Iwayini elikhula isikhathi eside laliyilungelo lamazwe aseningizimu. Iqiniso liwukuthi lezolimo zibhekwa njenge-thermophilic. Kodwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wabalimi, ukutshalwa kwamagilebhisi ku-Urals, ukutshala nokulima kwavela kwangempela. Manje i-viticulture ayitholakali kahle kuphela ensimini ye-Urals, kodwa ibuye ikhombise isilinganiso somkhiqizo ophezulu.
Uyazi? Amagilebhisi yisitshalo sasendulo. Ngokusho kososayensi, isingeniso saso esimisweni saqala emazweni ase-Asia (Pakistan, Iran). Ithola ama-hieroglyphs aseGibhithe ebonisa amaqabunga namagundane amagilebhisi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule kwakubhekwa njengesitshalo ewusizo kwezolimo.
Amagilebhisi Ezindaweni Zokuhlala: ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokukhula
Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhethwa kwezinhlobo zamagilebhisi zase-Ural ukuphikiswa kwamaqhwa nokuvuthwa kokuqala. Kungcono ukukhetha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Bajwayele izimo ezithile zezulu. Ikhwalithi ye-seedling ixhomeke ekukhuleni kwesihlahla kanye nokuvuna. Kudingeka futhi ukunquma ukuthi udinga itafula noma ukubukeka kobuchwepheshe. Eyokuqala yenzelwe ukudla nokuthengisa, futhi okwesibili - ukwenza iwayini. Lapho ukhetha, qaphela ukufakwa kwesinamathisela. Kungcono ukuthenga kusuka kubalimi abafakazelwe abaye bakhula iminyaka. Kucatshangwa izithombo ezinhle kakhulu ngamahlumela amaningi. Izinhlobo ezifanelekayo zokuvuthwa kwezinsuku ezingu-100-130 nokubekezela iqhwa ngezansi -40 ° C. Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezinganqamuki ezinqolobane ze-Urals:
- "Samokhvalovich" - ekuqaleni (izinsuku ezingu-110);
- "Olga" noma "Ubuhle Benyakatho" - ekuqaleni (izinsuku ezingu-110);
- "Negro" - esiphakathi (izinsuku ezingu-125);
- "Lydia" - ephakathi kwasekuqaleni (izinsuku ezingu-125);
- "White Muscat Shatilova" - medium early (izinsuku 130).
Amagilebhisi ase-Uals aseNingizimu asuke ekhethekile kakhulu, ukutshala nokunakekelwa kwawo kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kanye nomsebenzi womnikazi. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, umphumela ngeke uthathe isikhathi eside.
Umbuzo wokuthi ungakhula kanjani amagilebhisi ku-Urals for Wabasaqalayo ungavela kubantu abaningi abafuna ukungena kwi-viticulture, kodwa abangenalo ulwazi kulolu daba. Futhi kufanelekile ukuqala ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa. Vumela ukuthi bahluke ekunambeni nasembala. Lapho ukhetha ukuthungatha, qaphela ukuthi impande yayingaphezu kwamanzi. Kungcono ukhethe izithombo zazo izimpande ezipakethe esikhwameni seplastiki. Ngeke ilambe futhi ihlome lapho ifika. Uma isikhathi sokuvuna sifika, unganquma ukuthi yiziphi izicucu ezihlukahlukene ozithandayo. Kuphela ngonyaka we-6-7 kuphela kunethuba lokubona yonke isivuno sezinhlobo ezithile. Kuye ngekhwalithi yamagilebhisi, ungakwazi ukuvuna kuze kube ngu-8 kg wezitshalo ezivela esihlahleni esisodwa.
Uyazi? Kwabaqalayo izinhlobo ezifanelekayo: "Aleshenkin", "In Memory of Shatilova", "In Memory of Dombrovskaya". Akuzona okwenzekayo futhi azidingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.
Amagilebhisi ase-Ual eseningizimu asheshe athole ukuthandwa, izinhlobo zalo ziyaziwa futhi zivame ukuvela ezintsha. Sekuvele kunezinhlobo ezingu-500. Phakathi kwabo, indawo ekhethekile ihlala yizinhlobo ezingenakutholakala ezifweni ezifayo.
Izici zokutshala amagilebhisi ku-Urals
Uma sekukhethiwe ezihlukahlukene, kuphakama imibuzo eminingi. Omunye wabo, indlela yokutshala amagilebhisi ku-Urals. Kudingekile ukukhetha indawo efanelekile ekuphumeni futhi ulungise umgodi wokufika. Empeleni, lesi siko singakhula yonke indawo, uma sikhathalelwa kahle. Kodwa isivuno esilindelekile siyobe sinqabile. Ukutshala amagilebhisi ku-Urals kungenzeka futhi kuyenzeka ngempela. Into eyinhloko ukuthenga i-sapling yekhwalithi bese ulandela imithetho yokutshala.
Ukukhetha indawo yokufika
Umkhiqizo wehlathi uxhomeke lapho utshalwe khona. Indawo ekhethiwe kufanele ibe njengelanga, elomile futhi evulekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Inhlabathi iyisilo, inomsoco. Kungcono ukutshala isiliva kude nemithi ukuze umqhele ungawufihli, futhi izimpande azikwazi ukuncintisana nezimpande zamagilebhisi. Izihlahla kufanele zivikelwe othulini, uma zitshalwe emgwaqeni, nasezinkukhu nasezilwaneni. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba akufanele asondele emhlabathini. Indawo engcono kakhulu izotholakala eningizimu noma eningizimu-ntshonalanga.
Ukulungiselela ukuhamba ngomgodi
Ukulungiselela umgodi wokutshala kwenziwa izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokutshala isithombo (ngoMashi-Ephreli). Ubukhulu bayo buyi-1 mx 1 m. Umgodi uphuziswa izikhathi eziningana ukuze uhlele futhi uhlanganise inhlabathi. Sand, i-humus ithululelwa phansi, inhlabathi evundile ehlanganiswe ne-phosphate nama-fertilizer umquba. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili i-sapling itshalwe emgodini olungiselelwe. Umhlaba unqunywe futhi unisela. Uma ngabe umquba wawusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokutshala emgodini, ngonyaka wokuqala unomhlabathi awuketshezi.
I-patterning yokuhamba
Ibanga eliphakathi kwezihlahla ezilandelana kufanele libe okungenani ngamamitha angu-2.5, ngokukhula, akufanele lihlangane. Ibanga phakathi kwemigqa - 2 amamitha. Ibanga elivela ezigodini okungenani imitha eyi-1 yokuhluma okuhle kwezimpande.
Indlela yokunakekela amagilebhisi ku-Urals
Ukutshala nokunakekela amagilebhisi ku-Urals kudinga ukucabangela nokunakwa. Amagilebhisi abesabi kakhulu ukhilimu, njengokwedlulele kwamanzi. Ama-shrub ajika omnyama futhi ahlasele, futhi i-root rots. Kodwa, naphezu kokubekezela kwayo kwesomiso, ngokuntuleka komswakama ukhula kabi futhi uveza izithelo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuchelela, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe ezihlukahlukene ezikhethiwe ziyidinga.
Ukuqaphela ngezici zokunakekelwa okufanele kanye nokudala izimo ezihle zokulima ezinye izinhlobo zemagilebhisi, njenge "Original", "Kishmish", "Veles", "Nizina", "Talisman", "Bazhena", "Vostorg", "Sofia", " Lancelot, Arcadia, Sphinx, Rumba, Zabava, Ruslan, Sensation, Codreanca, Chameleon, In Memory of Negrul, Preobrazhenie, Avgustin, noLaura "- isinyathelo sokuqala ekuvuneni okucebile kwamajikijolo enelanga.
Indlela yokuphuza amagilebhisi ku-Urals
Amagilebhisi aphezulu kakhulu akhula ema-Urals aseNingizimu axhomeke emibhalweni yokunisela. Isimo sezulu singamazwekazi futhi akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi yini ongayilindela emvula. Lezolimo azibekezeli umswakama owedlula, futhi nesomiso sithinta kakhulu isivuno nokukhula. Phakathi nenkathi yezimbali, ukuchelela akuyona efiselekayo.
Ekuqaleni, emva kokutshala, isithombo sinisela kanye ngesonto. Khona-ke, ukubukela ukubukeka kwesitshalo, ukuphuza kufanelekile njalo amasonto ambalwa. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukwenza lokhu kusihlwa ngamanzi amaningi afudumele ngaphansi komsuka. Ukunisela okumpande okungaphezulu kuyakuthanda futhi. Isitshalo esidala sikhuthazelela ukulula kwesomiso kunokutshala nje. Kodwa ukuchelela kumele kuqhutshwe njalo, ngoba ekubukeni izithelo zomvini zingabonakala ziphilile, kodwa amandla okuvunwa okuhle ngeke ahlale. Ibekezelela amanzi aphelile. Uma ukhetha indawo, qaphela indawo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukwehla kwamathunzi kubangela ukubola kwezimpande nezifo zabo.
Kubalulekile! Amagilebhisi phezulu kwamahlamvu ekushiseni akukwazi ukuphuziswa. Amaqabunga aqothukile aphuphuma ilanga eliqondile. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna kwamagilebhisi ukuphuza kubangela ukuthi izimbali ziwe.
Ukuze uthule inhlabathi, kuhle ukushiya utshani obunamanzi eduze nomsuka noma ukutshala umquba ohlaza. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, isidingo sokuswakama akuncane, futhi ababelethi banconywa ukunciphisa noma ukususa ngokuphelele ukuchelela. Isidingo kubo siqala kabusha ngesikhathi ukugcwaliswa kwamajikijolo. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuvuna, ukunisela ukuyeka futhi. Ukukhipha amanzi ngokunisela kwenziwa ngenkathi kulungiswa isivini ebusika.Ngemuva kokuvuna kumele kusetshenziswe kahle (amalitha angu-20 emanti e-bush 1). Lokhu kuzovumela ubusika obuhle. Kodwa uma inhlabathi lapho izitshalo zitshalwe khona, i-irrigation enjalo ingaba yingozi. Ayisetshenzisiwe ezindaweni ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Emasimini anjalo, ukugcinwa kwamanzi okugcinwa kwamanzi kwenziwa isikhathi 1 eminyakeni eminingana ngemifula ejulile yomhlabathi.
Ukunakekelwa komhlabathi
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokunakekelwa kwenhlabathi zibandakanya umusi omnyama. Kuyasiza ukugcina inhlabathi ivulekile futhi ngaphandle kokhula. Kuyafanelekela ezihlahleni ezincane, futhi kakade fruiting. Ukuvama kokukhipha kuncike esimweni somhlabathi nokunisela. Uma inhlabathi isheshe ihlanganiswe, ukukhululeka kwenziwa kaningi. Njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3, i-steam emnyama kumele ihambisane nokufika kwamasiko amancane. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kokulima kungalimaza kakhulu ukulimala kanye nesimo sesitshalo ngokuphelele.
Izindlela ezithandwayo kakhulu ze-viticulture e-Urals zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi, okwenza kube lula ukulwa nokukhukhula komhlabathi nokugcina umswakama. Ukusebenzisa utshani obunamanzi, u-sawdust, umquba, njll. Bahlelwe phakathi kwemigqa, kodwa lokhu kuyinkinga enzima. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-mulch nge-rotted, ukuze ungatholi amagundane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamasiko angasese kunomphumela omuhle emhlabathini. Hlonipha ngezindaba eziphilayo, uthuthukise izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zenhlabathi, uvikele ukuguguleka. Amasiko aseSidal adinga umswakama okuningi. Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa, isivini kufanele sinikezwe amanzi amaningi.
Kubalulekile!Umquba omude usetshenziselwa izivini ezingaphezu kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala. Uhlelo lwezimpande zamagilebhisi amancane alulwanga ngokwanele ukulwa nomswakama kanye nezakhi ezinomquba ohlaza.
Izitshalo zokudla
I-Saltpeter, umanyolo we-potashi, i-superphosphate kanye nomanyolo wemvelo isetshenziselwa ukugqoka okuphezulu. Ukudla kokuqala kwenziwa ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, owesibili ekugcineni.
Uyazi? Uma, uma utshala izithombo zamagilebhisi, umanyolo wasetshenziswa ngokushesha emhlabathini, ukufaka umquba wamagilebhisi iminyaka emithathu kuya emine elandelayo akudingeki.
Kuhle ukutshala ngomquba, unamakhemikhali amaningi okulandelana kunamaminerali angenasimo. Akagcini nje ngokudla izimpande zesivini, kodwa futhi ukhulula inhlabathi. Faka isicelo sokugqoka kanye ne-foliar top ukugqoka kanye nokuchelela amagilebhisi. Amaqabunga athola izakhi ngendlela efanele. Ukuze kuvikelwe ama-ovari nokuwa kwezimbali amagilebhisi amagilebhisi uphethwe ngesisombululo ngezinto ezilandelanayo ngaphambi kokuvela kwezimbali. Isikhathi sesibili - emva kokuqhakaza. Okwesithathu - lapho evuthiwe. Ukugqoka okuphezulu akugcini nje ukuthuthukisa isivuno, kodwa futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uthole amandla ngaphambi kokuphola.
Kuye ngesilinganiso nenani le-eskrementov ekubunjweni komquba, ngokufaka umquba wamagilebhisi ungasebenzisa izimvu, ihhashi, unogwaja, ingulube kanye nomquba wenkomo.
Masking futhi pinching
Ukunakekelwa kwamagilebhisi phakathi nenkathi yokukhula ehlobo kwenziwa nge-staking kanye ne-pinching. Pasyonkovy umthethonqubo wezintaba zamandla, umoya wayo wokukhanya nokukhanyisa. Ukwenza ngcono ukukhula kwezinyathelo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho amahlumela efinyelela ku-15-20 cm, i-pinch yabo ephezulu. Ukunamathisela kususwe kuphela iziqongo zamahlumela. Ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sezimbali.
Ukusika izivini
Ukutshala amagilebhisi ase-Urals kuyadingeka ukuze uthuthukise izithelo, ulungise ukuma nobukhulu behlathi, futhi wenze kube lula ukunciphisa ukunakekelwa kwesitshalo. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ngezihlahla ezivamile nezifanele, ukunambitheka kwamajikijolo kuthuthukisa futhi ngisho nosayizi wabo ukwanda. Isihlahla sokuqala samagilebhisi senziwa entwasahlobo e-Urals. Ngokujwayelekile kusukela phakathi no-Mashi. Ukushisa akufanele kube ngezansi +5 ° C.
Futhi, inqubo yokusika izihlahla akufanele iqalwe, njengoba ukugeleza kwendlala kuqala entwasahlobo. Sika yonke imikhonto engapheli amahlumela. Imikhonto enjalo inqanyulwa phakathi nonyaka wonke. Ukusika izivini ekuwa kwe-Urals kuhluke emazweni aseningizimu. Ngonyaka wokuqala awukwenziwa - isihlahla sehlobo asikhuli ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-0.5-1. Ngonyaka owodwa, wagwetshwa kuyo yonke ingxenye yomvini. Amahlumela ashubile asusiwe, ashiya oqine kakhulu.
Ukwelashwa kwamagilebhisi ezifweni nezilokazane
Izifo zihlukaniswe zibe zonyaka futhi ezingapheliyo. Lesi sitshalo sezolimo sibhekene nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Uma ungenzi ukwelashwa okuvimbela izifo nezinambuzane, isivuno singathinteka kakhulu. I-viticulture idinga ukunakekelwa nokucubungula ngesikhathi. Ukusungula isifo noma ukubhujiswa ngesikhathi esibulala inkathazo kubhubhisa isivuno kanye nesihlahla sonke.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufa kwesitshalo, ukwelashwa kwe-prophylactic kwenziwa. Ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo, emva kokusika izihlahla, ngensimbi sulfate (300-500 g ngalinye 10 l amanzi). Secondary, ngokuvuvukala kwezinso - "Aktellik". Ngesithathu, ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kuka-Meyi, ngu-Horus (12 g ngalinye ngamalitha ayi-10 wamanzi), ukwelashwa okwesine kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuchichima: I-Ridomil Gold MC (noma i-Acrobat MC) - I-Topaz (noma i-Strobe) - "Actellic". Ukwelashwa kwesihlanu kwenzeka lapho ibhisikidi isesiteji: "I-Ridomil Gold" - "I-Topaz" - "Aktellik".
Izici zamagilebhisi akhula ema-Urals: kanjani ukumboza isitshalo ebusika
Amagilebhisi asebusika asebusika ema-Urals - umsebenzi odingekayo, owenza ukuba kube khona ukuhlala kwehlathi. Uma ungalandeli imithetho, noma ungafihli nhlobo - lesi sitshalo sizofa. Iqhwa elikhulu liyochitha umvini ongavinjelwe kanye nesistimu yezimpande. Kuyinto efiselekayo hhayi kuphela ukuhambisana nemithetho ecacile yokukhosela, kodwa futhi ucabangele izici zesayithi.
Ukudubula kanye nendawo yokuhlala yamagilebhisi okwenziwa ekwindla. Ngaphambi kokulungiselela ubusika, sonke isivuno sivunwa. Izihlahla ezimpandeni zanisela ngamanzi amaningi. Uma amanzi athululelwa emabhakede, kubalulekile ukugcina isikhathi esincane. I-fluid kumele igxilwe ngokuphelele emhlabathini, akufanele kube khona ukulimala. Umswakama ufinyelela ngaphakathi enhlabathini, futhi ubusika bomhlaba obusika buhamba phezulu. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi nezimpande zesitshalo ziyashisa. Inqubo yesikhathi esidla, kodwa kudingekile.
Kubalulekile ukwazi uma kunesidingo ukumboza amagilebhisi ku-Urals. Kumele siqale ngeqhwa lokuqala. Kusukela maphakathi noNovemba noma ngoDisemba. Ngaphambilini akunakwenzeka, ngoba isikhunta sakhiwa ezinso kusuka umswakama. Umvini ubeka phezu kwe-lattice yamapulangwe noma ungqimba lwezinaliti zephayini. Vala nge-tarpaulin. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ifilimu, ehlanganisa izihlahla, kufanele ibe imibala emhlophe noma elula. Ngaphansi kwalo, izinga lokushisa lihlala li-1.5% eliphakeme. Kwakuvame ukukholelwa ukuthi kwakumnyama okugcina nokuheha ukushisa. Ukugcinwa kweqhwa ngqo ebusika kusetshenziswa njengokufudumala okwengeziwe. Uma amahlumela amancane, umvini ugoqiwe ube ngendandatho futhi uhlanganiswe nebhokisi noma ibhakede phezulu.
Ngenxa ye-agronomy ethuthukile, i-viticulture yatholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Indlela yokutshala amagilebhisi ku-Urals ayisekho inkinga ebalulekile. Kwaba ngokoqobo ngempela. Ngokutshala kahle nokunakekelwa kwalesi sitshalo, ungazuza isivuno esihle. Eminyakeni yamuva, uhlu lwamavuno lukhulile kakhulu, futhi inqwaba yezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ze-hybrid, zivele.
