda kakhulu.
3. Ukuqaphela okukhethekile izingane ezithathwe nazo ehlathini: kufanele zihlale zibonakala futhi zinganambitheki amajikijolo nama-mushroom.
4. Amathangi okunamathiswa amakhowe aqoqwe (amabhasikidi, amabhasikidi, ama-knapsacks) kufanele akhiwe ngezinto zokwakha zemvelo - ungasebenzisi i-cellophane ne-plastic.
5. Ikhophi ohlose ukuyibeka ebhasikisini akufanele idliwe yizibungu, unyawo kufanele luphelele, futhi amapulethi kufanele alula - ukuhlolwa okuqaphile kokuqala kuyadingeka.
6. Noma yikuphi ukungabaza kuhunyushwa ngokuvumelana nendawo yama-mushroom asele ehlathini.
7. Isikhathi ngaphambi kwesikhashana sifaneleka kakhulu kubaqoqi be-mushroom.
8. Ungakhohlwa ummese wokusika - i-mycelium eyonakalisiwe uma ukudonsa ngaphandle ngeke unike isivuno esilandelayo.
9. Okunye ukuhlolwa okugcwele kwezilwane eziqoqwe ngaphambi kokuhlanza nokunquma - uma kwenzeka kukhona okungahle kwenzeke ehlathini.
10. I-decoction yama-mushroom ayifanele ukuphuza, futhi ukupheka kwezinto ezitholakalayo emva kokubilisa kufanele kuqhutshwe ngokushesha.

Amakhomikhali angaqoqwa ngaphandle kolwazi olunzulu lwe-mycology, kodwa ezinye izisekelo ezizosiza abaqalayo ukuba zithole ulwazi oludingekayo, futhi labo abavele benomuzwa wokuthi bangabasebenzi bangaqabula futhi bacacise ukubonwa okutholakala ngezindlela ezingokoqobo.