Akulula ukukhulisa u-anyanisi omuhle, kepha abahlali basehlobo cishe kuzo zonke izifunda basakwenza lokhu. Ngokuvamile, anyanisi atshalwe nge-sevk: kulula futhi kuthembeke ngokwengeziwe. Izici zobuchwepheshe bezolimo bama-anyanisi e-Urals zihambisana nezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Izinhlobo ze-anyanisi zokukhula ku-Urals
Isimo sezulu esifundeni sase-Ural siyaphawuleka ehlobo elifushane. Kungafudumala, kepha kuza sekwedlule isikhathi, kanti ekwindla kufika ekuseni. Lokhu kushiya umbono ekukhetheni kwezinhlobo ze-anyanisi ezitshaliwe. Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala zilungele i-Urals, kanti izinhlobo zokuvuthwa okuphakathi zitshalwa, zivumelaniswe nezimo zasendaweni. Kuliqiniso, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifika sekwephuzile, iMannito, eyafakwa Kwirejista Yombuso Yezwe LaseRussia ngonyaka ka-2011, yadalelwa ngqo esifundeni sase-Ural, futhi ingakhula ngokuqondile kusuka kwimbewu, kusiko lonyaka.
Kunconywa izinhlobo eziningi ze-Urals nakwezinye izifunda. Enye yezinhlobo zakudala ezidumile kakhulu yi-anyanisi esevuthiwe yaseSiberia yonyaka. Inokunambitheka okubukhali, igcinwe kahle, amafulethi ayizicaba noma ayindilinga, anesisindo esingama-g. Izinhlobonhlobo ezindala ezakhula kusukela ngo-1943 iBessonovsky yendawo. Lokhu kungu-anyanisi ovuthiwe ovuthiwe obonisa ukunambitheka okubukhali, isisindo se-bulb singaba ngu-40 g, isimo sisuka kuflethi siya kuflatsi eliyindilinga. Kusetshenziswa okusha futhi embonini yokugaya; ngesikhathi sokugcina ubusika, imfucumfucu imayelana ne-10%.
IBessonovsky yendawo - enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zika-anyanisi
Uhlobo olusha olusha lweBoterus lungokwalabo abasemabangeni okuqala, abanama-translic-elliptical grow up to 80 g, ukunambitheka kubukhali. Kungaphansi kwesitoreji eside. I-Sputnik anyanisi ingumaphakathi nesizini, ama-bulb ayisicaba, anesisindo esingama-80 g, we-ukunambitheka okuhlelekile. Kubonakala ngekhwalithi enhle yokugcina, umkhiqizo ozinzile, ukumelana okuphezulu ne-Downy hlobo.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelaphi yakwamanye amazwe e-Urals, kunconyelwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlakulela u-anyanisi ka-Sterling, yize uvuthwa sekwephuzile, futhi no-Mid-late. Izinhlobonhlobo uWellington noSanskin baphakathi nesizini, ama-bullets ayindilinga, makhulu, afinyelela inqwaba yama-110 g, ama-peninsular, alungele ukugcinwa kobusika.
Umnsalo we-Sterling ulungele ukugcinwa kobusika
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ukuze kutshalwe kusuka e-sevka e-Urals, kunconywa izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Indoda emnandi;
- Isikhulu esimnyama;
- I-Yukont;
- Turbo;
- I-Myachkovsky 300;
- I-Arzamas yendawo;
- IStrigunovsky yendawo.
Vele, akuzona zonke izifunda ne-Ural esifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esilinganayo: ukukhetha kwezinhlobonhlobo ezise-Southern Urals kunabanzi ngandlela-thile, futhi izinhlobo ezifanelekile, ngokwesibonelo, zeNkathi Ephakathi kanye neLower Volga, nazo ziyafaneleka lapho. Yebo, futhi abahlali basehlobo - abantu bayazithanda, bazama izinhlobo, futhi batshala lezo ezingasilungele njalo isimo sezulu esithile.
Ukutshala i-anyanisi
Ngaphezu kokukhula u-anyanisi kusuka imbewu, indlela yezithombo nokukhula okuqondile kusuka ezinhlwini ziyaziwa. Indlela yesithombo idla isikhathi, ayivame ukwenziwa. Indlela yokukhula u-anyanisi kusiko lembewu lonyaka iyalinga kakhulu, kunezinhlobo eziningi eziklanyelwe le nhloso ngqo. Kepha indlela ifaneleka kakhulu ezifundeni ezinehlobo ende: kusuka ezinhlanyelweni zika-anyanisi kuya ku-anyanisi ogcwele e-Urals, u-anyanisi awupheli njalo ukukhula. Ngokwesiko, u-anyanisi utshalwa esifundeni kusuka ku-sevka etholwe ngesizini edlule kusuka imbewu.
Isikhathi sokufika
Kunoma isiphi isifunda, u-anyanisi angatshalwa kusenesikhathi, kepha ama-commodity bulbs akhula kuwo, futhi hhayi izimpaphe nje, futhi nangaphezulu ukuze angangeni emcibishweni, ukubamba kuqala kakhulu akulungile. Izinsuku zokufika zinqunywa yilezi zimo ezilandelayo:
- amazinga okushisa ebusuku akufanele awele ngaphansi +5 mayelanaC;
- inhlabathi ekujuleni kwama-5-6 cm kufanele ifudumale ifike ku-7 ... 10 mayelanaC;
- emva kobusika, inhlabathi kumele isome kancane, ingagxili, ipakwe amanzi;
- amahora okukhanya kosuku kufanele awele umugqa wamahora we-9-10.
Ezindaweni eziningi zesifunda i-Ural, izimo ezinjalo zenzeka maphakathi noMeyi. Uma kugcinwa ukushisa, umbhede wembeswa okwesikhashana ngefilimu emnyama, uzama ukuyifudumeza ngosuku lokugcina.
Abanye abathanda ukushala batshala inani elincane lokuhlwanyela ngisho nangaphambi kobusika, kepha lokhu kuyindlela eyingozi kuma-Urals. Ukufakwa kwamalambu kufanele kwenziwe emavikini angama-2-3 ngaphambi kokufika kwesithwathwa. Kubalulekile ukuthi iqhwa elisindayo liwele ngesikhathi, lusonga umbhede wengadi. Inzuzo yokutshala ekwindla yengozi encane yomonakalo emasikweni we-anyanisi fly.
Ukukhetha isiza nokulungiselela umbhede
I-anyanisi ngokuvamile ikhula kuphela ezinhlabathini eziphefumulayo, ezivulekile; zingaba zi-loamy noma i-sandy loamy, ngokuphendula okungathathi hlangothi okuphakathi. Acidic nenhlabathi empeleni lime. Ukuqina kwamanzi kumele kuqedwe, kungcono ukhethe igquma elincane. Ukufakelwa kombhede kufanele kungabikho: anyanisi atshalwa ezindaweni ezinelanga. U-anyanisi akasabeli kahle nakancane emthunzini oyingxenye owakhiwa izihlahlana noma uthango. E-Urals, imibhede iphakanyiswa ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba: enhlabathini elula ngo-10 cm, enhlabathini esindayo okuncane.
Imibhede ka-anyanisi kufanele ikhanyiswe kahle yilanga
Kungcono uma ukhukhamba, utamatisi, amazambane, iklabishi kanye nama-radish ekhule phambi kwe-anyanisi engadini. Musa ukutshala u-anyanisi ngemuva kwegalikhi, isithombo, ubhekilanga, noma yiluphi u-anyanisi ohlukahlukene. Kepha izaqathi ezitshalwe endaweni yendawo engcono kakhulu yokususa u-anyanisi wezilokazane eziningi.
Ukuzala kwenhlabathi okuphezulu yisimo esikhulu sokuthola isivuno esihle. Ingadi iqinisekile ukuthi isilungiselelwe ekwindla, igaya inhlabathi ijule nesicelo somanyolo. Ngomhlaka 1 m2 engeza okungenani ibhakede le-humus enhle, kepha hhayi umquba omusha: kuzoholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwamahlamvu futhi ngeke kuvume ama-bulbs avuthwe. Ukusuka kumanyolo wamaminerali, kulula kakhulu ukwengeza i-60-80 g ye-nitrophoska nge-1 m ngasikhathi sinye nge-humus2.
Uma inhlabathi ingebumba kakhulu, engeza isihlabathi somfula kanye ne-peat.
Ngentwasahlobo, umbhede olungiselelwe uthululwa ngesilenge, ngemuva kokuwufafaza ngomlotha wokhuni (iditha elilingana nesikwere). Uma phakathi nobusika inhlabathi ixubene kakhulu, iphinde ibambe nge-pitchfork: kubalulekile ukuthi ikhululeke ekujuleni kuka-15 cm.
Ukulungiswa kwamasethi
Imvamisa izakhamizi zasehlobo azizikhulisi izisulu ngokwazo, kepha zithenge. Uma i-sevy ithengwa ekwindla, ihlelwe igcinwe ebusika ezikhwameni ezincane zelineni noma emabhokisini angaphezulu kuka-15 cm. Gcina kungamazinga okushisa asekamelweni noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, emakhazeni (cishe 2) mayelanaC) Uma ukuhlwanyelwa kugcinwa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo, kushiya okuningi embhedeni emcibisholo. Izikhathi ezithile, imbewu iyahlolwa, u-anyanisi onesifo futhi omisiwe uyaliwa.
Ekugcineni, imbewu ihlungwa ngezinsuku ezingama-3-4 ngaphambi kokutshala. Amabhule avuthiwe atshalwe ngokuhlukile kwimifino. I-Sevka yekilasi le-1 ibhekwa njengehamba phambili: lawa ama-bulbs anesayizi we-15-22 mm (ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi isampula). Uma ubusika bugcinwa emakhazeni, sishisa ngo-30 mayelanaOkungenani isonto. Ngosuku olwandulela ukutshala, iziqongo ezomile ziyasuswa, emva kwalokho anyanisi zifakwe emanzini afudumele. Ukushisa kwe-Optimum 35-38 mayelanaC, isikhathi - amahora angu-1-2. Abanye abalimi bakholelwa ukuthi kungcono ukushiya u-anyanisi emanzini usuku.
Enye indlela yokulungiselela idinga ukunemba, kepha iqinisekisa ukungatholakali kokudubula ngokuphelele. Amabhuleki athululelwa ngamanzi ashisayo imizuzu engu-2 kuphela, kepha izinga lokushisa lawo kufanele libe phakathi kuka-65-70 ° C. Ngemuva kwalokho ihlanganiswe ngokushesha emanzini abandayo. Ukwelashwa okuthatha isigamu sehora nge-0,1% potanganum permanganate solution nakho kunengqondo: lokhu kokubili kungukubulala amagciwane nokungagugi kwe-micronutrient.
Ngaphezu kwe-potanganum permanganate, ungabamba i-sevc amahora angama-8-10 kusixazululo sezakhi: 1 isipuni se-azofoska nge-10 wamalitha amanzi. Ngemuva kwalokhu kwelashwa, kubekwa isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi yokuhlushwa okufanayo kwemizuzu engu-8-10. Lezi zinyathelo ziqinisa amasosha omzimba futhi ziqede izifo ezingamagciwane. Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, u-anyanisi uhlanzwa ngamanzi bese womiswa kancane.
Phakathi kwamalungiselelo aphathwa ngokuhlanza ngaphambi kokutshala, kukhona ne-birch tar
Iphethini yokufakelwa
Ngokwesiko, i-seatch itshalwa ngendlela ye-tepi. Kulokhu, phakathi kwemigqa kushiya cishe amasentimitha angama-20, naphakathi kwezitshalo ezisezintanjeni amabanga aya ngokuya ngosayizi wama bulbs. Ngakho-ke, i-sevka encane kunazo zonke itshalwa ngemuva kuka-60-6 cm, phakathi nendawo, inobubanzi obungafika ku-2 cm, kancane kancane, futhi enkulu kakhulu - ngemuva kuka-8-10 cm.
Ukudepha kokwehla kubaluleke kakhulu. Imvamisa kungamasentimitha angama-3-4. Uma itshalwe ijule kakhulu, u-anyanisi uzokhula isikhathi eside, futhi ezimeni ezibandayo ingabola ngokwengxenye. Uma ukutshala kuncane kakhulu futhi ama-bulbs ebheka, khona-ke lapho kushisa kuyayeka ukukhula. Ukujula futhi kuya ngokuya ngosayizi wokutshala: isikhombimsebenzisi - ichopho lentamo ka-anyanisi kufanele libe seduze komhlaba.
Lapho umaka imibhede, kufanelekile ukukhetha inkomba efanele yama-grooves. E-Urals, asuselwa empumalanga nentshonalanga. Imisele yenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, ekhoneni lika-hoe, isihlabathi sithululelwa ezansi saso nge-cm engu-1 cm sigcotshwe ngomlotha. Ama bulabhu acindezelwa kancane enhlabathini futhi ambozwe ngawo, khona-ke umbhede udaluliwe, okulungele ukukwenza ngemuva kwe-rake. Umbhede wegadi uniselwa ngokucophelela kusuka kumsele wokunisela, njalo nge-strainer. Uma inhlabathi ithambekele ekuqhekekeni, ungayigcwalisa ngesendlalelo esincanyana se-humus.
Ividiyo: ukutshala i-anyanisi amasethi
Izici zokunakekelwa kwe-anyanisi ku-Urals
Izici zokunakekelwa kwe-anyanisi ku-Urals yisidingo sokutshala kwayo esikhathini esifushane futhi, kulokhu, kugcinwa ngokucophelela yonke imithetho yokunakekela lesi sitshalo. Kuyadingeka ukuqapha zonke izinguquko ezingezinhle esimweni sezulu futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi ukunciphisa umthelela wazo ezitshalweni. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili ukupholisa nokushisa phakathi nehlobo, okuvame ukuza kulesi sifunda.
I-anyanisi idinga umswakama engxenyeni yokuqala yesizini. NgoMeyi kanye ekuqaleni kukaJuni, lapho kungekho khona imvula, okungenani ibhakede lamanzi ngesikwele semitha ngayinye yombhede lichitha isonto ngalinye. Maphakathi nehlobo, ukuthambisa kuyancishiswa, kepha uma kushisa, “ukuthambisa okomile” kuyadingeka - ukukhululwa kwenhlabathi ngemuva kokunisela noma ukucwilisa kahle kombhede, kodwa ngaphandle kokulala phezu kwamahlombe. Ngasikhathi sinye sokukhula kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhula, ukhula lukhula ngokucophelela. Ukunisela kumisa ngokuphelele ezinsukwini eziyi-15-20 ngaphambi kokuvunwa.
Ngenkathi, u-anyanisi otshalwe nge-sevk udliwa izikhathi ezingama-2-3. Ekuphakeleni, kusetshenziswa ama-infusions e-mullein (1: 10) noma amakhambi ancibilikile. Ibhakede lokufakwa lithululelwa ku-3 m2. Isikhathi sokuqala bondla u-anyanisi ngensipho ephakeme engu-10-12 cm, owesibili - ngemuva kwamanye amasonto amabili, owesithathu - ngemuva kokuthi u-anyanisi afinyelele usayizi we-walnut.
Bazama ukondla u-anyanisi ngomanyolo we-organic
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi u-anyanisi uyisitshalo esingamelana nokubanda, ngesilinganiso sokushisa esibukhali esingalindelekile engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula, kuyasiza ukumboza okutshalekile nge-spanbond, ngaphandle kwalokho ingozi yama-anyanisi engena emcibishweni inyuka. Uma inani elincane lezitshalo lihlaselwa, imicibisholo iyaqhuma; mhlawumbe kusuka kubo ama-bulbs amancane nawo azothuthuka. Ngokudubula okukhulu, lesi simo ngeke sisalungiswa: umuntu kufanele abheke izizathu zalokhu ukuze angaphinde akwenze ukulahleka kwezilimo ngokuzayo.
Izifo nezinambuzane zika-anyanisi e-Urals, ukuvikela kuzo
Isinyathelo esisebenzayo sokuvimbela izifo ze-anyanisi ngezifo zokukhunta ukufafaza okutshalwe ngo-1% Bordeaux ketshezi ngesikhathi lapho izimpaphe zikhula zibe ngu-15 cm. Esikhundleni somuthi oqukethe ithusi, ungasebenzisa futhi amakhambi abantu. Ngakho-ke, kuma-Urals, kuyisiko ukunisela u-anyanisi ngamanzi anosawoti (100 g kasawoti wethebula ngebhakede lamanzi). Yize kufanele kuvunyelwe ukuthi usawoti kungenzeka asize kusuka ku-anyanisi fly izibungu kunalezi ezifweni.
Izifo zokukhunta ziziveza ezimweni zomswakama ophezulu, ezingafani kakhulu esifundeni sase-Ural ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, akufanelekile ukukhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi ezinye izifo ezikhethiwe ze-anyanisi zibonakaliswa ikakhulukazi lapha: u-anyanisi ungabamba ngokulinganayo noma yiziphi izifo ezikhona kuso. Ngokuvamile kutholakala:
- I-Fusarium (ngasikhathi sinye, ama-rots angaphansi, izicubu ze-bulb ziyafa, bese izimpaphe ziphenduka ophuzi);
- i-peronosporosis (i-Downy isikhutha): izimpawu zesifo - ukugoqa okumpunga emaqabungeni;
- ukubola okumpunga nokumhlophe - amaqabunga kanye namahlamvu kubola;
- i-mosaic - isifo samagciwane lapho amaqabunga embozwe ngephethini ye-mosaic ephuzi, izitshalo zifa ngokushesha, azinelashwa;
- ukubola komlomo wesibeletho (isikhunta se-bulb, kusuka entanyeni ngemuva kokuvunwa).
I-Peronosporosis ngesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu anyanisi
Noma yiziphi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane azisebenzi ukwelapha, izitshalo zingabhujiswa. Futhi ezinye izifo, noma zelashwa, kunzima, ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwenzeka kwazo. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kungatholakala ngezindlela zokuvimbela:
- ukuzungeza okulungile kwezitshalo;
- ukubulala amagciwane imbewu ngaphambi kokutshala;
- into engakhekile;
- ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi;
- ukugqoka okuphezulu okulinganiselwe nokuvinjelwe kwe-nitrogen;
- Ukulawulwa kokhula, ukukhululwa kwenhlabathi;
- ukuhlanza ngokuphelele engadini ngemuva kokuvunwa;
- ukomisa u-anyanisi ngaphambi kokuyithumela ukugcinwa;
- ukuthuthwa okuhle kwesitshalo kusiwa endaweni yokugcina izinto enamanzi
Lapho kwenzeka izifo zesikhunta, ukuchelela nokugqoka ngaphezulu kunqunyelwe, kushunqisa imibhede ngomlotha, kukhulula inhlabathi futhi kufafaze u-anyanisi ngamalungiselelo adingekayo. Amakhemikhali angasetshenziswa kuphela engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula, ngakho-ke azama ukwedlula ngamakhambi abantu. Ama-infusions noma ama-decoctions we-dandelion, ama-marigolds, ugwayi angasiza. Ngesifo sezitshalo ngazinye, ayakhishwa, bese inhlabathi ihlaselwe ngesisombululo esingu-1% se-sulfate yethusi. Kuma "chemistry" ehlobo, i-oxychloride yethusi (40 g ngalinye ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi) iyasebenza, esetshenziswa izikhathi ezi-2 ngeviki. Kepha amaqabunga emva kwalokhu awadliwa inyanga.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezitholakala kakhulu:
- ugwayi weqa (ubukeka njengamabala amancane amhlophe emaqabungeni, ahlangana abe yizingqungquthela ezinkulu, amaqabunga omile);
- i-anyanisi moth (uvemvane omncane wasebusuku): alimaza izitshalo ngezinambuzane zawo eziluhlaza okotshani, ezingaba ngu-10 mm ubude;
- ukundiza kwe-anyanisi: ezinkulu, cishe i-1 cm, grey, izibungu ezimhlophe. Yibo abasheshe bangene ngaphakathi kwamabhuleki bawale;
- i-anyanisi mite (isidalwa se-oval kufika ku-1 mm ubude): silimaza ama-bulting;
- i-anyanisi grub (impukane enkulu, izibungu zazo ezidla inyama yesibabule).
Impukane ye-anyanisi ivame kakhulu kunezinye izinambuzane
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane kunzima, ikakhulukazi ngemikhaza. Amakhambi e-Folk angabhubhisa izinambuzane kuphela ngamanani amancane, futhi iningi lama-insecticides nama-acaricides ayingozi kubantu, ngakho-ke, ezindlini ezincane zasehlobo asetshenziswa kuphela njengendawo yokugcina. Ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane, thatha izinyathelo:
- ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwembewu nokuphathwa kwayo kwangaphambili;
- ukuzungeza okulungile kwezitshalo;
- ukumba imibhede ngemuva kokuvunwa nokukhipha amagciwane emhlabathini ngezixazululo ezibuthakathaka ze-sulfate yethusi noma i-potanganum permanganate;
- ukhula okufika ngesikhathi kwemibhede.
Imvamisa, ezindaweni eziphethwe kahle, u-anyanisi akaguli futhi awahlaselwa izinambuzane.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Umnsalo uyasuswa njengoba kufakwa Feather futhi yomiswe. E-Urals, lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Agasti, izinhlobo zokuqala zikulungele ukuvunwa ekupheleni kukaJulayi. Ukuvunwa kwenziwa impela ngosuku olomile, bemba ngokucophelela ama ama nge-pitchfork. Uma ilanga likhanya, amahora amaningi u-anyanisi, kanye namaqabunga, kushiyelwa ukufudumala futhi komile. Ngemuva kwalokho ifakwa kusendlalelo esincanyana ngaphansi kwe-canopy noma endaweni enomoya owanele amasonto angama-2-3 ukuze womiswe ngokuphelele.
Imvamisa ngalesi sikhathi, akuzange kuvuthwe ngokuphelele ama-bulbs, "dress". Ngemuva kwalokho, izimpande ezomile zinqunywa ngokucophelela, futhi amaqabunga anqunywe, kungashiyi okuyi-2 cm ngaphezulu kweqiniso.Iqiniso, abanikazi abaningi bagcina u-anyanisi ngamabhulukwe, bawagxobe njengesikhumba sezinwele sowesifazane; kulokhu, amaqabunga awanqunywa.
Ngemuva kokumba umnsalo, kushiyelwa izimpaphe isikhathi eside.
Uma u-anyanisi agcinwa ngobuningi, lokhu kungenziwa kunoma yiliphi ikhadibhodi noma emabhokisini enkuni futhi nakwezikhathi ze-nylon. Kubalulekile ukuthi u-anyanisi omiswe kahle futhi agcinwe endaweni eyomile, enomoya, ebumnyameni. Ukushisa akubheki indima enkulu: u-anyanisi omuhle ugcinwa kuze kube yilapho isivuno esisha nasendlini yedolobha. Kepha ngezikhathi ezithile kuyadingeka ukuyihlela: noma kumkhiqizo obukeka kahle, kanye ngenyanga ungathola amakhophi angu-1-2 abolile ebhakedeni le-anyanisi.
Ividiyo: Ukuvunwa anyanisi e-Urals
Indlela enkulu yokutshala anyanisi e-Urals ukuhlwanyela. Lokhu kungenxa yehlobo elifushane; Ngesizathu esifanayo, u-anyanisi okhulayo esifundeni udinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ekwenzeni izinqubo ezijwayelekile. Kubalulekile futhi ukhethe izinhlobonhlobo ezifanele: akufanelekile ukutshala izinhlobo sekwephuzile ku-Urals.
