Izifo ze-anyanisi: Ungasiza Kanjani Isitshalo

Ngaphandle kokubuka kwamanje ukuthi kulula ukukhulisa u-anyanisi, iqiniso libonisa ukuthi lokhu kukude impela. Akugcini lapho ifuneka ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi kanye nezimo zomswakama, u-anyanisi unesibalo esikhulu sezifo, okungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubhekana nazo. Izitshalo zika-anyanisi zivame ukugula ikakhulukazi ezinhlabathini ezinobumba olunamanzi ezifakwe umanyolo we-nitrogen.

Izifo ze-anyanisi

Anyanisi kungokwalabo izitshalo, ukutshala okukude kuzo zonke izingadi, futhi udinga ukucabanga ngobungozi obuhambisana nokuthi kungenzeka ukutshala izifo zombili izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Lokhu kusebenza ku-anyanisi otshalwe kuma-turnips, kanye nakulezo zinhlobonhlobo ezimpaphe zazo eziluhlaza zibalulekile zenzuzo yokudla.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlobo lwezifo, zazo inqwaba, luhlukile, singacabanga ukuthi izindlela zokwelashwa kwazo ziyefana. Ngakho-ke, izifo ezibangelwa ukhunta, ezikhathaza kakhulu izimo zomswakama ophezulu, zingalashwa ngenani elilinganiselwe lezidakamizwa, uma uqala ukuzenza ngesikhathi. Izifo ezingamagciwane, njengomthetho, azelashwa, izitshalo ezinesifo kufanele zichithwe. Kodwa-ke, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zingavinjelwa ngokulwa abasabalalisi bazo - izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane eziyingozi.

I-Powdery hlobo

I-Powdery hlobo iyimpawu yesifo hhayi kuphela i-anyanisi, futhi nezimpawu zayo ziyefana kuzo zonke izimo. Zingavela kakade ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo: ukuthola iminsalo yangemuva kokukhula kwamahlamvu, ngoba itshalwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo - kamuva nje. Kuvela amabala ophuzi emaqabungeni, kungekudala umbala wabo uphenduka ku-mauve, lesi simo sihambisana nokwakhiwa kokuhlanganiswa okuningana kwe-powdery emhlophe, okusikhumbuza ufulawa.

Le mipako, ebonakala kakhulu ekuseni, kancane kancane iba mnyama, iba nsundu-pink, amaqabunga aba buthaka, omile, ama-bulbs ayeke ukukhula. Ikakhulu kaningi, lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngotshani obukhulu, esimweni sezulu esineemvula, ngokuntuleka kwelanga.

Imvamisa imithombo yokutheleleka iyimbewu yembewu, ngakho-ke ukubulala amagciwane ngaphambi kokutshala kuyadingeka. Zombili izimbewu nembewu zingagcinwa kuphela emanzini atshisayo (40-42 º)) amahora angu-6, futhi ngisho nangcono - kusixazululo pinki se-potanganum permanganate. Ukwandisa isiqinisekiso sokungathathi hlangothi ngemuva kwalokhu, abanye abalimi basebenzisa ukwelashwa nge-biofungicides (njengeBactofit noma iPoliram).

Ngaphezu kokufaka izinto zokutshala, ukuvuna ngokuphelele imfucumfucu yesitshalo ngemuva kokumba u-anyanisi kanye nokumba ngokushesha kombhede kusiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-anyanisi konyaka olandelayo. Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo nakho kubalulekile kakhulu: kungcono ukushintsha indawo yombhede we-anyanisi minyaka yonke, kodwa uma ihlala endaweni eyodwa iminyaka engu-2-3, lapho-ke ithatha ikhefu isikhathi esifanayo. Isinyathelo esihle sokuvimbela ukusakazeka ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinkuni zomlotha emibhedeni ye-anyanisi, futhi kusuka kumakhemikhali - ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi yasekwindla ngamalungiselelo weHorus noma we-Oksikhom.

Uma lesi sifo siziveza, kuyadingeka ukuthi sinciphise kakhulu ukuthambisa futhi siyeke ukufaka umanyolo we-nitrogen, futhi siphathe u-anyanisi nenhlabathi ezungezile ngezixazululo ze-fungicides (ngokwesibonelo, i-Bordeaux liquid noma iPolycarbacin). Vele, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi udle u-anyanisi ngemuva kokwelashwa okunjalo maduze, futhi izimpaphe, mhlawumbe, azikufanele neze. Kodwa-ke, ama-bulbs angagcinwa uma ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngendlela yesikhathi.

I-Peronosporosis (Downy isikhutha)

Izimpawu ze-peronosporosis ziyafana nezimpawu ze-Powdery isikhutha: okokuqala, amafomu okunwebeka okumpunga onsomi ezimpaphe. Kamuva, amaqabunga ayonakalisiwe, abe mnyama futhi omile. Kulokhu, sonke isitshalo siba buthaka, okungaholela ekufeni: ama aqala ukubola. Lesi sifo sisakazeka ngokushesha engadini. Ingaziveza cishe inyanga eyodwa ngemuva kokuqala kwezimpaphe regrowth, izinto ezifanayo zinomthelela kuyo njenge-realy Powy hlobo.

Nge-peronosporosis, konke kubukeka njenge-powdery hlobo, nezinyathelo zokulawula ziyefana.

Kokubili ukuvimbela kanye nokwelashwa kwalesi sifo cishe akufani nalokho okusesimweni se-powdery hlobo. I-Peronosporosis esiteji esingachaziwe iphathwa kahle nge-infusions yokhula ehlukahlukene (i-dandelion, i-nettle, njll.), Nayo engamanyolo. Ithuluzi elisebenzayo umuthi i-Ridomil Gold.

Ividiyo: ukulwa ne-peronosporosis ye-anyanisi

Grey noma ukubola komlomo wesibeletho

Ukubola kwesibeleko akuvamile ukuzibonakalisa ngqo engadini: lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma izimvula isikhathi eside zenzeka ngemuva kokufaka izimpaphe. Imvamisa, izimpawu zesifo ziqala ukubonakala cishe inyanga ngemuva kokuvunwa. Isibazi esisentanjeni siba manzi, siqale ukubola, futhi sizungeze ngokushesha sibambe wonke umthamo. I-husk imbozwe isikhunta grey, ngenxa yokuthi amalebe amanga nawo atheleleke ngaleli gciwane.

Njengoba i-ejenti ye-causative yesifo ingena kuma-bulbs ngokusebenzisa ukulimala kwemishini, isilinganiso esihle sokuvimbela ukubulala magciwane kommese osika ipeni ngokugqekeza ngesisombululo esimnyama se-potanganum permanganate.

Amabhuleki agcinwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nalezo ezinentamo ebanzi ikakhulukazi, zithinteka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukomiswa okufanele kwesilimo kubaluleke kakhulu: kufanele kuphele okungenani isonto elilodwa nohhafu emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-30 ^mayelanaC nomoya omncane wokuphefumula.

Ukubola komlomo wesibeletho kuqala kusuka phezulu, kodwa-ke lapho sekugcwele wonke ama-bulb rots

Kwamakhemikhali, iQuadrice kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa, okuthi isonto ngaphambi kokuvuna, balime inhlabathi embhedeni we-anyanisi. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwezithombo nge-fungicides, kanye nokuhlanza ngokuphelele konke ukhula nezinsalela zezitshalo, kubalulekile.

Isikhunta grey

Isikhunta grey yisifo fungal; isikhunta siyakwazi ukuthinta ama-bulbs nganoma yisiphi isikhathi: lokhu kungenzeka kokubili ngesikhathi sokukhula nobusika, ngesikhathi sokugcina isivuno. Ngokungafani nokubola okungwevu, lesi sifo asithinti intamo ye-bulb, kodwa sikhula kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye zaso. Imithombo yokutheleleka iyefana nasendabeni yokubola kwentamo. Izicubu ezithintwe yilokhu ukhunta ziba zinamandla, ziba ngamafu, zithole iphunga elinyanyekayo nombala ophuzi, zimbozwe ngombala onsomi. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukutheleleka ziyefana nakokubola kwentamo.

I-Fusarium (i-Fusarium rot yangaphansi)

Umthombo walesi sifo uhlala emhlabathini, ukutheleleka nge-anyanisi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula, kunomthelela kwisimo sezulu semvula, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zakamuva zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. Ukujikeleza kuqala kusukela ezingxenyeni ezingezansi ze-bulb, kufinyelela kuvuthondaba, isibani siba namanzi, izimpande namaqabunga avele ngokushesha. Icala kungenzeka lapho ukutheleleka kwenzeka, kodwa angabanga nesikhathi sokuzibonakalisa ngesikhathi sokuvuna; lapho-ke isibani sesizoqala ukubola ngesikhathi sesitoreji, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

Ukubola okuzenzakalelayo kuqala ezansi, bese kuya phezulu

Njengoba izinambuzane zifaka isandla ekuthelelekeni kweFusarium, yenze buthaka izitshalo, enye yezindlela zokuvimbela izifo ukubhujiswa kwezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izinhlobo zokuqala zika-anyanisi zitholakala kalula kwiFusarium, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokutshala kuqala imbewu enempilo. I-Thermal neutralization yayo ngaphambi kokwehla kuyadingeka. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukujikeleza kwezitshalo okuyikho, ukungabikhona kwamanzi, kanye nokumba okufika ngesikhathi kwama-bulbs nokulungiselela kwawo ngokucophelela ukugcinwa, kufaka phakathi ukuhlungwa.

I-Bacterial Onion Rot

Ukubola kwamagciwane, njengeFusarium, kungazibonakalisa sekuvele kungadini, kuze kube sekupheleni kokukhula kwe-anyanisi, futhi mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ngisho nasengadini, amaqabunga e-anyanisi angambozwa ngamanxeba amancane okumanzi, kepha anzima ukubona, ngakho-ke lowo osebenza engadini uthumela isivuno ukuthi asigcinele ngaphandle kokulindela inkathazo. Lesi sifo singabonakala kuphela ebusika, kancane kancane sibhubhise isibani. Ukubola kwegciwane kuyabonakala kuphela lapho isibani sisikiwe: isikali esivamile sishintshana nokuthambile, i-translucent. Maduze nje, ama-rbb rots wonke, akhiqiza iphunga elingajabulisi.

Nge-bacteriosis, amarobb rots avela ngaphakathi

Njengomthetho, ukubola kwamagciwane kukhula ku-anyanisi ongakakhuli futhi omiswe kabi, umthombo wokutheleleka ungcolile wesitshalo ongahlanzeki amagciwane angaphila kuwo iminyaka eminingana. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanza ngokucophelela imibhede ngemuva kokuvuna, kanye nokubuka ukuzungeza kwezitshalo kubalulekile impela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo kumele ungavunyelwe lapho ugaya u-anyanisi futhi uwuthumele.

I-anyanisi kutu

Ukugqwala yisifo esijwayelekile sokukhula kuzo zonke izitshalo zika-anyanisi, kanye negalikhi. Lesi yisishayo sangempela so-anyanisi wasendulo esitshalwe kumakhambi. Uma uthelelekile, kufakwa imibala yemibala ehlukahlukene yefomu eliphuzi lombala emaqabungeni, okungaguqula umbala ufinyelele ku-orange ogqamile. Lawa mawala (“amaphakethe”) angamakholoni okukhunta. Njengomphumela wethonya lawo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqabunga bese, ngemuva kwalokho, ama ayayeka.

Ukugqwala kubukeka buhle kuphela, kepha kungonakalisa isivuno.

Ukugqwala kuyathathelana ngokweqile, futhi i-pathogen yayo izinzile, futhi uma imfucumfucu yesitshalo ingahlanzwa kahle ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yengadi, ukutheleleka nge-anyanisi kungaqhubeka embhedeni iminyaka eminingana. Ukungcola kukhuthazwa wukugcina isikhala: akumelwe wenze ubukhulu bokubekwa, noma ngabe ufuna malini. Ngokuvamile, izindlela zokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwalesi sifo ziyefana nakwezinye izifo zesikhunta.

I-anyanisi kaMose

UMosaus isifo esiyingozi segciwane esingelashwa. Lapho banegciwane, u-anyanisi ushiya uthambile, bakha amabala ahlukahlukene, imivimbo nemivimbo, iningi liphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi libe mhlophe. Amabhulethi ayanwebeka, ukuvuthwa kwabo kuyayeka. Esikhathini esizayo, amaqabunga alala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izitshalo eziningi ziyafa. Amathuba okufa kwesitshalo okuphelele awaphakeme, kepha inani lawo kanye nekhwalithi kuncishiswa kakhulu.

Njengoba izinambuzane ezincane (imikhaza, ama-aphid, ama-nematode) esebenza njengezithwali zegciwane, ukuvikela ukutheleleka kuqukethe ekulweni nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqothulwa okufika ngesikhathi kwezitshalo zokhula, ngokulinganisa ekuniseleni nasekugqokeni okuphezulu, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo okufanele nokuvimbela ukuqina ngokweqile kubaluleke kakhulu.

I-anyanisi Jaundice

IJaundice nayo iyisifo segciwane, ukwelashwa kwayo akunakwenzeka. Lapho leli gciwane lihlasela, izimpaphe nemicibisholo ye-anyanisi iphenduka ophuzi, kusukela kumathiphu futhi kancane kancane kuguquke umbala. Amaqabunga aba isicaba, avame ukuhlangana. Amabhule ayayeka ukukhula. Ophethe leli gciwane yi-cicada, okuthi kuyo, kanye nokhula oluhlukahlukene, icashe khona. I-anyanisi ethintekile kumele ichithwe. Izindlela zokuvimbela ziyafana nezithombe zokuhlobisa.

Izinwele ezixubile

Lapho bekhuluma ngama-anyanisi ama-curly, kuvunywa ukunganembi: akukho kugula ngaphansi kwaleli gama, kodwa izimpaphe ze-curly (noma curly) zihambisana nezifo ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezibangelwa yigciwane. Imvamisa, izimpaphe ziba zigaxa lapho zithathelwa nge-mosaic noma i-jaundice. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-anyanisi stem nematode nayo inesifo esinjenge-lithylenchosis. Ama-Nematode acishe angabonakali ngeso lenyama, ahlala emhlabathini, alimaze ama-bulbs kanye namahlamvu ka-anyanisi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-bulbs aqhuma, kanye nezimpaphe, zihlangane futhi zigobeke, ekugcineni zifune futhi zife.

Ukuvimbela Isifo Sika-Onion

Yize izifo ezingamagciwane zingalapheki, zingavinjelwa ngokubheka kahle ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Izifo zokukhuculula ezingalapheka, kungcono ukuthi zingavunyelwa esivandeni. Futhi uma ungenzi lutho ngesimo sezulu esinethayo nesibandayo, konke okunye kusezandleni zomgcini wegadi. Ekuvinjelweni kwezifo zesitshalo sika-anyanisi, into ngayinye kusuka kulolu hlu olulandelayo ibalulekile:

• ukuhambisana nokushintshwa kwezilimo ezifanele (ngezikhathi ezithile, umbhede we-anyanisi ufudukela kwenye indawo, ama-plantings amasha ahlelwe lapho u-anyanisi, ugarliki, izitshalo zomnduze, ama-beet engakhuli);
• ukubulala amagciwane amandla okutshala;
• ukutshala noma ukuhlwanyela u-anyanisi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kokuqina
• ukukhethwa kwendawo enelanga yemibhede ye-anyanisi;
• ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi;
• okwenza kuphela imithamo edingekayo yomanyolo we-nitrogen, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ngokweqile;
• ukubhujiswa okungapheli kokhula, kuhambisana nokukhululwa kwenhlabathi;
• Ukuhlanza ngokuphelele izinsalela zezitshalo ngemuva kokuvuna nokumba ngokushesha kwenhlabathi;
• ukuvuna u-anyanisi kuphela esimweni sezulu esomile;
• yomisa ngokuphelele isivuno ngaphambi kokuyithumela kwisitoreji;
• ukuthutha ngobumnene isivuno kuya endaweni yokugcina okuhlanzwe kahle futhi kwahlanzeka kusengaphambili.

Ngokubhekwa ngokuphelele kwalezi zinyathelo, amathuba okuba nesifo anyanisi ancishisiwe. Uma lokhu kusenzeka, kuyadingeka ukuthola imbangela ngokushesha futhi, uma lesi sifo singelapheka, qhubekela ekusebenzeni kokutshala, kungenjalo, ekususelweni ngokushesha kwezitshalo ezinesifo.

Ukwelashwa kokutshala anyanisi uma kwenzeka izifo

Lapho kuvela izimpawu zezifo zokukhunta, ukunisela ngokweqile kanye nokudla kwe-nitrogen kumisiwe, imibhede ifafazwe ngomlotha wezinkuni, inhlabathi idedelwe kahle futhi izinsalela zokhula zichitheke, bese kukhethwa imikhiqizo yokwelapha yezitshalo. Ama-ejenti wokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali angasetshenziswa kuphela engxenyeni yokuqala yehlobo, futhi uma u-anyanisi ekhulele ephepheni, kungakuhle ukuthi wenqabe kuwo. Kunoma yikuphi, ngaphambi kokufafaza nganoma yiziphi izidakamizwa, kufanelekile ukukhipha izitshalo ezinegciwane, uma ziningi.

Ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, amakhambi abantu angasiza. Lezi yi-infusions kanye nama-decoctions ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene (i-dandelion, i-celandine, ama-marigolds) noma uthuli lwegwayi. Ukutshala izitshalo ezinjengama-marigolds, dill, hyssop, namanye amakhambi anephunga kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo futhi kuxoshe izinambuzane. Uma kuphela izitshalo ezimbalwa zigula, kufanele zikhishwe, futhi imigodi endaweni yayo kufanele ithululwe ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate noma i-sulfate yethusi (1%).

AmaMarigolds awagcini nje ngezimbali ezinhle, kodwa futhi azivikeli zezitshalo ezingathembekile

Uma isifo fungal sithinta inani elikhulu lezitshalo, umbhede wonke ufafazwa ngamalungiselelo ethusi, isibonelo, i-chloroxide yethusi (40 g ngebhakede lamanzi) kabili ngesonto. Kodwa-ke, amaqabunga ngemuva kokwelashwa okunjalo akufanele adliwe amasonto ama-3-4. Phakathi kwezinye izidakamizwa, i-Aktara, Karate, Fitoverm nezinye ziyathandwa. Zikuvumela ukuthi ulwe nezinambuzane ezinambuzane ezithwala amagciwane ayingozi.

Ividiyo: ukufafaza u-anyanisi ovela ezifweni zokukhunta

Izinkinga ezikhula u-anyanisi

Ngaphezu kwezifo eziyingozi, abalimi bavame ukuhlangana nokutshala anyanisi kanye nezinye izinkinga ezihlobene ngqo nezifo, kodwa ezidinga ukubhekelelwa. Ezinye zazo zinikezwa etafuleni.

Ithebula: Izinkinga nge-anyanisi ekhulayo nesixazululo sabo

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, inkinga ngayinye evelayo inezimbangela eziningi, zivame ukuhlangana, futhi akuvamile ukuba kuxazululwe inkinga. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe obufanele bezolimo buhlala buvumela ukuthi ukhule isivuno esihle s anyanisi onempilo.

Ukukhula u-anyanisi akuhambi ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ngoba kudinga ukubambelela ngokucophelela kubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ukwephulwa okuncane kakhulu kwalo kungadala ubunzima, kufaka phakathi izifo ezingalapheki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuvimbela kwezifo kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuvela kwazo, futhi ukuqapha njalo impilo yezitshalo kungonga iningi lesilimo futhi uma kwenzeka kungenwa ngokungazelelwe ngesikhunta noma ngamagciwane.