I-mulberry (morus) isihlahla esiqabulayo esivela emndenini kaMulberry. Yaziwa nangokuthi isihlahla kamalibhele nesihlahla sikabhele. Lesi sitshalo sihlwanyelwa ngempumelelo ezindaweni zezulu ezishisayo nakuma-subtropics. Indawo yemvelo iyisikhathi esichichimayo saseNyakatho Melika, e-Afrika nase-Asia. Lesi sitshalo sathandwa kakhulu ngenxa yamajikijolo esihlwabusayo nesinoshukela. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukuhlobisa isiza, ukwelashwa kanye nezinjongo zezimboni. Futhi-ke, ingamahlamvu kamalibhele asebenza njengokuphakelwa kwe-silkworm - "umkhiqizi" kasilika.
Incazelo yezitshalo
Kamalibhele - isihlahla esiqabayo ngomqhele osasazekayo. Imvamisa ikhula ingabi ngaphezu kuka-10-15 m ukuphakama. Ukukhula okuphezulu kakhulu konyaka kutholakala esemncane. Phakathi kwama-mulberry kukhona ama-Centenarians wangempela. Izinhlobo zomuntu ngamunye zikhula iminyaka engama-200-500.
Amagatsha Amancane ambozwe ngegxolo elibushelelezi elimnyama, okuthi, njengoba iminyaka ikhulile, iqhekeke kakhulu futhi ihlafunwe. On the amahlumela, amaqabunga petiolate olandelayo ifomu enomzimba noma ovoid ikhula. Umphezulu wawo ocwebezelayo ugcwele inetha lokukhululeka, imithambo ekhanyayo futhi ipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani. Imiphetho yamahlamvu ihlangene, kanti uhlangothi lwe-flip light, matte. Ubude beshidi ngu-7-15 cm.
Maphakathi nentwasahlobo, ama-mulberry aqhakaza ngama-buds angaqapheleki, angaqashelwa anama-stamens amade. Baqoqwe ngama-spikelets aminyene amfushane futhi afana namabhulashi e-fluffy elenga emilenzeni eguqukayo. Imilayoni ingaba yisitshalo se-monoecious ne-dioecious. Izinhlobo zooecious zinezinduna zodwa, izihlahla eziyinyumba (kamalibhele) kanye nowesifazane.
Ukungcola kwenzeka ngosizo lwezinambuzane nomoya. Ngemuva kwayo, izithelo zesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ziyavuthwa. Egatsheni elifushane kukhona imigqomo eminingi eminyene ecindezelwe komunye nomunye. Ubude bezithelo ezingamasentimitha ayi 2-5. Umbala waso onsomi-omnyama, obomvu noma omhlophe okhilimu. Izithelo ziyadliwa, zinambitheka kamnandi futhi omuncu nephunga elimnandi kakhulu, elimnandi. Ubungako bamaqabunga nezithelo zikamumbhele kuncike kakhulu esimweni sezulu nasekuvundeni kwenhlabathi. Eningizimu, zi-oda lobukhulu obukhulu kunasemgwadweni ophakathi nendawo (ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni saseMoscow).
Izinhlobo zika-Kamalibhele
Mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ze-botany, kukhona impikiswano. Imithombo ehlukahlukene ikhombisa ukuthi uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-17-200.
Kamalibhele omnyama (m. Negro). Umuthi ukhula ngo-10-13 m ukusuka emhlabathini. Umqhele wawo omnyama umbozwe ngamaqabunga amakhulu ama-ovoid angama-10- 20 cm ubude no-6- 10 cm.I-Drupes emnyama onsomi imnandi futhi i-oblong - cishe ubude be-2-3 cm. Izinhlobo:
- I-Kherson - emelana neqhwa, isihlahla esiphansi esinezihlahla ezinkulu (3.5 cm), amajikijolo amnandi;
- I-Black Baroness - isihlahla esingamelana nesithwathwa sivele simboziwe ngoJuni ngamajikijolo amakhulu, amnandi;
- Intombazane enesikhumba esimnyama - umuthi omude, omfushane unikeza amajikijolo amnyama namnandi omuncu;
- I-Staromoskovskaya - izithelo ezimnandi ezimnyama-ezinobala u-3 cm zikhula esihlahleni eside enomqhele ovulekile.
Umbhele omhlophe (m. Alba). Umuthi omfushane, omude umbozwe ngamagxolo ansundu. Emagatsheni amancanyana, amaqabunga obubanzi noma abanzi wesundu anamaphethelo angena ngaphakathi akhula. Ubude bamaqabunga buyi-5-15 cm. Amahlumela athelayo athunqisiwe afaniswa nalawo anezihlahla. Lezi zitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo ziyaqhakaza ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, futhi zithela izithelo ngoMeyi-Juni. Izithelo (izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo) ziyi-cylindrical ngesimo futhi zinombala omhlophe noma opinki. Ubude bawo bufika ku-4 cm. Ukunambitheka kunamanzi amaningi, kunoshukela-kunoshukela. Izinhlobo:
- UGolide - amahlumela namahlamvu entwasahlobo apendwe ngombala wegolide;
- Uju olumhlophe - isihlahla esisakazeka kakhulu sinikeza isivuno esikhulu sezithelo ezinoshukela-iqhwa elimhlophe cishe ngo-3 cm;
- IVictoria - umuthi omfishane unikeza amajikijolo amnandi, anamanzi cishe 5 cm ubude;
- Ukhula kamalibhele - izinhlobonhlobo zokuhlobisa ezinezimbobo eziguqukayo, ezikhipha imivimbo zikhula ziye kumamitha ayi-5.
Kamalibhele obomvu (m. Rubra). Ukubuka kumelana nesithwathwa. Izwe lakubo yiNyakatho Melika. Isitshalo asisikhulu ngobukhulu, kepha siyabukeka impela. Amaqabunga amise okwenhliziyo noma alayishwe amakhasi angama-7-14 cm ubude nama-6-12 cm ububanzi anomumo we-asymmetric. Zipendwe ziluhlaza okukhanyayo. Maphakathi nehlobo, isivuno sombala onsomi ompunga omnandi kakhulu uvuthwa sibe ngu-2-3 cm ubude. Ngaphandle, izithelo zalolu hlobo oluthile ziyafana namajikijolo.
Izindlela zokuzala
Imabhele isakazeka kalula, ngakho lapho sikhula kusuka kubalimi, abukho ubunzima. Ungasebenzisa imbewu nezindlela zemifino.
Ekusakazweni kwembewu, kusetshenziswa imbewu entsha, evuniwe, ehlutshiwe neyomisiwe. Izitshalo zikhiqizwa ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ngokushesha emhlabathini ovulekile. Zonke imbewu zidinga stratation. Ngokuhlwanyelwa ekwindla, kuzokwenzeka e-vivo, entwasahlobo kuzodingeka ukuthi pre-imbewu imbewu amasonto ama-4-6 esiqandisini. Ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu iphathwa ngevuseleli amahora amaningi (Zircon, Epin). Ngokuhlwanyela, khetha indawo evulekile nelanga. Yenza imifino ngokujula kwama-3-5 cm, lapho izinto zokutshala zingavamisile ukubekwa khona. Umbhede umbozwe umhlaba futhi uhlanganiswe ungqimba oluwugqinsi. Lapho inhlabathi ifudumala, kuzovela amahlumela. Ukuzinakekela kubandakanya ukhula ojwayelekile, ukuthambisa nomanyolo. Maphakathi nekwindla, izithombo zizokhula ngokwanele ukuthuthwa kokuqala ngebanga elingama-3-5 m. Lokhu kuzogwema ukubamba izimpande. Ukuthatha izithelo kwenzeka ngemuva kweminyaka engama-5-6.
Njengoba izinhlamvu eziguquguqukayo zingagcinwanga ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwembewu, izindlela zokusabalalisa kwezinambuzane zithandwa kakhulu:
- Ukusika kwe-midzi NgoJuni-Julayi, amahlumela aluhlaza asikwa ubude be-15-20 cm ngamaqabunga ayi-2-3. Ukutshala kwenziwa ku-greenhouse. Amahlumela abekwa ngokudabukisayo kumuntu ongaba ngu-3 cm. Amaqabunga ama-1-2 anepuleti lephepha elisikiwe ashiywe kulawo asikiwe. Isihluthulelo sokubamba kahle umswakama ophezulu. Ngokufanelekile, uma kukhona i-sprayer ku-greenhouse edala ukumiswa okumanzi (inkungu). NgoSepthemba, izimpande ezithuthukile zizovela futhi amahlumela azoqala ukukhula. Ukufakwa emhlabathini ovulekile kuhlelwa intwasahlobo elandelayo.
- Izimpande inzalo. Umuthi ngamunye ngezikhathi ezithile unikeza amahlumela ase-basal. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuzala. Isithombo esikhulisiwe esivela kubude obuyi-0.5 m maphakathi nentwasaha siyumbiwa, sizama ukuthi singalimazi izimpande, sitshalwe endaweni entsha. Ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha, amagatsha ancishiswa okwesithathu.
- Ukugoma. Izitshalo zokuhlobisa ezijwayelekile zivame ukufakwa esitokisini esitholakala ezitshalweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wonke amahlumela asuswa ku-isiphunzi, futhi izigaba ze-oblique zenziwa ku-scion nge-2 efihlekile. Ahlanganiswe futhi ahlanganiswe ngetheyipu ekhethekile. Inqubo yokusikisela ivame ukuphela ezinyangeni ezi-1-2. Ngemuva kwalokho, itheyipu iyasuswa. Ngokuzayo, kubalulekile ukusika wonke amagatsha aphansi akhula esitokisini. Indlela ikuvumela ukuthi uqoqe izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukahlukene esitshalweni esisodwa, wakhetha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuna kwe-melange."
Ukuhamba nokunakekela
Kungcono ukuhlela ukutshala kamalibhele engxenyeni yokuqala yekwindla, khona-ke kuzoba nesikhathi sokujwayela indawo entsha, bese kuthi ngemuva kokuqala ubusika kuyoqala ukukhula. Abanye bazilolonga ngokutshala kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokugeleza kokuthambisa. Lapho uthenga izithombo ezinkulisa, kufanele kunikezwe izitshalo ezineminyaka emi-4 ubudala. Uma sezivele sezithele izithelo, kulula ukunquma ngesibonakaliso sowesilisa noma sowesifazane.
Imabhele iyisitshalo se-thermophilic ne-Photophilous, kepha idinga ukuvikelwa okuhle emisebenzini ebandayo. Inhlabathi kumele ibe ngeyikhululekile futhi ivundile. I-saline, inhlabathi enesihlabathi noma esishisayo ayifanele, njengoba kunjalo ukusondela kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba.
Emavikini langu-2-3 ngembikwekutshala, bamba imbobo ngebudze nangebudze bemasentimitha langu-50. Umquba lobolile noma umanyolo nge-superphosphate ungeniswa masinyane emhlabathini ompofu. Ingqimba yomhlaba ojwayelekile ithululelwa phezu komanyolo ukuze ungashisi izimpande. Lapho utshala nezimpande, inhlama yakudala yobumba iyachotshozwa, futhi izinsalela zigcwele inhlabathi entsha. Lapho usuqedile ukwenza umsebenzi, kuthululelwa amabhakede amabili amanzi ngaphansi kwesihlahla, bese ingaphakathi lifakwe. Izithombo ezincane, ezacile ziyaboshwa.
Esikhathini esizayo, ukunakekela ama-mulberry kwehla ukuzothukulula, ukuchelela kanye nokufaka umquba. Kaningi kuyadingeka ukunisela izihlahla ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nezithelo, kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukwazi isilinganiso, ngaphandle kwalokho amajikijolo azoba manzi kakhulu. Kusukela maphakathi nehlobo, ukuthambisa kudingeka kuphela ngesomiso isikhathi eside.
Ngo-Ephreli-Juni, izikhathi ezi-1-2, ama-mululosi avundiswa ngamanyolo aqukethe i-nitrogen. Engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, izingoma ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-potassium ne-phosphorus kuyathandwa.
Umbuthano odilizwayo uyathukululwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuze kufike ekujuleni kwefosholo le-bayonet, futhi nokhula nalo luyasuswa.
Indima ebalulekile idlalwa ngokuthenwa kamalibhele. Entwasahlobo, amagatsha aqhekekile eqandisiwe ayasuswa. Uma izitshalo zitshalwe ukuvunwa, kunconywa ukuba uzenze ngendlela yesihlahla noma isihlahla esifushane, khona-ke ukukha amajikijolo kuzoba lula. Imabhele ikubekezelela ukuthena kahle kakhulu futhi ilulame ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ungesabi ukukhipha okweqile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, umqhele uncipha futhi uvuselelwe, ususe ngokuphelele amagatsha ama-1-2 amadala aze afike kwesithathu amahlumela asele. Ngokuthenwa kwekwindla, amagatsha omile, amadala, kanye namagatsha anesifo futhi aphukile ayasuswa. Esikhathini esifanayo, amancanyana kakhulu, hhayi amahlumela avuthiwe kufanele asuswe.
Imabhele iyamelana nezifo zezitshalo kahle. Kepha lapho utshala endaweni emanzi kakhulu, ungahlushwa i-Powdery isikhutha, amabala ansundu, i-bacteriosis kanye nama-curls amancane. Imvamisa i-mushroom kamalibhele iyakha phezu kwayo. Insindiso enhle kakhulu kuzoba ukwelashwa ngama-fungicides (i-Silite, i-sulfate yethusi, i-Cytoflavin).
Ngezikhathi ezithile, lesi sihlahla sihlaselwa izinambuzane (inundu kamalibhele, isicabucabu mite, uvemvane omhlophe waseMelika). Ama-insecticides azosiza ukubhekana nazo, futhi izindlela zokwelapha zenziwa njalo ngezinjongo zokuthibela kusuka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Izinzuzo kanye nokuphikisana
Izithelo, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela amasha kamalibhele aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezisebenzayo ngokusebenza:
- amavithamini (A, C, E, K neqembu B);
- ama-macrocell (P, Mg, Ca, K, Na);
- ukulandelela izinto (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn);
- antioxidants.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamajikijolo amasha kusiza ukuvumelanisa zonke izinqubo emzimbeni. Banomphumela onenzuzo ohlelweni lokujikeleza, banomthelela ekuphumeni kokuphuma kwamanzi, bakhuphule umfutho wegazi noshukela. Ukugcina amajikijolo isikhathi eside, ayomiswa noma aqandisiwe, abilisiwe ewayinini nasemhlabathini noshukela. Umphumela wezithelo zomuthi ofanayo ephepheni lokugaya ukudla unezinto ezimbili. Amajikijolo angavuthiwe aqinisa isihlalo, futhi asivuthiwe futhi namanzi - abamba iqhaza ku-liquefaction yayo. I-decoction of monsters calms, isiza ukubhekana nengcindezi nokuqwasha. Ubuye abuyisele umzimba emuva kokuzivocavoca kanzima komzimba.
Ungasebenzisi izithelo kuphela, kepha namahlamvu namagxolo. Zivunwa ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, bese kwenziwa ama-infusions kanye nama-decoctions. Banomphumela omuhle wokulindela. Ngokungafani namajikijolo, amaqabunga namahlumela kunciphisa ushukela wegazi kanye nomfutho wegazi ophansi.
Njengoba kunjalo, umalibhele alunazo iziphikisi, kepha-ke, zingalimaza abantu abathambekele kulwelwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamajikijolo kuholela kuhudo.
