Abanye balimi, ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo ezivela ezifweni zamazambane, batshalwa izitshalo ezitshalweni kwezobuchwepheshe obusha emiphongolweni, izikhwama kanye nangaphansi kwe-hay. Kodwa maduzane bayaqiniseka ukuthi akulondolozi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela kubhaktheriya, isikhunta kanye namagciwane akhuthaza izifo ezihlukahlukene. Bahlasela izitshalo ezinempilo kanye nezithelo zabo ensimini, abamba ukushisa futhi ngisho nasemiphongolweni. Abathwali bezinambuzane bavame izinambuzane nezinye izinambuzane. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe, yiziphi izifo zamazambane, nezinyathelo zokulwa nazo.
Kubalulekile! Kulula ukuphulukisa ngokushesha izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe ezifweni zanoma imuphi uhlobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amagciwane amaningi athola inhlabathi noma inzalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulwa nabo kufanele kuqale ngokucubungula nokwelashwa kwezithelo, kanye nokulungiselela kahle imibhede yokutshala.
Izifo ze-Potato Izifo
Izifo zebhaktheriya zamazambane zivuthwa yizimboni eziningana, ezivela ezilimo eziyizigaxa kancane kancane zisakazeka ngeziqu, zikhubaza isitshalo sonke. Kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nabo, ngoba inhlabathi lapho izitshalo zikhula khona idinga ukucwiliswa.
Ukubhekana nomsebenzi onjalo, udinga ukuhlwanyela ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngezinye izikhathi kuzothatha iminyaka ngokunye ukuhlwanyela endaweni enegciwane lezitshalo ezingenqamuki ezincane, njengokukolweni, ummbila, ibhali, isithombo, isithombo sebhitrudi, iklabishi, ugwayi, i-legumes.
I-Brown Bacterial Rot
Lesi sifo senziwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-microorganisms Ralstonia solanacearum amazambane. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokuqala kubonakala ngesikhathi sokuvuna kwesitshalo, lapho izimpande ziqala ukwakha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukuphuza nokuhlunga amaqabunga, kukhula futhi kungabi nokuphila, futhi iziqu ziyahla futhi ziphendulele ngesikhumba.
Ngezinga lokukhiqizwa kwamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic, izinqubo zokunciphisa nezokufakaza zikhonjiswe engxenyeni engezansi kwengxenye. Ama-splits ayabonakala kahle emahlumela, futhi imivimbo egciniwe ibe yilabo abomvu ebolile.
Uma unquma isitshalo sesitshalo esibulalayo, imicu emnyama ensundu ingabonakala kwindandatho yesice. Uma ucindezela i-germ enjalo, i-mucus ebomvu, i-gray-gray izokhishwa kuwo.
Ama-Botanists brown rot afaneleka ukuthola izifo zamathambo ama-vascular futhi abonakalise ukushona kwezihlahla ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwe-xylem veins nge-mass gummy mass. Kukhona amacala uma lesi sifo sibonakala kuphela nge-verticillary wilting ne-ring rot, lapho kungekho ukuhlukana kwamahlumela futhi kukhona ukuvimba okuyimfihlo. 
Lesi sifo sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithathwa yizambane zikhonjiswe ngendandatho ye-vascular softened kanye nokubonakala kwezinto ezibomvu ezifakwe kwi-core. Ngokuvamile izinqubo zokubola ziqala ezinqolobaneni. Zihambisana nezingcingo zomswakama kanye nephunga elimnandi. Amazambane anjalo ahlasela zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingomakhelwane futhi zibola ngokuphelele.
Uyazi? Ngokusho kwe-International Finance Corporation, ama-Ukrainiya adla cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4 zamazambane ngonyaka, kanti isivuno sonyaka semifino yezimpande sinamathani ayizigidi ezingu-18-19.I-agronomists ehamba phambili yezwe ibonisa abalimi nabanini bomhlaba ukuthi ukulwa nezifo ze-bacterial of amazambane kufanele kuhloswe ukuvikelwa okuphelele ngezifo eziphilayo ezichazwe ngenhla. Enhliziyweni yazo zonke izinyathelo ezinjalo ukuphathwa kobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bangaphandle nabangaphandle.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi lesi sitshalo kumele sivikeleke kulo lonke isikhathi sokulima ngezindlela ezehlukene, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi kanye nezinhlangano zezomnotho nezomnotho, kanye nemigomo yokuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo.
Uma kubonakala ukubola okubomvu, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo kanye nokwethulwa kwemifuno enhle kubaluleke kakhulu ekulwa nalo. Kungenzeka ukutshala amazambane engadini enegciwane emva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu kudingeka ziphephe ngokucophelela futhi ziqiniseke ukuthi zifudumele izinsuku ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-30. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuthola kahle izinto ezingenakususwa. Kuzophinde kuboniswe isisombululo se-0.002% se-succinic acid, esetshenziselwa ukucubungula izithelo ngesigamu sehora.
Uma ngesikhathi sokutshala kunesidingo sokusika izimpande, ummese kumele ukuthi ungasetshenziswa nge-disinfected nge-formalin noma i-potassium permanganate. Izithombo zamazambane ezinempilo, ngezinhloso ze-prophylactic, zitshalwe ngaphambi kokutshala ngamakhemikhali afana nokuthi: "TMTD", "Rizoplan", "Baktofit", "Polycarbotsin", ephindaphinda kabili ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuhluma.
Izinhlobo ezihlwanyelwe kahle ngokukhuthazela okuqhubekayo kuma-microbes: "Imithombo", "Ulyanovsk", "Inhlanhla", "Volzhanka". Ukulwa nezifo zebhaktheriya zamazambane kuhlanganisa ukuhlola njalo isayithi nokususwa kwezitshalo ezigulayo.
Ochwepheshe bacebisa ukufeza ukuhlanza kokuqala emva kokuba iziqu zifinyelele ku-25 cm ukuphakama, okwesibili - ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, kanti okwesithathu - amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokuvuna. Kubalulekile phakathi nalesi sikhathi ukugubha iziqongo, ukuze inhlabathi inake isikhathi sokuvuna ngaphambi kokuvuna izithelo. Isivuno sonke kufanele somiswe kahle ngaphambi kokubeka emiphongolweni. Umsebenzi wokulungiselela uyadingeka endaweni yokugcina.
Kuze kube sekugcineni, basusa yonke imifino nezithelo zonyaka odlule, ukukhipha imishanguzo ngesisombululo se-2% se-aqueous of sulphate yethusi bese kusetshenziselwa izindonga nge-lime egobile. Ekungeneni kwesakhiwo kwakubeka umbhede ogcwele isisombululo se-5% se-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ulondolozwe ngokuphephile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithambile emiphongolweni, izinsuku zokuqala ezingu-20 ukushisa kwekamelo akumelwe kube ngaphansi kuka -13 ° C, futhi umswakama kufanele ube ngo-90%. Esikhathini esizayo, udinga ukupholisa kancane kancane kumazinga angu-2.
Ring ukubola
Izimpawu zokubopha izindandatho zibonakala kahle ezilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa kanye namazambane amazambane. Zivela emva kokuqhakaza ngendlela yokuphuza amahlumela amancane namaqabunga aphikisayo. Ama-specimens abathintekile kunzima ukuwahlwitha, ngisho nokufa kwe-cell jikelele. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo semifino yezitshalo nezimpande.
Lesi sifo siqala kusukela ezimpandeni, kodwa izimpawu zayo zokuqala zingabonakala ezitsheni kuphela uma zigawulwa. Izinsimbi eziphuzi noma ezibomvu emaphethelweni omgogodla zikhombisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinqubo ze-putrefactive ezizogcina zibhubhise wonke umntwana. Uma ucindezelekile, i-mucus ebomvu-ephuzi igeleza kusuka ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Uma phakathi nokuhlolwa kwembewu awuzange ubone noma yiziphi izimpawu zokubola futhi watshala isitshalo esinjalo sesitshalo, esincane, esakhiwe kahle, amahlumela ahlanjululwe ngamaqabunga amancane ahlanzekile azokhula kuwo. Ungalindeli isivuno esikhulu kulezi zihlahla.
Ezimweni eziningi, izifo zebhakatriya zamazambane zibangelwa ukutshala izinga elimpofu, noma ngenxa yokulimala komshini ngesikhathi sokuvuna izilimo zezitshalo, ukuthuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezitsheni ezinegciwane, kanye nokwephula imithetho yokugcina. Namuhla, azikho amakhemikhali ayenobuthi avela ezifweni ezithwala izilimo zezitshalo ezinomsoco.
Zilwa nezindlela zokuhlukanisa, okungezelelwe ekulungiseni okusemandleni okutshala izinto nokuvuna, kufaka phakathi i-sevosmenu iminyaka engama-3, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo eziphikisanayo, ukukhulelwa kwezinsimu zamazambane ngamalungiselelo e-potassium kanye nokukhishwa okuhleliwe kwezitshalo ezigulayo ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zokubola.
Uyazi? Isifo sezambatho sibhubhisa kusuka ku-30 kuya ku-65% yesitshalo.
Ukubola okumanzi
Lesi sifo siqala ngesisekelo sezilimo eziyizigaxa futhi, ngokuvamile, ezimweni zokuqala zokuthuthuka kunzima ukunquma. Isimpande saso yizibhaktheriya noma ama-fungal pathogens afaka isitshalo sezimpande uma ewonakele ngendlela efanele noma ethathwa yizinambuzane. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zici, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani amazambane ephenduka ngokushesha ngaphakathi.
Le nqubo iboniswa ekunciphiseni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokusabalalisa kwe-stink eqinile. Ama-tissue aphelile aqale ahlanzekile, bese ephenduka obomvu, eqoqa ama-dark shades. Ngendlela, ikhasi liyakuthinteka uma ngaphakathi kubolile ngokuphelele. Kwenzeka ukuthi ubuso bezitshalo ezimpande bumbozwe ngamagundane amnyama, okuvela kuwo lapho umuthi we-starch obumhlophe uma ucindezelwe.
Uma impande ifika ezimweni ezibandayo, izinkophe zayo zifa, futhi inqubo yokubola iqala. Ngakho-ke, lezi zilimo eziyizigaxa akufanele zithathwe, kungcono ukuzisebenzisa ngokushesha, kungenjalo zizolimaza isivuno sonke. Abalimi bayaqaphela ukuthi ngokuvamile amazambane abhekene nalesi sifo emiphongolweni, ikakhulukazi uma umkhiqizo uqhwa, noma, ngenye indlela, ungene ngaphakathi egumbini elithombeni futhi ulondolozwe ekushiseni okungenhla + ku-4 ° C.
Ukubonakala kokubola okumanzi nakho kuhambisana nomswakama ophezulu ekamelweni kanye nokuphuza umoya. Lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka kwe-oksijeni, okubandakanya ukwehla kokuzivikela kwezithelo zamazambane. Ungasusa le nkinga, futhi, ngezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi lapho isiko sikhula khona ayinamanzi kakhulu futhi ikhululiwe kahle. Uma ubeka esitokisini, khetha izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo futhi uzime kahle.
Kunconywa ukuphatha imbewu yamazambane ngaphambi kokungena emiphongolweni, ukulungiswa kwamakhemikhali "Maxim". Futhi uvikele isitshalo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-abrasions kanye nokusika, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, thatha izinyathelo zokulwa nezinambuzane. Ebusika, phinda izimpande, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zenzeni, emabhokisini noma emanzini yemifino. Ezimweni lapho uthole khona i-foci ebolile, susa zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa endaweni egciniwe bese uzama ukuyisebenzisa ngokushesha. Futhi landela ngokuqinile imithetho yokugcina amazambane (eshiwo ngenhla).
Uyazi? Njalo ngonyaka, abaseYurophu bavuna amathani ama-35 amazambane ngehektare, kuyilapho ama-Ukraine angama-tani angu-15 kuphela. Ukuhluka okunjalo kubangelwa ukuthi 95% womkhiqizo utshalwa emapulazini amancane, okuyinto eqinisweni kubonakala izinga lezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuxuba kwangaphakathi okuxubile
Lesi sifo sezilimo eziyizigaxa zezambane, njengezinhlobo zangaphambilini ze-bacteriosis, livela lapho ubusika bezitshalo ezimpande kungalungile futhi ngenxa yezinsimbi ezithintekayo, impacts, ukusikeka. Izimpawu zithinta uhlobo lwezinambuzane ezibanjwe ezingxenyeni zezicubu zezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ungakwazi ukubona izibonakaliso zokubola okumanzi noma ezomile nezomile kakade okuchazwe kithi. Isigqoko esibomvu, esibomvu noma esibomvu esikhanyayo sizovela ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Izindlela zokubhekana nalezi zinambuzane azifani nalabo okukhulunywe ngenhla. Umsebenzi wakho oyinhloko ukuvikela isivuno kusuka ekulimaleni komshini, ukuqinisekisa izimo ezilungile zokulondoloza. Imbewu ibalulekile ukubulala amagciwane ngaphambi kokubeka amakhemikhali e-antibacterial and antifungal. Abalimi abanesizini bacebisa izidakamizwa "Fludioksonil" no "Maxim".
Umlenze omnyama
Lesi sifo siphumela ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwezinambuzane ze-Pectobacterium genus, okuzohlala ezinhlobonhlobo zokhula futhi uzizwe ukhululekile emazingeni okushisa kusuka ku-2 ° C kuya ku-32 ° C. Kubalulekile ukukhokha ukukhuthazela kwama-parasites, ngoba, ukungena emhlabathini, kugcinwa lapho iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2. Ekuboneni kokuqala, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo zonakalisiwe ngenxa yalokho. Ngezigaba zokuqala akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokubonakalayo.
Lesi sifo siqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokushesha uma izimo ezihle zifika: ukwanda kwamanzi noma isikhathi esishisayo esishisayo, esishisayo. Emanzini, inkambo yesifo ilula futhi ingapheli. Umlenze omnyama ubonakala emaceleni amazambane ngaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu-phansi: isiqu esingezansi siphendukile, amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi, i-shrub ihamba kancane kancane, futhi izimpande ziqala ukubola.
Ekushiseni, ngesonto elizayo, endaweni yezimpande, ukutholwa kwezihlumela kuzoqala, okuvame ukuwa ngenxa yesisindo sayo. Ama-specimens abathintekayo akhishwa kalula; izimfihlo zamangcwaba zibonakala ezigabeni zesigaba. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zivela ezindaweni ze-stolonny, ezigcwele amachashazi amnyama. Isibonakaliso esiqinisekisiwe salesifo sifaka amabala amazambane, isikhumba esimnyama, ukukhwabanisa okukhipha uketshezi oluncibilikisayo. Izitshalo ezinjalo zilula kakhulu, ezikhombisa ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwezimbilini zazo ngamagciwane.
Kungenzeka ukunqoba umlenze omnyama, ukugcina ngokucophelela imithetho ye-agrotechnical ukutshala amazambane, ukuqoqwa nokugcinwa kwazo. Kulesi sici, ukutshala kwezitshalo, ukutshala imbewu enhle, ukukhishwa kwesikhashana ngesikhathi somhlabathi, ukuguqulwa kwezilwane kanye nokulawulwa kokhula, ukuchithwa kwemishini yokusebenza kubalulekile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala, kuyinto efiselekayo ukukhethwa ngezidakamizwa ezifana: "Maxim", "Prestige", "TMTD".
Kubalulekile! Ukuze imbewu yamazambane igcinwe kahle kuze kufike entwasahlobo, ekwindleni kuyadingeka ukuthi iluhlaza.
Izifo ze-Potato Izifo
Leli qembu lezifo zezambane ze-mbatane lichaza ngokuthi liyingozi kakhulu futhi liyingozi. Ukubonakala kwezifungi ezihlukahlukene ezihlahleni noma ezimpandeni zamazambane kubandakanya ukugula.
Ngokuvame ukubekezelela izinambuzane eziyingozi noma ukuvusa izimo ezingalungile zokulima izitshalo zezimpande. Cabanga ngezici ezimfushane zezifo ezivame kakhulu nezifo zokubhekana nazo.
Izitshalo ezidinga ukwelashwa kwezifo nezinambuzane: iklabishi, beet, utamatisi, ukhukhamba, i-turnips, ithanga, i-dill, isitshalo seqanda, izaqathe, ama-strawberries, ama-raspberries.
Isiko esidala
Lesi sifo sibonakala ngenxa yomsebenzi obalulekile wefungi eliqhakazile le-genre Streptomycetes. Abakhombisi bokufika kwabo yizilinganiso eziphansi ze-agrotechnology, ama-limestone, ama-sandy, ama-sandy sandy sandy nezimo zezulu ezishisayo. I-pathogen ngobusuku ingena ezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izithelo ezithintekile zilahlekelwa ukunambitheka nesethulo. Amabala amancane asymmetrical abonakalayo avela kumazambane, okuyinto ekugcineni "isikhala".
Ngokulingana nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhumba, izilonda ziyahlangana ndawonye, futhi ezintsheni ezitshalwe ngokushesha i-mycelium ayibonakali. Elanga iluma ngokushesha futhi ulahlekelwe uphawu lwayo. Umgogodla wezolimo izitshalo, naphezu kwesibindi se-ulcer esakhiwe ngaphandle, asishintshi. Ukuze kube nezinyathelo zokuvimbela nokuvimbela, Ummeli weZibalo Sciences, uProfesa NULiP wase-Ukraine u-Ivan Markov weluleka ukuba agcine ukujikelezwa kwezitshalo kanye nemithetho yokudla amazambane.
Ngokusho kososayensi, umquba omusha we-straw, umquba womquba, ukugqithisa ngokweqile kwezinto eziphilayo kanye namanyolo we-nitrogenous kusiza ekuthuthukiseni izifo eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwethula izinto zomzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokubala kwamahektha angu-60 nge-ha 1, okuyi-manganese sulfate ne-ammonium sulfate. Ama-nitrogen stabilizers nawo afiselekayo.
Ukulimala kwesikhumba kunciphise kakhulu ngezinga elifanele le-potassium usawoti, i-calcium chloride, i-manganese, i-boron, ithusi, i-cobalt. Bala inani elidingekayo lamakhemikhali afakwe ohlwini oluthile lungasetshenziswa ekuhloleni kwe-agrochemical, okungenziwa kuphela ochwepheshe.
Kubalulekile! Umanyolo ongasetshenzisiwe kanye nezinsipho zokuhlala ngemuva kokuvuna kunomthelela ekwenzeni isikhunta.
Uma kungekho nethuba lokuhlaziywa kwe-laboratory, ungasebenzisa indlela eshibhile yokulwa nesibalo, ugxile ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zamazambane. Ungesabi izifo ze-fungal "Bozhedar", "Kosen 95", "Chernigov 98", "Lugovskaya", "Borodyanskaya Roza", "Vesta", "Symphony", "Vodogray", "Veloks", "Gatchinskaya", "Volovetskaya" , "Glow", "Lybid", "Drevlyanka", "Serpanok", "Poren", "Rosara" nezinye izinhlobo ezinesikhumba esincane somsindo obomvu.
Futhi, wonke umnikazi womhlaba kufanele anakekele isimo somhlabathi. Ukulicebisa ngezinto eziwusizo, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuhlela ukulima kwezimbangi: lupine, clover noma alfalfa. Ekhethiwe ukutshala izitshalo ezimpande eziphezulu ngaphambi kokugxilongwa ziphathwa nge-"Maxim", "Amalungiselelo" we-Prestige kanye ne-"Agat-25K" yokulawula ukukhula. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqabunga aqala ukufomisa izithombo, kubalulekile ukunisela umhlabathi amasonto amane, ukugcina umswakama ngo-75%.
Isikhumba se-Powdery
I-scab ye-powder iyinhlangano ye-causative ye-Spongospora subterranea plasmodyomycete, ebizwa ngokuthi i-slimeevik noma i-mushroom yamanga. Kuyinto inhlanzi encane ye-amoeboid engakwazi ukuhambisa nokuholela ukuphila okuphazamiseka ngokwezindleko zamaseli ezitshalo. Uma ehambisana nezimo ezimbi, uyafihla endaweni evikelayo futhi aphenduke i-cyst yokulala, engakwazi ukusebenza iminyaka engaba ngu-4.
Emanzini, igobolondo elingenhla limbozwe i-mucus, okuvumela ukuba ama-parasite athuthe. Ngakho uthola izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. Заболевшие экземпляры становятся уязвимы к бактериозам и гнилостным бактериям, а также к опасным вирусам. Проявляется порошистая парша инфицированием корневой системы, что влечет за собой увядание и гибель стеблей. 
Kukhona futhi ama-galls amhlophe ezimpandeni nasezigodini ezinamahlombe ebusweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izilonda ezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyaqhaqhazela, zakha ukukhululeka, bese zigcwele umthamo we-spores we-fungus ye-parasitic kanye nezinsalela zezinambuzane zezicubu. Izingcezu zesikhumba zinika ama-pustules isimo sezinkanyezi. Emhlabathini omanzi noyindayo, esimweni sezulu esibhakabhakeni, lesi sifo siqala ngamandla.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ulondoloze amazambane avela kwi-slyshevik ngokusebenzisa ukujikeleza kwezitshalo ezivamile, ngokutshala imbewu ephezulu, okufanele ilandelwe ngaphambili nge-fungicides ("Maxim"). Ukuvunwa kwezitshalo ezimpande kufanele kuhlelwe esimweni esomile, esifudumele, ukugcina imithetho engenhla yokuvuna nokugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa. Ezindaweni ezinokutheleleka kakhulu, ukutshalwa kabusha kwesitshalo kungenzeka kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-7.
Uyazi? Ngokwemininingwane ye-Main State Inspectorate of Plant Protection yase-Ukraine, ngo-1996, zonke izindawo zokutshala amazambane ezindaweni zomakhaya nasezinkampanini zezolimo zasendaweni yaseLviv zathinteka ngesikhumba. Kwakuyindawo yokukhula okujulile kwefungi. Idatha yakamuva yokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa 17 - 24%.
Isiliva sesiliva
Lesi sifo sibangelwa ukubukeka kwe-fungus Helminthosporium solani, echaphazela kuphela uhlanga lwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Esikhathini sokuqala, izimpungushe zingenakuthola, futhi njengoba i-mycelium isakazeka, isikhumba siba mnyama. Izitshalo ezinjalo ziyizifo ezincane ezithathelwanayo kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Uma izithelo ezithelelekile zingena embonweni wokutshala, amahlumela abuthakathaka abaphilayo azokhula kuwo.
Emva kwenkathi ekhulayo, kulawa, ukuvunwa nakho kungenzeka, kepha kuzoba nethonya elikhulu nakakhulu. Qonda ukuthi isikhunta esinama-parasitic siphila esitshalweni sezimpande, ungakwazi ngokushesha ukuvuna, ubheke ngokucophelela amaphutha amazambane. Ukuyikhipha emhlabathini, ungabona izindawo eziluhlaza ezihlukahlukene.
Ngentwasahlobo, zizobonisa izintambo ezicacile nesiliva esiliva, okuwumphumela wezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxoshwa kwezicubu nokufinyelela kwe-oksijeni emithonjeni eyakhiwe. Ezimweni lapho kukhona ukutheleleka okukhulu, igobolondo eliphezulu lezithelo likhubazekile kakhulu, lilahlekelwa umswakama.
Izimo eziduduzayo zokuthuthukiswa kocingo lwesiliva kumazambane zibhekwa njengento encane yokugcina nokugcina izinga lokushisa. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwengxabano yesifo, ihora elingu-+15 ° C lanele. Ku-3 ° C, akukho amakhowe akhiqizwa.
Futhi, uzoba nesithakazelo sokwazi ngezifungicides ezizosiza ukususa lezi zifo: "I-Ordan", "Trichodermin", "Abiga-Peak", "Titus", "Kvadris", "Skor", "Strobe".
Izindlela zokulwa nesiliva zesiliva zendabuko, njengamazikhathi ezedlule zezifo ze-bacterial and fungal. Zihlukile ngaphandle kokusaphazamisa imbewu yamazambane. I-Agronomists icebisa ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa: "Vivatak 200", "Fundazol", "Maxim", "Bontan", "Titusim", "Nitrafen", "Tekto 45". I-Protravka kufanele yenziwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqoqa izimpande.
I-Black Scab (i-Rhizoctoniosis)
Uma kuqhathaniswa nesiliva ne-scab ejwayelekile, i-rhizoctoniosis ayithinti kuphela izilimo eziyizigaxa kuphela, kodwa isitshalo sonke. Lesi sifo sibonakala kusuka kuma-substrates one-infathogens, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo. Lesi sikhumba esikhwameni sabantu abamnyama sihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane futhi sisongela kakhulu izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe ezweni elibandayo.
Izitshalo ezincane zezizinda ezigulayo zincane kakhulu futhi zicindezelekile. Amachashazi amnyama afakwe emifinini yemifino, elula futhi ehlanganisa ndawonye.
Kulezi ziqu, lesi sifo siboniswa izilonda ezinsundu, ezihlanganiswa nokuziqhakaza okumhlophe endaweni engezansi, kanye nokuqothulwa kwezimpande. Ukusabalala kwe-spores ye-fungal kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuvuna nokuyibhubhisa ngokuphelele emiphongolweni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kunomthelela emakhazeni futhi kumanzi. Ngakho-ke, for prophylaxis, ungasheshi ukutshala amazambane, vumela inhlabathi ukushisa up futhi balahlekelwe umswakama ngokweqile. Hlola kahle izimpande zembewu, ukulahla amasampuli anegciwane.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, ukwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo nge "Fundazol", "Prestigem" noma "Maxim" kubalulekile. Ukushintshwa kwezitshalo ngesikhathi esivunyiwe, ukuqedwa kweziqongo zomuthi ngaphambi kokuvuna nokutshala izinsalela emva kwalokhu, ukutshala umhlabathi kuphela ngendaba ephilayo engaphezulu kakhulu.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ukwandise isivuno, njalo eminyakeni engama-4, amazambane kufanele abuyekezwe, anikeze izintandokazi ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo, ezingenasifo zokukhethwa kweDutch.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuhluma imbewu yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphansi kwelanga, ngoba amahlumela avela ebumnyameni abhekene ne-scab emnyama kuqala. Izihlahla ezigulayo, abakwa-agrochemists bayelulekwa ukuba baphathe izidakamizwa ezinamandla: "Ditan M-45", "Kolfugo", "Mancozeb", "Fenoram super."
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ulondoloze amazambane anempilo kusukela esihlakalweni somswakama omnyama, kunconywa ukuba uhlele ukuvunwa kokuqala kwezithelo.
I-Alternaria (i-spotting eyomile)
I-Alternaria amazambane abangelwa amakhowe we-genre Alternaria, asetshenziselwa isimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo. Ungabona imidwebo yomsebenzi wabo kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvuna kwesitshalo. I-Symptomatology ikhulume ngaphambi kokuvuna kwezitshalo zezimpande. Lesi sifo sibonakala emaqabunga, amahlumela, okungajwayelekile ukuthi amakhowe aphethe izilimo eziyizigaxa. Kumele uxwayiswe ngamagatsha abuhlaza obomvu noma obunxantathu obuvela emaqabungeni noma ematheni.
I-Mycelium idluliselwa kalula ngosizo lomoya, igciwane ezindaweni ezintsha zensimu. Kule ndawo ingozi ye-Alternaria isifo samaqabunga amazambane. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukugxilwa okugxile kwempikiswano. Ukwakheka kwazo kukhuthazwa yizinguquko eziningi ezimweni ezimanzi nezomile, ukuntuleka komswakama, izimo zenhlabathi ezimbi, ukungabi khona kwe-potassium ne-nitrogen, nokudlula kwe-phosphorus.
Izithelo ezincane zitholwa yi-fungus, zihlangana nokumba, futhi zivuthiwe uma zinezinkinga nezinye izinto ezilimazayo. Ukubhubhisa isikhunta esivusa ukubonakala okumile, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqeda imithombo eyinhloko emhlabathini. Lokhu kwenziwa ekwindla ekwindla ukulima. Imibhede namazambane esikhathini esizayo kufanele ibekwe ngokusemandleni kunamatamatisi, ngoba i-Alternaria iyingozi kuwo wonke umuntu.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele zihlolwe ngokucophelela, zilahle izicucu ezinobuso obumnyama noma obunundu futhi zibe nezindawo ezincane ezinama-concave ngamaphethelo angafani kodwa abukhali. Amahlumela abalulekile kubalulekile ukutshala ngesikhathi. Uma nje ubona izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo, masinyane uphefa lesi sitshalo nganoma iyiphi i-fungicide. Ukucubungula okuphindaphindiwe kunconywa ukuthi kuncike ngesilinganiso sokutheleleka kanye nesenzo sesikhathi eside sesidakamizwa esisetshenzisiwe.
Ukukhipha imishanguzo kungcono okwenziwe kahle endaweni epholile futhi encane, kungase kube sezulu sezulu. Iphesenti yokuvuna kwakho kuncike ekulandeleni imithetho yokuvuna nokuyigcina emiphongolweni. Indlela yokwenza kahle, sesivele sikhulume ngenhla.
Abanye balimi bahlanganyela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokutshala izinhlobo ezingahambisani nokunye. Isibonelo: "Lina", "Neva", "ukunqoba", "inganekwane", "indawo", "lyubava", "skoroplodnaya", "volzhanka", "master".
Uyazi? Abalimi baseSpain benqabe ngenhlanhla ukuhlakulela amazambane kuphela ngokuthi izimpande zazesaba abantu babo, abafana nezinkolelo zabo.
Umdlavuza wezambatho
Lesi sifo sokuhlukanisa i-fungal, esibangelwa ama-microbes, ngenxa yemisebenzi yezilimo eziyizigaxa eziwonakele ezingavunyelwe ukuba zihanjiswe ezindaweni zazo zokukhula. Ama-pathogens asakazeka ezimpandeni nasesimisweni sezimpande zesitshalo. I-Cancer ibonisa ukukhula ngesakhiwo se-wavy esifana ne-cauliflower. 
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zakhiwo zikhuphuka, zishintsha imibala, zithuthela endaweni yezimpande zamatshe neziqu. Esikhathini sokugcina sokuthuthukiswa, baba mnyama nge-putrid surface eshelelayo. Ama-spores asuswa kalula ezintweni ezinempilo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zobuningi bomhlabathi obuphezulu. Ziwela emhlabathini ngosizo lwemishini yokusebenza, izilwane kanye nomquba, zihlala zingasebenza iminyaka emine.
Ukuze ususe inkinga yezithelo neziphezu ezithelelekile, uthele i-parafini, i-bleach noma i-formalin bese ugcwala okungenani imitha engama-1. Ngokunye, abanye abalimi banikela ngokushisa zonke izitshalo eziphethwe yize, nakuba amazambane asaphila awanakulungele imbewu, ngoba ungumthengisi wezinambuzane. Lezi zilimo eziyizigaxa zisetshenziswe kangcono ngezinjongo zokudla.
Ukuze kuvikelwe ukusabalala kwamasiphasitiki emkhakheni wonke, kunconywa ukuba usilondoloze umhlabathi nge-bleach futhi uhlwanyele izitshalo zokusanhlamvu kuwo noma ushiye ngaphansi kwesithameli endaweni lapho kubonakala khona indawo. Iminyaka emihlanu, ama-mbatata e-mbatata angakwazi ukunqoba izinhlobo eziphikisanayo, njengokuthi: "Pavlinka", "Lvovskaya Belaya", "Baranovsky", "Iskra", "Zorka", "Yellow Yellow", "Smachny", "Spark", "Temp" , "Vilia".
Yiqiniso, ukuthengwa kwezinto zembewu kwenziwa kuphela ezindaweni ezikhethekile. Ngaphambi kokutshala, hlola izilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa - ngaphansi komhlabathi unamathele emkhathini ungakwazi ukufihla umdlavuza we-cancer. Izithako ze-Organic nezamaminerali zifaka isandla ekukhululweni kwenhlabathi kuma-microbes ezithathelwanayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umquba uhamba kahle nge-perepel. Izindlela zokulawula umdlavuza wamakhemikhali zitholakala kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondwa kokuhlolwa kokuhlukaniswa kwesitshalo. 
Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhulile ezindaweni ezithintekayo ngumdlavuza zingasetshenziswa nge-disinfected ngokusebenzisa ukumiswa okungu-1% kwe-Fundazole.
Ukubola okumile (iFusarium)
Izizathu zokubola omile zivela kumazambane ziyiziphambeko ezimbi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nenhlabathi engathandeki, kanye nokulimala komshini nokulondoloza okungalungile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ebusika. I-Symptomatology yalesi sifo ibonakala ngokucacile kulezi zilimo eziyizigaxa njengamabala amnyama ase-marsh-brown, okuyinto ekugcineni iguquke zibe amazinyo angajulile. Isikhumba ezindaweni ezithintekile sishayekile, ukumbozwa kwe-pubescent kubonakala. Isithombe esifanayo ngaphakathi kwe-fetus.
Izihlahla zalesi sitshalo ngesikhathi kuthuthukiswa iFusarium ziqala ukuphela, zinciphisa iziqu futhi zilahlekelwe amandla. Uma usika ihlumela eligulayo, ungabona indandatho emnyama endaweni lapho leli blade lidlula khona.
Ukuze ubhubhise i-fungi ephilile i-pathogenic, kunconywa ukuba ulandele ngokuqinile imithetho ye-agrotechnology nokugcina isivuno esivunyiwe, ukutshala izinto eziphezulu kuphela, uvikele amazambane ekushusweni nasekusikeni ngesikhathi sokuvuna, futhi njalo ngonyaka utshale i-tuber yokugqoka nge-fungicides (isib. Maxim, Prestige). 
Ukuphazamisa okwesikhashana
Isifo esinjalo sefungal of amazambane njengesilimala sekwephuzile kubhekwa njengento engavumelani kakhulu kulo lonke uhlu lwezifo. Ithinta sonke isitshalo ngokuphelele, kodwa ibonakala ngokuyinhloko emaqabunga ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwezihlahla. Ukuze ufunde mayelana nokubukeka kwesibindi kungase kube namabala anemibala asundu awakhiwe ngaphansi kweqabunga lamaqabunga futhi, ekhulayo, agubungele isitshalo nge-carpet eqhubekayo enombala eneqhwa elimhlophe. Esikhathini sesitshalo saleso sifo kunika umdwebo omude wombala omnyama. Isitshalo esinjalo asikwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokugcwele, siqala inqubo yokubola.
Izimo ezithandekayo zokuthi kwenzeke ukulimala okulethwa yisikhathi kunomswakama ophezulu ngemuva kwemvula ende, isimo sezulu esifudumele kanye nokungabi nomoya omuhle. Lapho isimo sesimo sezulu sivuselela futhi inhlabathi iyoma, amakhowe ayayeka ukusebenza. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi unqobe lesi sifo, ngoba emva kokuqala imvula lesi sifo sizoqala ukuqhubeka. 
Ukuze ukwelaphe isiko, ngaphandle kwezindlela zendabuko, ukulima nokulondoloza kahle izitshalo, kudingekile ukuthi ekuboniseni kokuqala kokulimaza okuphuzile, ukuphalaza izihlahla nge-boron mix, Oksikhom noma iPolkhoy. Ezinye izakhamuzi zasehlobo zokuvimbela indawo yokubhuka kwezobuchwepheshe obudumile, izikhathi eziyisithupha zokuphatha i-tincture yamahlamvu ka-garlic. Qala le nqubo ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza bese uphinda njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-14.
Ukulungiswa kwezinto zembewu kubalulekile. Ngaphezu kokuhluma nokwehlisa konke okungafaneleki, izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele ziphathwe nge-Fitosprin, boric acid noma i-sulfate yethusi. Inhlabathi ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe entwasahlobo nasekwindla, futhi, ihlolwe ngamalungiselelo angenhla.
Uyazi? Ngekhulu lama-17, amaFulentshi aqala imfashini ukuhlobisa izingubo nama-wigs ngezimbali zamazambane izimbali. Kuleli zwe, lesi sitshalo sekuyisikhathi eside sihlwanyelwa njengendlela yokuhlobisa.
Amazambane fomoz
Ama-pathogens fomoz angena ezimpandeni zama-stems nama-stlony amazambane, abe nomthelela omubi kubo. Kubonakaliswe izindawo ezinama-shapeless ezixubile, ezigcwele amachashazi ensundu.
Ngezinga lentuthuko, izinhlamvu ze-fungal ziveza amahlumela futhi azivumeli isiko ukuba sikhule. Izihlahla ezichaphazelekayo zihlukile ekulahlekelweni okunempilo kwe-color saturation yamahlamvu kanye nokuphila. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo, lesi sitshalo sizofa. Ezilimo zezitshalo ze-tuber, izimpawu ze-phomosis zivezwa ngesimo sezilonda, esakazeka ku-6 cm. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikhala ezijulile zivela ezindaweni ezithintekile. Ama-specimens afanayo agcinwe emiphongolweni, khuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-mycelium. Zibuye zihambisane nezinsalela zokuvuna emva kokuvuna kanye nokhula olulahliwe ensimini.
Sekuvele kungenakwenzeka ukusindisa amazambane anesifo, kepha kufanelekile ukulwa nezidumbu emkhakheni nasenzweni. Ngalokhu, imbewu ekwazi ukuhlwanyela imbewu ngokubuyiswa kwamazambane emva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, ukukhethwa okuphawulekayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo zokutshala nokuhluma elangeni, kanye nokwelashwa okutshalwe ngaphambili ku-Fundazol kubalulekile.
I-Potato isifo segciwane
Izinambuzane ezinobungozi zezifo ezithathelwanayo zamazambane zibangelwa ukulimala kwezitshalo kancane kancane, kufana nesibhomu sesikhathi. Eminyakeni yokuqala, indlela yokuziphilisa yabo ingaphenduki, kepha esikhathini esizayo bayabhubhisa kuze kube ngu-50% wezithelo. Ama-Colorado, ama-aphid, ama-cicadas nezinye izinambuzane zisebenza njengabathwali bezifo ezinjalo. Futhi futhi kungenzeka ukutheleleka ekusebenziseni izitshalo zezimpande. Masihlale phezu kwezifo ezivame kakhulu ezivela kuma-virus.
Mosaic ovamile
Kuyashukunyiswa kanyekanye ngamagciwane amaningana. Kulezi zimo ezinhle kakhulu ukufakwa kanye nokutholakala kwezinambuzane eziyingozi engadini. Ivela emaqabunga amancane anamaqabunga ahlaza okungaqondakali ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhamba okunjalo kukhanya futhi kufinyeleleke kuwo wonke amahlathi.
Kubalulekile! Ama-virus awaqothuli ensimini, uma uchitha amagciwane ngokutshala ngotshani obuthakathaka noma imikhiqizo yobisi. Isixazululo silungiswa ngokulingana no 1 indebe ngamalitha ayishumi amanzi.
Umdwebo odibeneyo
Uma usulelekile, amaqabunga amathisipula ahlwanyelayo avuleka, enza uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlayiya. Zibangelwa ukuphuma okuncane kwemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu emva kokulima amazambane anesifo, uzobona ukuthi izitshalo zizalwe kanjani zibe zincane ngezingxenye ezingasetshenziswanga amahlamvu kanye neziqu ezincane kakhulu. Lesi sihlahla asikwazi ukubopha amahlumela futhi sinike izithelo. Uzoqeda inkathi yakhe ekhulayo inyanga ngaphambi kwezibonelo ezinempilo.
Umdwebo oqoshiwe
Ngomdwebo ohlotshisiwe, izici zesici ziyizinhlayizi zemibala, okuyiyokuqala, ezivela kumacwecwe amaqabunga aphansi naphakathi. Kamuva, imivimbo emnyama kanye nokubonakala emithanjeni yenziwa ezindaweni ezithintekayo. Amaqabunga aphuka kalula, aphephe ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ahlala phansi ngaphandle kokuphila, evala isitshalo ngaphambi kokuhluma. Overwintering pathogen empande imifino.
I-gothic ye-potato ye-tuber
Lesi sifo sitholakala nge-ingress ye-Vertenoid njengegciwane lesifo (i-IUCS), mayelana nokuthi libizwa nangokuthi "i-verteblasti". I-microbe eyingozi iyabonakala yi-deformation yezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukuwohloka kokunambitheka kwabo kanye nesethulo. Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezigulayo agxilile kakhulu, amancane kakhulu, aqala ngokungalungile. Emaphethelweni, amaqabunga anjalo anomthunzi we-anthocyanin. Izitshalo ezigulayo zikhula kabi, zigugile emva kokukhula, futhi umbala ulahlekile ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinhlobonhlobo ezibomvu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpande zezitshalo zikhula ezincane ngobukhulu obufana ne-spindle.
Uyazi? Ama-virus we-PLPV nama-PVY abhekwa njengama-virusi ayingozi kakhulu futhi asakazeka kabanzi, okwehlisa isisindo, ubuningi kanye nokuqina kwezilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa, okubulala okungenani u-80% wesitshalo.
I-Potato tuber necrosis
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-necrosis kumazambane kuqala ngokuwela emhlabathini kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zegciwane lesigwayi sogwayi (I-cigarette rattle virus), okunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-starch futhi iholela ezitsheni ze-necrosis. Izici zezifo zalesi sifo yizinkomba ezincane zokukhanya ezihlanganisa amaqabunga, ukuchithwa kwe-inflorescences, amabala amnyama angama-necrotic ezimpandeni, okuvame ukugoqela emigqeni ekhanda, ama-arcs noma amasongo.
Ukusakazeka kakhulu kwaleli gciwane kutholakala ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi nezomanzi. Namuhla ayikho isidakamizwa sezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane amazambane, okuzoxazulula ngokushesha inkinga. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ungalokothi ulahlekelwe isitshalo sonke, uma kukhona ukutheleleka kwesandulela ngculaza okufakwe ohlwini, qala ngokushesha ukuhlanza i-phyto, ukuyiphindaphinda njalo uze ususe zonke izitshalo ezithintekayo.
Qinisekisa ukuthi ayikho ukhula nezimpande engadini. Izinambuzane zisiza ukuqeda izinambuzane (Aktara, Aktellik, Bi-58 New). Kuyinto efiselekayo kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinto zokutshala izinga, ukulahla izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinamahlumela ama-filamentous.
