Izimbali zama-apula zezimbali kungenye yezindlela ezihlobisa kangcono kwentwasahlobo yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphakathi kwezimbali lapho isisekelo sokuvunwa esizayo kwama-apula sibekwa.
Izihlahla ze-apula ziqhuma kanjani futhi nini
Izihlahla ze-Apple ziyaqhakaza kakhulu futhi njalo kuphela ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe yilanga ngokwanele. Esithunzini esimnyama, ukuqhakaza kungenzeka kungakaze kwenzeke, noma izimbali zokuqala ezizodwa zizosondela eminyakeni engama-20 yokuphila kwesihlahla.
Izihlahla ze-Apple ziyaqhakaza kuphela ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe yilanga ngokwanele
Isilinganiso esijwayelekile sesikhathi sokuqala kwezimbali nezithelo zomthi we-apula ezimweni ezinhle (itafula)
| Uhlobo lwesihlahla | Ubudala obujwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezimbali zokuqala |
| Apula zasendle nezithombo zezitshalo | Iminyaka eyi-10-15 |
| Izinhlobo eziqinile zamasheya | Iminyaka engama-5 kuya kwengu-12 ubudala |
| Izinhlobo ezihlakulelwe esiphaleni esincane | Iminyaka engu-3-6 |
Izihlahla ze-Apple zihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezimweni ezinhle zingaqhakaza futhi zithele izithelo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-100 noma ngaphezulu.
Umuthi wama-aphula uqhakaza ngasikhathi sinye lapho amaqabunga evuleka noma ngemuva kwawo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhula kwe-bud kuya ekuqhakaza izimbali, kuvame ukuthatha cishe amasonto amabili sezulu esishisayo futhi kuze kufinyelele kumaviki amathathu kuya kwane ukuphola.
Isikhathi sokuqhakaza nokuqhakaza izihlahla zama-apula ezindaweni ezihlukile zokulinyelwa (kwetafula)
| Isifunda | Isigaxa | Izimbali |
| Ugu Lolwandle Olumnyama eCaucasus, eCrimea, eningizimu ye-Ukraine | ukuphela kukaMashi - ukuqala kuka-Ephreli | kwesibili - ishumi leminyaka lika-Ephreli |
| ISaratov, Volgograd, isikhungo sase-Ukraine | kwesibili - ishumi leminyaka lika-Ephreli | ukuphela kuka-Ephreli - ukuqala kukaMeyi |
| Iningizimu nentshonalanga enkabeni yeRussia (iTula, i-Oryol, iBryansk), iChernozemye, iBelarus, inyakatho ye-Ukraine | ingxenye yesibili ka-Ephreli | okokuqala - ishumi leminyaka lesibili ngoMeyi |
| Isikhungo sendawo ephakathi yeRussia (iMoscow, isifunda saseMoscow, iNizhny Novgorod), iKazan, i-Ulyanovsk, iSamara, i-Ufa, i-Orenburg | ukuphela kuka-Ephreli - ukuqala kukaMeyi | kwesibili - ishumi leminyaka likaMeyi |
| I-North-West of Russia (iSt. Petersburg, iLeningrad Region, Karelia), Isifunda saseKirov, i-Middle Urals (Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk), Novosibirsk | isigamu sokuqala se-may | ukuphela kukaMeyi - ukuqala kukaJuni |
Isikhathi sokuqala kwezimbali kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zasendaweni:
- edolobheni, izihlahla zama-apula ziyaqhakaza ngaphambili kunangaphandle kwemingcele yedolobha;
- ethafeni phambilini kunokuphakama ezintabeni;
- emthambekeni oseningizimu ngaphambili kunasenyakatho;
- endaweni evulekile yelanga ngaphambili kune-shading.
Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuqhakaza sesihlahla samaapula singaba yizinsuku eziyi-10. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo selanga, ukuqhakaza kuqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-5-6 kuphela. Isimo sezulu esipholile esinamafu, ukuqhakaza kwezimbali kuyabambezeleka futhi kungelula amasonto ama-2-3.
Izihlahla ezincane zama-apula (i-ranetki, isiChinese), ezihlobene ngomuthi wama-aphula waseSiberia (waseSiberia), zivame ukuqhakaza ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili kunezinhlobo ezinkulu ezinezithelo zaseYurophu.
Isihlahla sama-apula saseSiberia kanye nezizukulwane zawo (ama-ranets, amaChinese) akhonjwa kalula yizimpawu ezinde ezihamba phambili
Sine-Middle Volga i-oda lezimbali limi ngokulandelayo:
- Ishumi leminyaka lokuqala likaMeyi - ezincane-izithelo (zasendle noma zi-semi-zasendle, ezinezinyawo ezinde, inzalo ebonakalayo yeSiberia) izihlahla zamaapula emigwaqweni yedolobha.
- Ishumi lesibili likaMeyi - izihlahla ezijwayelekile zasekhaya ezingama-apula edolobheni, i-runetki kanye nabesifazane abangamaShayina ezivandeni zezwe, izihlahla zama-apula zasendle emithambekeni evulekile eseningizimu eceleni kwebhange eliphakeme leVolga.
- Ishumi lesithathu likaMeyi - inqwaba yezihlahla ezingama-apula ezitshaliwe ezingadini zezwe, izihlahla zasendle zama-apula asemaphethelweni ehlathi, izithombo ezingahleliwe emthunzini omnyama wamagceke wedolobha.
Isithonjana semithi yama-apula aqhakaza
- Izinhlobo eziningi ze-apula zinezimbali ezipinki nezimbali ezipinki ezimhlophe
- Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla zama-apula zinezimbali ezimhlophe ezihlanzekile
- Abesifazane baseChinese, ama-ranets namaSiberian banezimbali ezimhlophe kuma-pedicel amade kakhulu
- Izinhlobo zomhlobiso we-apula zivame ukuba nezimbali ezikhanyayo ezibomvana.
- Isihlahla sama-apula sikaNedzvetsky - ukhokho wezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezinezimbali ezibomvana ezikhanyayo nezibomvu
- Kuqabukela kutholakala izinhlobo ezihlobisayo zezihlahla zama-apula ezinezimbali eziphindwe kabili
Izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla zama-apula zinezimbali ezipinki nezimbali ezimhlophe-ezipinki (isimbongi esingaphakathi kwezithambo futhi sikhanya ngaphandle). Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinezimbali ezimhlophe ezihlanzekile. Imizila eminingi, amaShayina namaSiberia akhonjwa ngezimpawu ezinde zokuziphatha; amacembe awo ngokuvamile amhlophe. Imbali yama-apula asesihlahleni sinezimbali ezi-5; izinhlobo zokuhlobisa ezinezimbali eziphindwe kabili azivamile emazweni ethu, yize zivame kakhulu eChina.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlobo zokuhlobisa zezihlahla zama-apula ezinezimbali ezi-pink noma ezicishe zibomvu, zivela esihlahleni samaapula aseCentral Asia iNedzvetsky, ziye zaba yimfashini kakhulu. Imvamisa baba nezimbali ezibomvu, hhayi zodwa, kepha futhi zinamaqabunga amancane. Ezinye izinhlobo zesimanje zalolu hlobo zinobusika obuqinile-futhi zingakhula ngokujwayelekile eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg nasezifundeni zezulu ezifanayo.
Izihlahla ezingama-apula zomhlobiso ezinezimbali ezi-pink ezikhanyayo zivame ukutshala ukuhlobisa amapaki amadolobha.
Zonke izihlahla zama-apula zokuhlobisa (ezinezimbali ezibomvu, i-terry, izinyembezi nokunye) zinezithelo ezidliwayo, kepha ama-apula awo avame ukuba mancane, amuncu ne-tart, afana nalezo zezilwane zasendle, futhi afanelekile kuphela ukucubungula kanye nokuwafaka.
Izithelo zezihlahla zama-apula zomhlobiso zivame ukuba zincane, zimuncu futhi zibe tart.
Imvamisa yezihlahla zezimbali ezingama-apula
Ezinye izinhlobo zakudala zezihlahla zama-apula ziyaqhakaza futhi zithela izithelo ngonyaka:
- unyaka wokuqala, kuqhakaza izimbali futhi kuthwele;
- ngonyaka olandelayo izihlahla ziyaphumula - akukho zimbali, akukho zithelo;
- ngonyaka wesithathu, izimbali eziningi nokuvuna okuhle futhi.
Izinhlobo eziningi zesimanje ziyaqhakaza futhi zithele izithelo minyaka yonke.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezindala (isibonelo, i-Antonovka, i-Streifling, i-Anis) zinesimo esibuthakathaka sokumenyezelwa: Ukuqhakaza kwenzeka minyaka yonke, kepha inani lezimbali likhulu noma lincane, kuya ngonyaka. Qondanisa ukuqothuka kwezinhlobo ezinjalo ngokunakekelwa okuhle:
- ukuthena okufika ngesikhathi kokulwa nokuguga, ukuhlinzeka ukukhula okuqinile kwaminyaka yonke kwamagatsha;
- ukusetshenziswa kwonyaka kwenani elanele lomanyolo;
- ukugcina umswakama ofanele womhlabathi (isihlahla sama-apula sithanda umswakama, futhi ezindaweni eziyomile kudingeka ukuniselwa).
Ezihlahleni ezincane ezinezithelo ezikhula ngezikhathi ezithile, kwesinye isikhathi kuyalulekwa nokuba uthathe ingxenye yezimbali namaqanda amaqanda amaningi ukuze wehlise umthwalo bese uqinisekisa ukubeka kwezimbali ngonyaka olandelayo.
Izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezindala zithela izithelo ngokuqinile ngemuva konyaka, futhi akukho okungenziwa ngakho. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho naphakathi nendawo, ngokuyinhloko lokhu kubonakala ngeGrushovka; endaweni engadini engaseningizimu, iKandil-synap iziphatha ngendlela efanayo.
I-Grushovka Moscow - inhlobo yesihlahla sama-apula esidala saseRussia esinezithelo zesikhathi esizayo ezingalungiswa
Engadini yami kunamaGrushovki amabili amadala amakhulu (anombandela abizwa ngokuthi "ophuzi" futhi "abomvu", izithelo zawo zihlukile ngombala nokunambitheka) ezine-fruiting eboniswe kahle yezikhathi ezithile. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwami, bathela izithelo (unyaka owodwa, iminyaka emibili), futhi kwakukulula kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana engaphumelelanga ngokulandelana (kungaba yiqhwa, i-weevil, noma okunye okungahambi kahle), uhlelo lwaphambuka, futhi bobabili uGrushovka waqala ukuqhakaza futhi wathela izithelo ngasikhathi sinye. Akukho akwenziwe ngalokhu. Futhi ngakho-ke siphila: unyaka owodwa lapho ungagxili khona kusuka ku-apula ehlobo - unyaka wesibili hhayi i-apula elilodwa kuze kube uSepthemba, lapho izinhlobo zasekwindla ziqala ukuvuthwa.
Izindlela zokuvikela ezihambisana nezimbali ezingama-apula
Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, izihlahla zama-apula zisengozini enkulu. Uma isimo sezulu sinamafu, kubanda futhi lina, futhi kunemimoya enamandla, izinyosi ezifuywayo cishe azindiza ziphume okhalweni lwabo, futhi izimbali eziningi zihlala zingenothuli. Esimweni sezulu esibi, ama-bumblebees nezinyosi zasendle kuphela ezindizayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuvikela lezi zinambuzane zasendle ezidonsa impova, futhi ngenxa yalokho, okokuqala, zigcina isimo sinempilo yemvelo esizeni futhi singasebenzisi kabi izibulala-zinambuzane.
Ama-Bumblebees yizilokazane zasendle eziwusizo kakhulu ekuvikeleni impova ezihambela izimbali njalo esimweni sezulu esibi.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, isithwathwa esilimaza ama-buds, izimbali, nama-ovari amancane kuyingozi enkulu. Ukuphela kokuvikelwa okungathenjwa ngokweqile eqandeni kungabhekwa njengokugcina nje izihlahla ezincishisiwe ezine-agrofibre evikela isikhathi sokushisa komoya.
Ishicilelwe kabusha kusuka encwadini kuya kubhuku, izincomo zokuvikela izingadi kusuka kunguhlaza ngamakhilogremu wentuthu kubonakala kimi zingabaza kakhulu. Okungenani esimweni sethu ku-Middle Volga ngokuphelele onke ama-frostical angama-classical (amaconsi ebukhali wesikhashana esifushane ekushiseni komoya ebusuku nasezinsukwini zokuqala zentathakusa) avela kuphela esimweni sezulu esikhanyayo, esizolile, lapho noma yimuphi umusi uphakama ubheke phezulu ngekholamu emincane. Futhi ngenxa yentuthu ebangelwa iziphepho ze-Arctic zesikhuhlu eside esibandayo nomoya oqinile oqinile, ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho akukho ntuthu eyosindisa.
Izithelo zezithelo zase-Apple zithinteka kakhulu ngaleli bhungane, elikwazi ukuqothula cishe wonke amaqabunga ezihlahleni zama-apula phakathi nesikhathi sokubukeka kwalo okukhulu.
I-Flower weevil weevil nomonakalo we-bud obangelwa yiyo (igalari yezithombe)
- Izimbali zamabhungane ezilimele zonile ngaphandle kokuqhakaza
- Izibungu zebhungane yezimbali ngaphakathi kwezinhlamvu zeapula
- Ukuqhakaza kwe-weevil kubeka amaqanda ehlumela lwesihlahla se-apula
Ngakho-ke, kusukela lapho ihlumela livula, futhi ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kwezimbali, umlimi kufanele azihlole njalo izihlahla engadini yakhe ukuze akwazi ukubona inkathazo futhi athathe isinyathelo. Engadini encane, ungamane ubhubhise amabhungane ekuseni ngovivi, lapho engasebenzi, kuphethiloli elibekwe ngaphansi kwezihlahla ulibhubhise. Izingadi ezinkulu ziyafafazwa ngama-insecticides e-pyrethroid kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-5 ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwamahlamvu. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuqhakaza kwezihlahla, ukuphinda kufafazwe ngamalungiselelo we-pyrethroid kwenziwa ukuze kuvikeleke isivuno emgqonyeni we-codling moth kanye ne-saw saw.
Noma yikuphi ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezezimbali akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele: ama-pesticides awabulala izinambuzane kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinambuzane ezizuzisayo, kufaka phakathi izinyosi nezimbali.
Isikhathi sokuqhakaza yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu futhi esibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yensimu yezithelo ze-apula, esidinga ukunakwa kumgcini wegadi. Izihlahla ngokuqinisekile zizobonga umnikazi onakekelayo ngesivuno esiningi sama-apula amnandi.
