Iklabishi ngesinye sezilimo zemifino ezidumile ezitshalwe cishe wonke umlimi engadini yakhe. Inamaminerali amaningi, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho iklabishi lingadliwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo: ushizi, isitshulu, i-sauerkraut. Ingatshalwa ezitshalweni nezithombo zezithombo. Ezindaweni eziningi zezwe lethu, iklabishi litshalwa ngezithombo. Into esemqoka ukulungiselela kahle ukutshala futhi ngokuzayo ukuhlinzeka amahlumela ngokunakekelwa okudingekayo.
Ukulungiswa kokufika
Ukuze kutshalwe iklabishi ngokusebenzisa izithombo, kuyadingeka ukulungiselela amathangi, inhlabathi nezinsimbi zembewu.
Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi neziqukathi
Ukukhethwa nokulungiswa kwenhlabathi kumele kusondele kuyo ngokunakwa okukhethekile. Umhlaba wokuqala ongena awulungile. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, ucubungula inhlabathi evela engadini, khona-ke ingaqukatha ama-microorganisms ayingozi nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ingxube yokutshala izithombo ingcono ukuthenga okulungiselelwe noma uzenzele. Ungakhetha enye yezindlela zokupheka:
- umhlaba we-turf, i-peat kanye ne-humus ngokwesilinganiso se-1: 1: 1;
- i-peat, umhlaba we-sod nesihlabathi esihlanganayo - 1: 3: 1/4;
- umlotha wezinkuni, ulamula, isihlabathi esihlanganayo - 1: 1/4: 1/4.
Ukuze ukhule izithombo zeklabishi, ingxube yenhlabathi iyathengwa noma ilungiselelwe ngokuzimela
Izimfanelo eziphambili umhlabathi wezithombo okufanele uhlangane nazo ukuzala, amanzi nomoya.
Kungcono ukulungiselela inhlabathi kusuka ekwindla bese uyigcina endaweni epholile kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Ukutshala nokukhulisa izithombo zamaklabishi ekhaya, ungasebenzisa:
- izinkomishi
- amabhodwe
- amabhokisi
- amakhasethi.
Umthamo ukhethiwe ngokuya ngenani elilinganisiwe lezitshalo ezizotshalwa. Uma amavolumu makhulu, khona-ke kunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukusebenzisa amabhokisi okusika namakhasethi ngokukhetha okulandelayo kwezithombo. Akunandaba noma yikuphi ukuhlwanyelwa okuzokwenziwa, kufanele kube nokuvuleka ngaphansi kwethangi ukuze amanzi angagxili.
Izithombo zeklabishi zingatshalwa zombili ezitshalweni naseziqukweni ezihlukile
Kunconywa ukucubungula isitsha ngesisombululo se-potanganum permanganate. Lokhu, i-5 g ye-potanganum permanganate ihlanjululwe ebhakedeni lamanzi ashisayo (acishe abilayo). Isixazululo Ready siqukethe izitsha ezinamanzi namathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukutshala.
Ukulungiselela imbewu
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, kufanele ulungiselele:
- khetha izinto zekhwalithi
- ukumhlanza amagciwane
- khulisa ukuhluma.
Ukulinganisa
Imbewu yeklabishi ilinganiswe nekhambi likasawoti le-3% imizuzu emi-5. Emanzini anosawoti, kuzoqhamuka okusanhlamvu okukhanyayo, bese okusanhlamvu okusindayo kucwila kube phansi: kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukutshala. Ngemuva kwalokho imbewu iyahlanzwa emanzini ahlanzekile bese yomiswa. Ekuhlwanyeleni, ungasebenzisi hhayi kuphela ezinkulu, kodwa futhi nokutshala okuphakathi.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu yeklabishi kufanele ilinganiswe ukuze ukhethe imbewu enhle kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kokuhluma
Ukunquma ukuhluma kokuqukethwe kwembewu, kusongwe ngendwangu emanzi, futhi kungcono ukuthatha izingcezu eziyi-100 ukubalwa okulula. Ukuhluma kwenziwa endaweni lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa khona + 20-25 ˚С, kuyadingeka ukuqapha isimo sezicubu nokuzivikela ukuthi zome. Nsuku zonke, imbewu iyahlolwa, ihlume ibalwe futhi isuswe. Ukusuka okusanhlamvu okuhlume ezinsukwini ezi-3 zokuqala, ungabona ukuthi izithombo zizobukeka zinobungane kanjani, futhi ngeqiniso lokuthi ziyadonsa zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-7, ukuhluma kokuqukethwe kwembewu.
Isikhubekiso
Ukhipha amagciwane imbewu ekugomeni kwezifo zokukhunta kanye namagciwane, ezimweni eziningi kubhekelwa ekwelashweni ngesisombululo esiyi-1-2% se-potanganum permanganate, kulandele ukugeza ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Ungathola umphumela omkhulu ngokwelashwa okushisa ngokubeka imbewu esikhwameni se-gauze emanzini at lokushisa + 48-50 ° C imizuzu engama-20. Izinga lokushisa elikhonjisiwe akufanele lidlule, ngoba imbewu izolahlekelwa ukuqhuma kwayo, futhi nangokwelashwa okuphansi ngeke kube nomphumela.
Ukhipha amagciwane eklabishi imbewu, aphathwa kusisombululo esingu-1-2% se-potanganum permanganate
Ungasheshisa kanjani ukuhluma
Ukuze imbewu ikhule ngokushesha, ifakwa emanzini afudumele egumbini bese ibekwa endaweni efudumele lapho kufanele ibe khona cishe amahora ayi-12, kuyilapho kunconyelwa ukuthi kuguqulwe amanzi njalo emahoreni angama-4. Inani loluketshezi kufanele lube njalo ngoba lumboza imbewu kuphela. Ngenqubo yokufaka, izinhlamvu ziyavuvukala. Uma isikhathi sokutshala singakafiki, khona-ke asongwe ngendwangu emanzi abekwe eshalofini elingaphansi kwesiqandisi.
I-soaking nayo ingenziwa kuzixazululo ezikhethekile (ngokwesibonelo, ekufakweni komlotha wokhuni). Ukulungiselela kwayo:
- Kwilitha elilodwa lamanzi afudumele, kuthelwa izipuni ezi-2 zomlotha.
- Faka usuku, bese uhlunga.
- Kulesi sixazululo, ukugxilisa ingqondo kwenziwa amahora amathathu.
- Ngemuva kokuba imbewu igezwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile.
Ungasheshisa ukuhluma kwezinhlamvu zamaklabishi usebenzisa ukumnika umlotha, kuwo ofakwe amahora amathathu
Ukuphatha
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela iklabishi, imbewu iyanconywa ukuba iqine ukuze ikhulise ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngemuva kwayo yonke inqubo yokulungiselela, impahla yembewu ibekwa engxenyeni engezansi yesiqandisi (+ 1-2 ° C) ngosuku. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, imbewu yomile bese iqala ukutshala.
Ukutshala imbewu yezithombo
Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela iklabishi ngezithombo sincike ezinhlobonhlobo zamasiko, esifundeni futhi lapho kufanele sithole isivuno.
Isikhathi
Lapho kukhula iklabishi yezinhlobo zokuqala kwezinye izifunda, kutshalwa izithombo endaweni evulekile ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, okubonisa isidingo sokutshala imbewu maphakathi noFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa okuphakathi kwezithombo kufanele zihlwanyelwe ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ukuvuthwa sekwedlule ekupheleni kwenyanga. Izitshalo zalezi zinhlobo zitshalwa emhlabathini ongavikelekile kusuka maphakathi no-Meyi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ngokuqondene nezinsuku ezinembile kakhudlwana, kuzoncika ezimweni zezulu zesifunda esithile. Akunzima ukubala isikhathi sokutshala imbewu yeklabishi yezithombo: cishe izinsuku eziyi-10 zidlula kusuka ekuhlwanyeleni ziye ezitshalweni, nezinsuku ezingama-50-55 kusuka amahlumela okuqala ukutshala izitshalo emhlabathini. Lokhu kusikisela isidingo sokutshala imbewu yezithombo zezinsuku ezingama-60-65 ngaphambi kokuzithela endaweni evulekile.
Ungatshala kanjani
Ukuhlwanyela isiko okukhulunywa ngalo kulula kakhulu futhi kuthoba ezenzweni ezilandelayo:
- Amathangi okufakelwa agcwele inhlabathi futhi enza ama-grooves amancane ngokujula kuka-1 cm ngebanga le-3 cm ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Amathangi okugcwala agcwele ingxube yenhlabathi, emva kwalokho kwenziwa ama-grooves noma ama-recesses amancane, kuya ngohlobo lwesitsha
- Sakaza imbewu ngesilinganiso esingamasentimitha amathathu bese ufafaza ngesihlabathi noma nge-peat ukuvikela ukwakheka kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi.
Sakaza imbewu yeklabishi ngesilinganiso esingamasentimitha amathathu, emva kwalokho afafaze nge-peat, isihlabathi noma ingxube yenhlabathi
- Inhlabathi ithululelwa kahle ngamanzi, ngemuva kwalokho isitsha simbozwe ngefilimu esobala bese sibekwa endaweni efudumele (+20 ˚С).
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu, izinkomishi zimbozwe ngesikhwama sepulasitiki futhi zibekwe endaweni efudumele (+20 ˚С)
Ividiyo: Ukutshala iklabishi ngezithombo
Nakekela izithombo zeklabishi ekhaya
Ukuze akhule izithombo ezinempilo nezinamandla, udinga ukunakekela ngendlela efanele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, hhayi ukukhula kabusha kokukhula kungenzeka, kodwa futhi nokuvela kwezifo, futhi esimweni esibi kakhulu, ukufa kwezithombo.
Ukushisa
Izithombo zamaklabishi kufanele zivele ngosuku lwe-9 ukuya kwe-10 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazinga okushisa kumele ancishiswe abe ngu-+10 ° C. Ngamanani aphezulu, izithombo ezincane zizodluliswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho kunethuba lokukhula kwezifo nokufa kwezithombo.
Uma izithombo zikhulele efulethini, lapho-ke indawo efaneleke kakhulu yi-loggia ebunjiwe (kuvulandi).
Ngemuva kwamaviki angu-1-2, izinga lokushisa liphakanyiswa libe ngu-+ 16-17 ° C, ebusuku ligcinwa ku-+ 70 ° C, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa umoya omncane ojwayelekile.
Lapho ukhula izithombo iklabishi, kubalulekile ukubheka umbuso lokushisa kuye esigabeni intuthuko
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Isilinganiso esiyisibopho sokunakekelwa kwezithombo zeklabishi ukugqoka okuphezulu. Izitshalo zidinga ukondliwa okwengeziwe, okuqinisekisa ukukhula kwazo okusebenzayo nokukhula. Umquba usetshenziswa kaninginingi:
- Emavikini lamabili ngemuva kokuvela - i-ammonium nitrate (2 g), superphosphate (4 g), umanyolo we-potassium (2 g), oxutshwe 1 litre wamanzi, asetshenziswa njengezakhi zomzimba. Isixazululo esikhona yizithombo eziniselwe ezimpandeni ngamamanzi okuqala enhlabathi ngamanzi.
- Emavikini lamabili ngemuva kokondliwa kokuqala - sebenzisa umanyolo ofanayo ngezilinganiso ezifanayo, kepha ngokususelwa ku-0,5 wamanzi.
- Emavikini lamabili ngaphambi kwekufika kusayithi - Sebentisa nitrate (3 g), superphosphate (5 g) kanye ne-potassium fertilizer (8 g) nge-litre emanti.
Isibani
Ukukhula okujwayelekile, iklabishi liyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngezinsuku zasemini zamahora ayi-12-15. Ama-luminescent, phyto noma amalambu e-LED asetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya okwengeziwe. Zifakwe ngaphezulu kwezithombo ekuphakameni kwama-20-25 cm.
Akunconyelwe ukusebenzisa izibani ze-incandescent njengento yasemuva, ngoba azikhiphi ukukhanya kuphela, kepha futhi nokushisa umoya.
Izithombo zeklabishi zidinga ukukhanya kwemini amahora ayi-12-16, okusebenzisa kuzo ukukhanya okwengeziwe
Khetha
Kuphela yilezo zinhlanyelo ezazitshalwe emabhokisini ezitshalo eziyizigaxa kuphela. Uma izithombo zikhule ezitsheni ezihlukile, khona-ke zinendawo eyanele yokuthuthuka okujwayelekile. Ukuhlwanyelwa kuqala izinsuku eziyi-10 ngemuva kokuvela. Udinga ukuqonda ukuthi le yinqubo ebuhlungu yezitshalo, ngoba uhlelo lwezimpande lonakaliswe ngokwengxenye. Cabanga ukuthi ungazithutha kanjani izithombo ngendlela efanele esitsheni esihlukile (izinkomishi, amabhodwe):
- Ngaphambi kokunisela izithombo, uthambisa inhlabathi kahle.
Ngaphambi kokukhetha, izithombo zamaklabishi zichithwa kahle ngamanzi
- Khipha ngokucophelela izitshalo, uzibambe ngamaqabunga e-cotyledon.
Ukukhipha izithombo zeklabishi, sebenzisa i-spatula lapho ungahlukanisa ngokucophelela ihlumela ngenhlama yomhlaba
- Sihlola izimpande futhi sinqamule isikhathi eside esingu-1/3 ngesikere.
- Sigcwalisa ithangi efakwayo ngomugqa womhlabathi (wokubunjwa okufanayo nokutshala), lapho senza ikhefu elihambelana nobude bezimpande.
Umthamo wezithombo zamaklabishi ugcwaliswa ngengxube yenhlabathi, ushiye umgodi wezithombo phakathi
- Sijula izithombo ukuya ezingeni lamaqabunga e-cotyledon, ufafaze ngomhlabathi futhi kancane ubumbane.
Lapho udonsa izithombo zamaklabishi, ihlumela kufanele lijule lifinyelele ezingeni lamaqabunga e-cotyledon
- Senza ukuthambisa okuningi futhi sisuse izitshalo endaweni emnyama izinsuku ezingama-2.
Njengoba ama-microorganisms we-pathogenic angangena ezinhlelweni zezimpande ngesikhathi sokumba, ngemuva kokususa isithombo ebhokisini lezithombo, kunconywa ukulicwilisa kusixazululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate (ithonsi elilodwa le-1 lamanzi).
Ividiyo: iklabishi elicwetshwe kusibonelo se-broccoli
Ukuqina kwezithombo
Amaviki ama-2 ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo zamaklabishi esizeni sesitshalo kumele aqine. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze bazivumelanise nemvelo ephezulu. Izithombo zithathwa ziye ku-veranda, kuvulandi noma engadini, okokuqala ngehora eli-1, bese zikhulisa kancane isikhathi esisetshenzisiwe. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, izitshalo kufanele zibe ngaphandle ubusuku nemini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isonto ngaphambi kokufakelwa, baqala ukunciphisa ukunisela, ukuvimbela izithombo ukuba zingabuni.
Ukuze izithombo zeklabishi zizivumelanise nezimo zangaphandle, kufanele kuqala ukuba lukhuni
Ukufakelwa
Kukhethwe indawo eklanyelwe iklabishi, futhi ilungiswa kusengaphambili:
- susa ukhula kanye nokunye okulahlwa yimfucumfucu;
- 6-8 kg womquba womquba noma womquba obunjiwe kanye no-100 g wokhuni lomlotha nge 1 m² wenzelwa ukumba.
Ukutshala iphethini kuncike kwezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo:
- izinhlobo zokuqala - 35 × 45 cm;
- maphakathi nesizini - 60 × 60 cm;
- sekwephuzile - 70 × 70 cm.
Izimo ezifanele zokutshala izithombo endaweni evulekile isimo sezulu esinamafu. Amathangi okufakwayo kufanele aniselwe kuqala. Inqubo iqukethe lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Izimbobo ezingashonile zenziwa ngaphansi kwezithombo futhi zichithe ngamanzi (okungenani ilitha elilodwa).
Imithombo yezithombo yeklabishi yenza ubungako bohlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo, icubungula i-coma yobumba
- Susa izitshalo ngokucophelela ezinkomishini kanye nesigaxa sobumba bese uzifaka kwizimbobo ezilungiselelwe.
Susa ngokucophelela izithombo zeklabishi ezindebe kanye nesigaxa sobumba bese uzibeka izimbobo
- Izithombo zijule zifinyelele ezingeni lamaqabunga okuqala angempela, afafazwe nomhlaba futhi aniselwa.
Izithombo zeklabishi zijuleke zifinyelele ezingeni lamaqabunga okuqala angempela, afafazwe nomhlaba futhi aniselwa
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokutshala, kuyadingeka ukuthi umthunzi wezitshalo uthathe elangeni bese ufafaza ngamanzi kusihlwa.
Izindlela zokukhulisa izithombo zamakhapheji
Izitshalo eziningi zasengadini zitshalwa ezitshalweni. Inketho evame kakhulu yabalimi yizithombo noma iziqukathi ezihlukile. Kodwa-ke, ezimeni zasefulethini akulula kangako ukunikeza izimo ezidingekayo zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngenani elikhulu lezithombo. Ngakho-ke, muva nje, izindlela ezintsha zokutshala izithombo zisetshenziswe kaningi, ezinganciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, zinciphise indawo okuhlalwa kuyo ngaphandle kokulimazeka ngekhwalithi yezithombo. Cabanga ngalezi zindlela ngemininingwane eminingi.
Ezibhebheni ze-Peat
Ukuqeda umonakalo ezimpandeni zezithombo zeklabishi ngesikhathi sokuntywila, izithombo zingatshalwa kumathebhulethi we-peat, aqukethe zonke izakhi ezidingekayo. Kuze kube yilapho izitshalo sezitshalwe esizeni, ngeke zidinge ukondliwa okwengeziwe. Ukulandelana kwezenzo lapho kukhula izithombo kumathebulethi ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Khetha amaphilisi anesilinganiso esingamasentimitha okungenani ama-4, uwafake esitsheni esifanelekile bese uwagcwalisa ngamanzi afudumele (50 ° C) ukuze akhukhumele.
Iklabishi, amaphilisi we-peat anesilinganiso esingamasentimitha okungenani ama-4 akhethiwe futhi athululelwa ngamanzi afudumele esitsheni esifanele
- Ngemuva kokukhulisa umthamo wamathebulethi ngezikhathi ezingama-7-8, wonke amanzi amaningi ngokweqile ayakhishwa, bese imbewu engu-2 ifakwa egumbini lokuphumula, emva kwalokho embozwe nge-peat.
Ezibhebheni ezivuvukelayo usakaze imbewu yeklabishi bese uyimboza nge-peat
- Isitsha esinamathebulethi sidluliselwa endaweni ekhanyayo enamazinga okushisa we- + 18-20 ° C futhi sigcinwe kulezo zimo kuze kuqubuke.
- Ngemuva kokuhluma, igciwane elibuthakathaka lisuswa ngokusika ngaphansi kwempande.
Ngemuva kokuhluma imbewu yeklabishi, ihlumela elibuthakathaka liyasuswa ngokulinqumela libe yimpande
Uma izimpande zihlume ngethebhulethi, izithombo zidluliselwa emgqonyeni wokutshala ngethebhulethi, ziyikhulula entweni ebamba ifomu.
Ku- "konna"
Inzuzo engathandabuzekiyo yezithombo eziku "konokhi" iyindawo encane yonyawo: cishe izithombo ezingaba ngu-15 zingatshalwa kumqingo owodwa, futhi usayizi wazo uqhathaniswa nembiza ejwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxube yenhlabathi yale ndlela izodinga okungaphansi kakhulu uma utshala ngendlela ejwayelekile. Amahlumela ku "swazi" akhanywa ngokulinganayo futhi awaphazamisi ukuthuthukisa. Enye yezinto zokwakha ezijwayelekile zale ndlela yokuthola izithombo yisigatshana esingaphansi kwe-laminate. Inqubo yokufika inezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Indwangu isikwa ibe yimichilo engu-20 cm ububanzi kanye ne-1 m ubude.
Ukuze kwenziwe "iminenke" usike umugqa ongaphansi kwesibambo ube yimichilo engu-20 cm ububanzi ne-1 m ubude
- Engxenyeni engaphansi, inhlabathi enomswakama ithululelwa ungqimba lwe-3 cm, ama-3 cm abuye anciphise emaphethelweni bese imbewu ibekwa engxenyeni engenhla "yomnenke" yesikhathi esizayo ngesikhala esingu-10 cm.
On the substrate, inhlabathi enomswakama ithululelwa bese imbewu ibekwa engxenyeni engenhla "yomnenke" esizayo
- Roll i-roll ibe yi-roll, usebenzisa ibhendi ye-elastic yokuqina, bese uyimboza ngesikhwama sepulasitiki bese uyidlulisela ekushiseni (+ 20-25 ° C) ukuze ihlume.
Roll impahla ibe umqulu, qinisa ngebhande elastic, bese uyimboza ngesikhwama sepulasitiki bese uyidlulisela ekushiseni
- "Umnenke" uvulelwa umoya futhi uthambile, kuthi ngemuva kokuvela, iphakethe likhishwe.
- Ngenkathi ngifaka izithombo enhlabathini, umqulu uthunyelwa bese izithombo zisuswa kanye nomhlaba.
Ividiyo: izithombo ezikhula ku "swazi" kwisibonelo se-pepper
Ku "ama-diaper"
Indlela elula elula yokutshala iklabishi izithombo iku "diaper." Kulokhu, udinga izikhwama zepulasitiki ezingama-20 × 30 cm noma izingcezu zefilimu, kanye nengxube yenhlabathi. Kunconywa ukuthambisa inhlabathi bese ufaka inani elincane le-sawdust ekwakhekeni okungcono. Ngemuva kwalokho yenza izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Inhlama yenhlabathi ibekwa ku-polyethylene bese kwakheka ishubhu.
- Ngemuva kokugoqa, kutholakala inkomishi enomhlabathi omanzi ngaphandle kwaphansi.
- Lezi ziqukathi zifakwa esikhwameni ngepulangwe sawdust.
- Ezinkomishini, i-toothpick yenza ukufutheka okungu-1 cm futhi kusakaze imbewu engu-2 uma umuntu engaqhumi.
- Ugqoko onezinkomishi ugoqwe esikhwameni sepulasitiki ubekwe endaweni emnyama futhi efudumele yokuhluma.
- Lapho kuvela amahlumela, iphakethe liyasuswa bese ibhokisi libekwa efasiteleni, kuhlinzekwa ukukhanya okujwayelekile.
- Lapho kuvela amaqabunga e-cotyledonous, izithombo zithathwa ziyiswa kohlaza okotshani noma kwi-loggia, ngoba izithombo zeklabishi azithandi ukushisa nomswakama ophansi.
Ukuhlwanyela izithombo zamaklabishi ku- "diapers" kulonga isikhala
- Njengoba inhlabathi yomile, iyanyiswa kusuka ebhodleleni lokufafaza.
- Ukufakelwa kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nemibandela yesifunda sabo.
Ividiyo: izithombo ezikhula ku- "diapers" esibonelweni samakhukhamba
Ukutshala izithombo ngaphandle komhlaba
Ukulima ngokungenamhlaba izithombo zamaklabishi, okubizwa nangokuthi indlela yaseMoscow noma "ukuzilolonga", kwenza lula ukukhiqizwa kwezithombo kanye nokuzikha kwazo endaweni ehlala njalo. Ngale ndlela, amathangi okufika nomhlabathi awadingeki. Ukuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwezithombo kanye nomhlabathi ekuqaleni kokukhula kwezitshalo kuqeda ukwenzeka kwezifo: izithombo ezinjalo azinawo umlenze omnyama. Njengezinye izindlela zesimanje, inketho engenamhlaba ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine isikhala futhi ubeke inani elikhudlwana leziqukathi zokutshala ezinezitshalo ezikhetha ukushisa.
Ngale ndlela, udinga iphepha lasendlini yangasese elinezendlalelo ezintathu, itreyi lokulinganisa imigexo kagwayi, ifilimu elinamathelayo nembewu. Yonke inqubo yehlela ezenzweni ezilandelayo:
- Sika le filimu ibe yimichilo ilingane nobubanzi bephepha lasendlini yangasese, kanti ubude kufanele bube ngama-40-50 cm.
- Sibeka ifilimu endaweni eyisicaba, sibeke iphepha phezulu bese silinameka ngamanzi.
Kungcono ukuthambisa iphepha ngenhlamvu yenjoloba noma ngesibhamu sokufafaza ukuze singadabuli.
- Sibuyela emaphethelweni ka-2 cm bese sibeka imbewu ngo-4-5 cm ubude bephepha. Ukuze kube lula, ungasebenzisa ama-tweezers.
- Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, amboze imbewu ngesendlalelo sephepha, usimanzise bese ubeka isiqeshana sefilimu ngaphezulu.
- Sisonteka “isamentshisi” eliphumelelayo, sizama ukwenza ngisho imiphetho, siqinise ngebhendi ye-elastic bese siyifaka epanini (imbewu phezulu), singeza amanzi amancane.
Imbewu yokuzisonga enembewu ithatha isikhala esincane kakhulu kunezithombo ezijwayelekile
- Sibeka isikhwama sepulasitiki ngaphezulu bese senza izimbobo zokufaka umoya omncane.
Sibeka “isikhwama sepulasitiki” phezulu kwe- “roll yakho” bese senza izimbobo zokufaka umoya omncane
Lapho uhlwanyela iklabishi yezinhlobonhlobo eziningana, zimake ngokushesha, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwenza umaki obhalweni othi “ukuzitholela”.
Ngemuva kokuvela kwamahlumela, iphakethe liyasuswa. Ngesikhathi sokutshala izithombo, umanyolo kumele wenziwe kabili: ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwembewu nokwenziwa lapho kuqala amaqabunga eqiniso. Kungcono ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezifana ne-Gumi-20, Ideal nokunye okunjalo ukuze kuphinde kwakhiwe kabusha. Lapho uthatha, vula ngokucophelela i- "self-roll", susa izithombo kanye nephepha uzitshale ezitsheni ezigcwele ingxube yenhlabathi.
Ividiyo: izithombo ezikhulayo ngaphandle komhlaba
Izifo nezinambuzane zezithombo zamakhabishi
Ukutshala iklabishi izithombo cishe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwama-nuances ahambisana nokuvela kwezifo nezinambuzane. Ukuze uphendule ngesikhathi esifanele enkingeni ethile, kufanele ukwazi ukuyibona futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele.
Isifo
Izifo ezivame kakhulu zezithombo ziklabishi zifaka umlenze omnyama, i-peronosporosis, i-fusariosis nezinye.
Umlenze omnyama
Ukutheleleka okuyisikhunta okungena ohleni kanye nezimpande zesitshalo. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko yintamo yezimpande emnyama yesithombo, ukuthamba kwayo bese yomisa ukuphuma. Izimo ezithandekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo yilezi:
- umswakama ophezulu
- inhlabathi efudumele
- landings thickened
- inhlabathi ene-asidi
- ukuntuleka kokuhamba komoya phakathi kwezitshalo.
Ukubona i-acidity yenhlabathi, kusetshenziswa idivaysi ekhethekile noma imishayo yenkomba (ukuhlolwa kwe-pH). Iklabishi idinga izinga le-acid ebangeni le-pH 6-8.
Ukuvimbela ukukhula komlenze omnyama, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokukhulisa izithombo:
- lungisa inhlabathi ngezinga elifunayo le-acidity;
- ungawukisi inhlabathi;
- Gwema ukufika kogqinsi;
- phatha imbewu nenhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Umlenze omnyama uyisifo esivame kakhulu sezithombo zamaklabishi, lapho kubumba khona ubumnyama endaweni yezimpande zesiqu
Uma lesi sifo sisathinta izitshalo, ungaphendukela kulezi zindlela ezilandelayo zokulwa naso:
- khipha ihlumela elilimele ebhokisini lombewu kanye nesigaxa sobumba;
- ukufakelwa kokutshala okunempilo kumhlabathi omusha onegciwane, bese uphonsa abagulayo nomhlaba;
- ukuphatha izitshalo ezinempilo ngesisombululo se-sulfate yethusi, i-Bordeaux liquid noma i-potanganum permanganate;
- Faka isoda enhlabathini (1 ithisipuni ngalinye ingilazi yamanzi).
I-Powdery hlobo
Izimpawu zokutheleleka kwezithombo nge-powdery isikhutha - ukubonakala kwamabala amhlophe kuzithombo. I-Powdery mildew, noma ingathathwa njengesifo esibi, ikakhulukazi zokutshala kwabantu abadala, zingalimaza abasha, ngakho-ke izitshalo kufanele zelashwe. Enye yezinketho ezinhle zalezi zinhloso yiFitosporin-M.
Nge-powdery isikhutha, amabala amhlophe avela ezitshalweni ezingalimaza izithombo zeklabishi ezincane.
I-Peronosporosis
Nge-peronosporosis, amaqabunga ayonakaliswa futhi afa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lesi sifo senzeka futhi lapho ukungahambisani nemibandela yokukhula kwezithombo. Ukulwa nalesi sifo, ungasebenzisa ikhambi le-sulfate yethusi, insipho ewuketshezi noma i-topaz-hlobo fungicides (1 isipuni sanoma imuphi umkhiqizo obaliwe kumanzi ayi-10).
I-Peronosporosis yenzeka lapho ukungahambisani nemibandela yokukhula kwezithombo zamaklabishi
I-Alternariosis
Isifo se-fungal sithinta izitshalo zabantu abadala nabancane, sizibonakalisa ngesimo samabala amnyama emaqabungeni. Lapho kwakhiwa inhloko yeklabishi, amabala amboza amaqabunga angaphandle, ongabona kuwo ubala, olufana nesinaphi - lesi yisikhunta sefungus. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo, imbewu itshalwa nge-Planriz ngaphambi kokutshala, bese kubhekwa nemithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Uma izithombo zisathinteka yi-alternariosis, izidakamizwa ezifana neSkor, Quadris kufanele zisetshenziswe.
Iklabishi le-Alternaria liboniswa ngesimo se-paten emnyama kuma-cotyledons, bese kuba ngamaqabunga angaphandle
I-Fusarium wilt
I-Fusarium wilting ayithinti iklabishi kuphela, kodwa nezinye izilimo ezibethelwa kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi izitshalo zithinteka yilesi sifo fungal yizona ziphuzi ngamaqabunga ngokuoma kwazo okulandelayo nokufa. Ezitshalweni ezindala, kwakhiwa ikhanda lekhanda elincane nelonakalisiwe. Uma isitshalo esithintekile sitholakale esivandeni, kufanele sisuswe bese silahlwa, futhi indawo yokutshala kufanele iphathwe ngezindlela ezinjengeBenomil, Tekto, Topsin-M.
Ngokufiswa kweklabishium kweklabishi, kuphuzi amahlamvu kuyabonwa, kulandelwe ukomiswa nokufa
Wonke
Izimpawu ezilandelayo zikhombisa ukuvela kwalesi sifo esitshalweni:
- ishiya yomile futhi ibune;
- ukuphuma kwesimo ngendlela yama-tubers form ezimpandeni.
Isithombo esithintekile kumele sisuswe enhlabathini kanye nezimpande bese sishiswa. Isizathu sokubonakala kwensiza eklabishi kunenhlabathi esindayo ne-acidic, isb., Ukungasebenzi kahle kwenhlabathi yalesi sitshalo.
Ukutheleleka iklabishi kungahlulelwa ngephuzi nokushiswa kwamaqabunga ngasemaphethelweni, ukumiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwekhanda
Izithombo izinambuzane
Izinambuzane azinakubangela ukulimala okuthe xaxa ezitshalweni ezincane, ngakho-ke ukulawula okufika ngesikhathi nangendlela efanele nazo.
Ama-aphid
Ama-aphid weklabishi izinambuzane ezincane ezilimaza amaqabunga esitshalo. Ungahlulela umonakalo wesitshalo ngalesi inkathazo ngokubopha okumhlophe noma onsundu emaqabunga ngokuhlanekezela okulandelayo. Ungalwa ne-aphid ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:
- decoction of amaqabunga kagwayi,
- insipho yokubulala izinambuzane
- Deltamethrin.
I-aphid eklabishi ithinta amaqabunga, okuholela ekusonteni kwawo
Iklabishi Moth
Isinambuzane uluvemvane oludla ubisi lwesitshalo. Amakherishi abangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezithombo: adla amaqabunga, ama-ovari neziqu. Njengomphumela womonakalo onjalo, i-metabolism yamaqabunga iyaphazamiseka, futhi uma kushisa bathola ukushiswa yilanga. Ngemuva kokudla amaqanda, isivuno sesikhathi esizayo sincishisiwe. Kumakhemikhali okulawula izinambuzane, ungasebenzisa i-Decis, Actellik, Ripcord. Kuyadingeka ukuqoqa amacimbi namaqanda kusuka ezitshalweni, ukhula lokhula. Kukhona futhi izindlela zokupheka zabantu, kepha lokhu kuphathwa kumele kuphindwe kaningana ukufeza umphumela:
- isixazululo somlotha wokhuni (izinkomishi ezi-2 zomlotha kanye nenkomishi e-1 yensipho yokuwasha elondoloziwe ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi), afafazwa ngezitshalo;
- ukumiliselwa kwe-celandine noma umhlonyane (izihlahla ezigayiwe zixutywa ngamanzi abilayo ngengxenye 1/5 futhi kugcizelelwa isigamu sehora).
Iklabishi ibhungane lidla amaqabunga, ama-ovari kanye nesiqu seklabishi, okuholela ekufeni kwesitshalo
Amaphekula ashuswini
Lesi yisiphazamisi esincane (2-4 mm), esivezwa yikhono elihle lokuphuma futhi sidla amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo ezincane, kanti izibungu zilimaza izimpande zezithombo. Ngenqwaba yamabafu, lesi sitshalo singafa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Uma amasimu angalondolozwa bubu, khona-ke ukubukeka kuzokonakala. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokuzivikela zinconywa ukuthi zithathwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi:
- vimbela ukukhula kokhula olubethelekayo (isikhwama somalusi, i-colza, isithombo sasendle);
- ukufeza ukhula ngesikhathi, ukutshala nokugqoka okuphezulu;
- ukutshala iklabishi eduzane nezitshalo ze-phytoncide.
Izitshalo ze-Phytoncide, ezibandakanya i-calendula, i-marigolds, i-nasturtium, zikhipha iphunga elixosha uzibazi olubethelwayo.
Lapho inkathazo ihlasela, baphendukela ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ezinjengeDecis, Karbofos, Aktara.
I-fleciferous flea eningi ingabulala iklabishi ngokudla amaqabunga
Impukane yeklabishi
Inambuzane lensikazi ibekela amaqanda emhlabathini ofudumele eduze kwezitshalo, kanti izibungu ziqhekekile zilimaza izimpande zezithombo, okuholela ekushwabeni nasekufeni kwazo. Okomzabalazo usebenzisa ama-ejenti amakhemikhali iTopazi, iZemlin, Iskra, Karbofos noma iRovikurt. Ungaphendukela futhi ezindleleni zabantu, ngokwesibonelo, hlanganisa i-5 ml ye-ammonia ebhakedeni lamanzi bese uthelela phezu kombhede weklabishi.
Uma iklabishi fly lilimaza amahlumela eklabishi, izitshalo ziyafisa futhi ziyagula
Iklabishi Elimhlophe
Lesi sinambuzane saziwa yiwo wonke umuntu njengeklabishi (uvemvane), kepha akuyena obeka ingozi, kodwa izibungu zakhe ezidla amaqabunga eklabishi. Amacimbi abonakala kalula ngombala wawo ophuzi oluhlaza ophuzi ngamaphoyinti agqamile emzimbeni. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokubhekana nenkathazo ukuhlola amaqabunga eklabishi, ukubhujiswa kwamaqanda nezimbungulu. Kuyalulekwa futhi ukuhlola izitshalo ezitshalwe iklabishi eliseduze. Ama-insecticides ahlukahlukene angasetjenziswa ngokumelene ne-whitewash, kepha i-Fitoverm neKinmik ziphumelela kakhulu. Ungapheka ukumiliswa kwesinaphi:
- I-100 g kafulawa owomile uthele amalitha ayi-10 amanzi ashisayo bese ushiya izinsuku eziningana.
- Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, hlanganisa ikhambi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1 ngamanzi bese ufafaza izitshalo.
Amakhukhunathi abamhlophe beklabishi adla amaqabunga eklabishi, kuvame ukushiya imithambo emikhulu kuphela
Izinkinga ezikhulayo
Iklabishi izwela kakhulu ezimweni ezikhulayo, ngenxa yalokho, ngokunakekelwa okungafanele, kuvela izinkinga ezithile.
Izithombo zeluliwe
Ukudweba izithombo akuyona into engjwayelekile. Ngokuvamile kunezizathu eziningana zale nkinga:
- ukuntuleka kokukhanya;
- umkhuhlane ophakeme;
- umanyolo we-nitrogen omningi emhlabathini.
Izithombo iklabishi welulela ukukhanya ongaphakeme
Ukuqinisekisa ukukhanyisa okujwayelekile, akudingeki ukufaka umthombo owengeziwe kuphela, kodwa futhi usebenzise izinto ezibonakalayo (iphepha elimhlophe, ucwecwe). Ngokuqondene nokushisa, iklabishi alithandi ukushisa futhi ikakhulukazi ukushisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafanele, ayimane nje yolule, kepha iyafa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa umbuso ofanele wokushisa.
Uma izitshalo zithola inani eleqile le-nitrogen, khona-ke amaqabunga akhula aze alimaze uhlelo lwempande. Lokhu kuphakamisa isidingo sokuyeka ukuphindaphinda nge-nitrogen kuze kube yilapho izithombo sezitshalwe emhlabathini.
Izithombo azikhuli
Isizathu izithombo iklabishi zingakhuli ekhaya zivame ukutholakala umswakama low kanye lokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuqinisekisa izimo ezijwayelekile, izithombo zibekwa kahle endaweni ebamba ukushisa, lapho kulula kakhulu ukudala i-microclimate efanele.
Ingxenye engezansi yomusi wesiqu
Inkinga yokuthi yomiswe ingxenye engezansi yesiqu idalwa ukungabikho komswakama enhlabathini, ukutshala okuqinile kanye nomoya owomile kakhulu. Zonke lezi zinto zibonisa isidingo sokwakha nokugcina izimo zilungile zezitshalo ezincane. Iklabishi yisitshalo esithanda umswakama esidinga ukuthambisa okuningana futhi okulinganiselayo, futhi uma ukutshala kukhulu kakhulu, izithombo azinawo umswakama owanele. Kulokhu, izithombo zidinga ukugawulwa bese iziqu zifafazwe kancane ngenhlabathi.
Iklabishi - isiko elithanda umswakama
Ukuze ukhuphule izinga lomswakama, izitshalo zidinga ukufafazwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izithombo ziyophela
Kunezimo lapho amaqabunga eklabishi osemncane aphela. Isizathu kungaba ukuthambisa ngokweqile kanye nokuntuleka kokukhululwa kwenhlabathi, ngenxa yalokho ukuvela kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi, lapho ukuhamba kwe-oxygen kuya ezimpandeni kunzima. Kulokhu, izimpande zezitshalo zibola futhi amaqabunga ayaphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzoba wusizo ukuhlola imigodi yokudonsa yamathangi okufika. Uma zivalekile, khona-ke amanzi awanandawo yokumanzisa. Imbangela yokufisa nayo kungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwenhlabathi.
Isizathu sokubuna kwezithombo zeklabishi kungabangelwa ukushoda komoya-mpilo, inani elikhulu lomswakama enhlabathini noma i-acidity engafanele
Izithombo ziphenduka ziphuzi
Uma izithombo ziphenduka ziphuzi, isizathu ukuntuleka noma ngokweqile komanyolo. Uma kusetshenziselwa umanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi ngokugqoka okungaphezulu, khona-ke asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa amanye amabhethri. Uma inhlabathi igcwele umanyolo, kufanele igezwe ngenani elikhulu lamanzi ahlanzekile ngenhlanhla yokubaleka kwamahhala. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izithombo zingadluliselwa komunye umhlabathi.
Ngokuntuleka komanyolo, izithombo zingashintsha ziphuzi. Thola ukuthi yimuphi umanyolo owanele, ungaqhubeka ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
- ukusilela kwe-phosphorus - ukupenda kwamaqabunga angaphansi kwechibi;
- ukuntuleka kwe-potassium - izeluleko zamaqabunga aphuzi;
- ukushoda kwensimbi - amaqabunga ajika aphuzi kuso sonke isisekelo.
Izithombo zeklabishi zingaphenduka ziphuzi ngenxa yokuntuleka noma umanyolo womanyolo
Ukuqaqamba kwezithombo kungadalwa nawukuvela kokutheleleka, okwethulwa kanye nembewu. Uma imbewu icutshungulwa ku-potassium permanganate, khona-ke le ndlela ingakhishwa.
Ukuze ukhule izithombo ezinempilo zeklabishi, kubalulekile ukudala izimo ezilungile zezitshalo.Ukuhlakulela isivuno kunama-nuances waso, kepha, sibheka imithetho nezincomo ezidingekayo, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokulwa nezifo nezinambuzane, ukuze sikhule ngaphansi kwamandla cishe wonke umlimi.
