Ukuvunyelwa kwethanga inqubo elula futhi ejabulisayo, kepha kudinga ukunemba nemithetho eminingana. Okokuqala, udinga ukunakekela ukukhethwa nokutholwa kwezinto zokugoma, ukubhekana nesikhathi nezindlela zokugoma. Umzuzu obalulekile futhi ukukhethwa kwesitoko, kukhwalithi lapho umphumela wonke womcimbi kanye nokwezithelo zesikhathi esizayo kuzoncika ngokuqondile.
Kuncono nini ukutshala amapharele
Impumelelo yokugoma i-pearl incike kakhulu esikhathini sale nqubo. Uma unamathela umbono wochwepheshe, khona-ke isikhathi esifanele kakhulu intwasahlobo. Umcimbi uyanconywa ukuba wenziwe ngaphambi kokuqala kokugeleza kwe-sap. Amagxolo esihlahla ahlukaniswe kalula ngalesi sikhathi, okusho ukuthi kuzoba lula kakhulu ukwenza ukukhohlisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lomoya kufanele libhekwe. Ukuvimbela ukusika kungafi ngenxa yokuzwela kwabo okuphezulu kuzinguquko zokushisa, umehluko phakathi kokushisa kwasemini nobusuku akufanele kube kukhulu kakhulu.
Lapho izinga lokushisa lizinza kakhudlwana ebusuku, ukusika okungcono futhi okusheshayo kuzothatha izimpande.
Uma ngesizathu esithile kwakungeke kwenzeke ukugoma entwasahlobo, khona-ke inqubo ingaqedwa engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, umcimbi ungabanjwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, futhi ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho kuyodingeka ulinde kuze kube yingxenye yesibili ka-Ephreli. Ehlobo, isikhathi esihle kunazo zonke sokuhlinzwa okukhulunywa ngaso kuzoba ukuqala kukaJulayi. Umsebenzi kufanele uqedwe ngaphambi kuka-Agasti, ngoba kule nyanga izinguquko zokushisa ezinamandla zinokwenzeka phakathi nosuku, okuzoba nomthelela ongemuhle kokuxhunyelelwa.
Ukugonywa kwethanga entwasahlobo kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi komzuzu lapho kuqala ukugeleza kwe-sap bese kuvela izimbali
Ungatshala kanjani eliphakathi kwe
Ukugonywa kwethanga kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningi, kepha okokuqala udinga ukunakekela ekukhetheni impahla yesitoko.
Root stock - yini ongayigoma, ngokuxhunyelelwa - ngokuxhunyelelwa.
Ukukhetha, ukulungiselela kanye nokugcina izithombo zokugoma
Ukuvunwa kwe-pearl cutways kungenziwa kokubili ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Uma isifunda sakho sibonakaliswa ubusika obunzima, khona-ke isikhathi sekwindla sisazoncamela, ngoba phakathi nobusika amagatsha angabanda kakhulu kungabikho lutho oluzogawula entwasahlobo. Lapho ukuvuna ukusika ekwindla, kubalulekile ukwenza inqubo ngemuva kokuba amaqabunga ewile futhi nomuthi unesikhathi sokuphumula. Kuhle ukuqedela lokhu kusebenza ngaphambi kwesithwathwa esinamandla. Ngokuvunwa kwekwindla, uzothola ihlumela elilungiselelwe ubusika, 'elizovuka' ngesikhathi sokugoma. Entwasahlobo, ukusikwa kusikwa ngokushesha nje lapho iqhwa elinamandla lifinyelela.
Ukulungiselela izinto zokuxhunyelelwa, kusetshenziswa ukukhula okungaminyaka yonke ngezinkuni ezivuthiwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kunconywa ukukhetha amagatsha akhiwe ohlangothini oluseningizimu lwesihlahla. Akufanele usike amahlumela "amanoni", ngoba isikhathi sokubukeka kwezitshalo kubo sikhuphuka kakhulu. Ukudutshulwa kwamafutha weparele kungahlukaniswa ngumbala oluhlaza okotshani kanye nokuhamba amabanga amakhulu phakathi kwezinso. Ukusika okuvunwe kufanele kube ngamasentimitha angama-7 ububanzi nama-30-40 cm ubude nezinso ezikhule kahle. Sika amahlumela ngama-secateurs noma ngommese obukhali.
Imifino yokugcoba akufanele isetshenziswe njengegrafti yokugoma, ngoba isivuno ngeke sivele kuyo maduze
Ngemuva kokuvuna umuthi wokugoma, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukugcinwa kwawo kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza lokhu:
- Eqhweni. Kulokhu, bambe umgodi omncane emhlabathini ngokujula okungaba ngu-35 cm, bawugqibe nge-lapnik, babeke izihlahla zokusika baphinde bamboze ngenaliti. Ekupheleni kwale nqubo, umgodi umbozwe ngenhlabathi noma ngotshani, futhi lapho iqhwa liwa, ungqimba olungaba ngu-50 cm lufafazwe ngaphezulu.
- Ekubambeni kwenkuni eqandisiwe. Le nketho izothandwa kakhulu yizifunda ezinamabele amade (izifunda zasentshonalanga kanye nasentshonalanga eseningizimu). Ukuze wenze lokhu, esizeni khetha indawo ohlangothini olusenyakatho bese uthela sawdust emanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho amahlumela abekwa phezu kwawo futhi ambozwe ngokhuni olumanzi. Isikhathi esithile, indawo yokukhosela enjalo kufanele ihlale kumakhaza. Ngemuva kwaloko, sawdust eyomile ithululelwa phezulu futhi imbozwe nge-polyethylene.
- Esiseleni. Amahlumela asikiwe abekwa engxenyeni engezansi kwesihlabathi esimanzi noma sawdust, ngemuva kokuwagcwalisa ngebhokisi noma ngesikhwama sepulasitiki nokwenza izimbobo ezincane. Ukushisa ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa kufanele kube kububanzi ukusuka ku-0 ° C kuya ku- + 1 ° C, kanye nomswakama osezingeni lama-65-70%, okuzogwema ukwakheka kokubumba nokoma kwezinto ezilungiselelwe.
- Esiqandisini. Ukugcina ukusika ngale ndlela kufakwa esikhwameni sepulasitiki, kusongelwe ngendwangu emanzi, bese kubekwa isiqandisi, lapho kuzokugcinwa khona izinga lokushisa + 2 ° C.
Ividiyo: Ukuvunwa nokugcinwa kwezihlahla zezithelo
Ukugoma kwentwasahlobo eseqhekeni
Indlela elula yokugoma, engahle inconyelwe abalimi abasaqala, ukugoma esiqhekeni. Inqubo iqukethe lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukukhetha isitoko, kusike kube isiqu bese usebenzisa ummese noma izembe elincane (uma isitoko sikhulu ububanzi) ukwenza i-cleavage ejulile engu-4-5 cm, ngoba ngaphambili usike amagxolo ukuvimba ukuthi lingaphuli.
I-Cleavage yenziwa esiphelweni esikhethiwe kusetshenziswa ummese noma i-hatchet.
- Eziswini ezihlanganisiwe, kusikwa okomshini obunjwe bese kufakwa eceleni kwemiphetho ye-cleavage ukuze i-cambium ihlanganiswe.
Eziswini ezihlanganisiwe, kusikwa umgodi obunjwe bese kufakwa eceleni kwemiphetho yokuqhekeka, ukuze i-cambium ihlanganiswe.
- Indawo yokugoma ivikelekile nge-putty engadini, futhi i-cleft yambozwa ngethayi kagesi.
Ukuvikela i-splinter, kusetshenziswa i-putty engadini, kanye nasekuthambiseni umuthi wokugomela uthayela kagesi
Uma igatsha elisindayo lisetshenziswa njengesiphunzi, ama-cut 2s noma ama-4 angafakwa ngokuhlukile komunye nomunye.
Ukwakheka kwalezi ziqalo ziqukethe umnyombo, ukhuni, iziteshi zokuphakela ne-cambium
Kokusika okuxhunyekiwe kufanele kube ngamehlo ayi-3-5. Ukuvimbela i-cleavage ukuthi ingavali ku-isipande esikhulu, i-wedge yokhuni noma, ngokwesibonelo, kufakwa i-screwdriver kuyo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, awukwazi ukuthinta indawo yokusika ngezandla zakho, ukuze ungatheleleki. Inqubo akufanele ihlale ingadluli kuma-30 s, ngoba ukusikwa kwendawo kungasebenzi ngokushesha bese yomile. Kusuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabalimi, impahla enhle kakhulu yokuvikela indawo yokugoma yifilimu ye-polyvinyl chloride, edlulisela ukukhanya kahle, ivimbela ukuhwamuka komswakama futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukugonywa kwegxolo
Le ndlela yokugomela ibuyiselwa lapho ubukhulu be-scion bukhulu kakhulu kunesitoko. Le ndlela ibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme lokusinda lokusika. Ukuvunyelwa kweparele ngaphezulu kwegxolo kuncishiswa ezenzweni zezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Usuku olwandulela ukuhlinzwa, dlulisa izingcezwana endaweni efudumele, emva kwalokho sizicwilisa isigamu sehora emanzini noma isikhulisi sokukhula.
- Ukulungiselela isitoko, sinqamula engxenyeni engenhla yesiqu futhi sihlanze ngokucophelela indawo esikiwe ngommese wokuxhunyelelwa.
Ngommese wokuxhunyelelwa sihlanza indawo ebunjiwe eshereni
- Sika amagxolo asezimpande ukuze ungqimba lwawo oluphezulu luvinjiwe kalula, futhi izinkuni zihlale zingalimali.
Lapho unching bark, kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi ungqimba lwayo oluphezulu luhlukaniswe kalula ngokhuni
- Kokuxhunyelelwa okuhlanganisiwe, sinqume ngokulinganayo ingxenye engaphezulu, nephansi - ekhoneni lika-25-30˚.
Ezisheni ezixhunyekwe ngommese obukhali, senza izingcezu engela lika-25-30˚
- Sisebenzisa ummese, sibuyisela emuva amagxolo bese sifaka isiqu ngaphansi kwaso, silicindezela ngokuqinile esitokweni.
Ngemuva kokuthi isiqu sibekwe ngaphansi kwegxolo, akufanele sivele ngaphandle kwaso
- Simboza isilonda kanye nokusika okungenhla nge-var var yengadi.
Simboza i-scion ukuze ingoma futhi ithathe izimpande ngokushesha
- Faka umuthi wokugomela ngokuqinile ngethayi kagesi.
Ngokuxhumeka okuqinile kwegxolo ne-scion, indawo ye-inoculation ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile ngothayela kagesi
- Sibeka isikhwama sepulasitiki ngaphezulu bese siyilungisa esitokweni.
Sibeka phezulu isikhwama sepulasitiki bese siyilungisa esitokweni
Isikhwama sisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izinto ezihlanganisiwe emoyeni futhi zilondoloze umswakama. Ngemuva kwamasonto angu-1-2 ingasuswa.
Isiqu kufanele sivele kungakapheli amasonto amabili, kanti izinso kufanele zivuvukale ngalesi sikhathi. Uma lokhu kungabhekwa, khona-ke umuthi wokugoma awuzange uthathe izimpande. Kulokhu, ungaphinda inqubo kwesinye isiqu noma ulinde ihlobo bese ukhipha i-pear ngendlela yokuqunjelwa (izinso, iso).
Ukugomela eliphakathi kwezinso kanjani
Ukugoma i-pearl ngale ndlela, kusetshenziswa izinso, ezifakwa ngaphansi kwegxolo esitokisini. Ukufakwa umqhele kwezinhlobo ezimbili:
- iso lokulala;
- iso elihlumayo.
Esimweni sokuqala, umuthi wokugoma unikezwa ehlobo ukusuka maphakathi noJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, inqubo iya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Umqhele ngamehlo okhulayo wenziwa entwasahlobo ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele. Izinso zithathwa ngesikhathi lapho amaqabunga okuqala esanda ukuqhakaza. Ukulandelana kwezenzo zokugomela i-pears nge-budding ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Izinso elinesihlangu okuthiwa yisiqhumile kusuka empunzini.
Izinso ezinesihlangu zinqunywa emishunqwini evuniwe
- Esipheni senduku ngommese wokuhluma, ingxenye yecortex yenziwa ngesimo sencwadi u-T.
Isigaxa esenziwe ngo-T senziwa kusiphunzi sosizo ngommese occt.
- Bopha imiphetho ye-cortex bese ufaka iso elingenalutho ngaphansi kwayo.
Ukufakwa kwezinso kufakwa ku-rootstock incision
- Indawo yokugoma ivikelwe nge-putty yengadi.
- Ukuze ubambe amagxolo ngokushesha, sebenzisa itheyini kagesi.
Ukuze ubambe amagxolo ngokushesha futhi uvikele indawo yokugoma, sebenzisa i-tepi kagesi
Isihlangu kufanele sibe ubude obu-3 cm. Ngobukhulu obukhulu, singalungiswa kancane, sigweme ukulimaza izinso uqobo.
Ividiyo: izihlahla zezithelo eziqhakazayo
Ukugoma kwethanga ngebhuloho
Ukuvunyelwa kweparele ngale ndlela kuthathwa njengokukwelapha futhi kusetshenziselwa ukulimala amagxolo, ngokwesibonelo, amagundane noma ukuqasha. Uma umuthi unenxeba elinjalo, ukuhanjiswa kokudla komqhele wesitshalo kuyaphazamiseka. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukubuyisela amandla ngosizo lwebhuloho, elisetshenziselwa ukusika. Le nqubo, noma ilula, idinga ukunakwa. Umsebenzi wenziwa ngokulandelana okulandelayo:
- Yenza ukuhlangana okufana ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwesilonda ubude be-3 cm.
- Amahlumela alungiselelwe afakwa kuwo, ubude bawo kufanele buhambisane nosayizi wendawo eyonakele.
- Indawo yokugoma imbozwe ngezinhlobo zasengadini futhi ukusikwa kuhleliwe ngothayela kagesi.
Uma kwenzeka kulimala amagxolo ezihlahleni zezithelo, baphendukela endleleni yokuxhunyelelwa ngebhuloho
Ukwelashwa kwamapheya ngale ndlela ezindaweni ezincane usebenzisa ukusikwa okububanzi ka-4-5 mm. Ngomonakalo omkhulu obonakalayo, amahlumela kufanele abe mkhulu.
Inani lokusika lokuxhunyelelwa ngebhuloho kuya ngeminyaka yesihlahla. Esihlahleni esincane esinobubanzi obungama-3 cm, kuzodingeka kuphela izihlahla ezi-2, futhi kumuntu omdala - cishe u-8. Amahlumela ahlanganisiwe angaba nanoma yiliphi inani lamahlumela, ngoba asadinga ukwephulwa ngaphambi kokugonywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusika akudingeki ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngezinhlobo ezifanayo nesihlahla esonakalisiwe.
Ividiyo: ungatshala kanjani eliphakathi kwebhuloho
Yini engingatshala kuyo iparele?
Ulwazi lokulungiswa kwezinto zokugoma nokulandelana kwale nqubo ngeke kwanele kumphumela ophumelelayo walo mcimbi. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izihlahla ongatshala kuzo ikhasi.
Emgqonyeni wentaba
URowan angasebenza njengesitoko sethanga, kepha ukuxhunyelelwa kulesi sihlahla kunamaphuzu amahle nokubi. Iqiniso ngukuthi le mikhakha emibili ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo nethanga ngemuva kokuhlinzwa kuzodinga ukunaka kakhulu futhi banikeze ukunakekelwa isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukubhekisisa ukuthi amahlumela eliphondo likhulu ngokushesha okukhulu kunomlotha wentaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuqina izinhlamvu zamahlamvu emagatsheni, anciphisa amandla awo. Umuthi wokugoma okukhulunywa ngawo uthinta nokunambitha kweparele: izithelo zingaba tart, zomile futhi ngokujwayelekile zilahlekelwe ubumnandi obuzuzwe ngunhlobo oluthile.
Enye yezinketho zesitoko se-pearl ngomlotha wezintaba, ofaneleka kahle ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esinomswakama nenhlabathi eshisayo.
Kodwa-ke, umlotha osentabeni uzoba inketho enhle njengesitoko salezo zifunda ezinamanzi amaningi omswakama nenhlabathi eshisayo. Lesi siko liyaphawuleka ngenxa yokuthobeka kwalo, amandla okukhula ezindaweni ezinamanzi nasebandayo. Ngenxa yalokhu kugoma, umuthi uzokhula ube mncane ngosayizi, ozothinta ngokuqinisekile isivuno nokunakekelwa kwawo. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi leli peya lingaboshelwa kuwo womabili umlotha wasentabeni nowokuhlukahluka kwentaba. Kodwa-ke, ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esomile, ukunamathela kwethanga emlotheni wentaba akunconywa.
Ividiyo: kuxhunyaniswa ngethanga emlotheni osentabeni
Kuya ku-irga ne-chokeberry
Ukuvunyelwa kweparele ku-irga kwenza sikwazi ukuthola isihlahla esihlangene, esizoba nje i-godsend engadini encane. Uma sibheka i-irga iyonke, khona-ke leli siko akuyona inketho enhle njengesitoko. Iqiniso ngukuthi izihlahlana zibonisa ngamagatsha agobekayo nezimo futhi awondile, aqhamile yi-chokeberry. Ngenxa yalokhu, amahlumela ngobukhulu azothuthukiswa ngokungalingani, futhi kukhona amathuba aphezulu ekwakhekeni kweziqubu ezindaweni zokusikisela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pearl ezitshalweni okukhulunywa ngayo izohlala idinga ukwesekwa, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni kwesihlahla.
Njengesiphundu sethanga, ungabheka i-irga noma i-chokeberry, kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izitshalo ziyahlukahluka kubukhulu bezindebe
Ukuthula
I-Quince ingesinye sezitoko ezivamile zamapheya, esichazwa ngamaphuzu alandelayo alandelayo:
- ukuphakama kwesihlahla bese kulondolozwa indawo endaweni;
- isikhathi ngaphambi kokuvela kwezithelo zokuqala sincishisiwe, nokunambitheka kwabo nakho kuyathuthukiswa;
- Isimanga sisiza inqubo yokunakekelwa nokuvunwa.
Okuwukuphela kwento engalungile yokugoma amapharele ku-quince kungukuphikisana nesithwathwa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ezifundeni ezinezimpawu zobusika obunzima, kungcono ukushiya lesi sitoko, ngoba izitshalo zingaba yiqhwa.
Ividiyo: eliphakathi kokugoma i-quince
E-hawthorn
Abanye abalimi baphelela i-hawthorn, kodwa ngokususelwa kokuhlangenwe nakho, akukho miphumela emihle etholakalayo. Iqiniso ngukuthi uma ihlumela lepare likhula, lesi sitshalo simbozwa ngameva, ngenxa yalokho ukuvuna kuzoba nzima. Ngokuqondene nokunambitheka kwesithelo, kungaba ngokungajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, abalimi abathanda ukuhlola, ungabheka le ndlela yokugoma.
Njengesivivinyo, ungatshala i-pearl kwi-hawthorn
Ku-cherry iplamu
I-Cherry plum yisiko okuyi-stock eqinile kahle, yomibili yezithelo zephometi nezithelo zamatshe, ngaphandle kwama-cherries nama-cherries. Ngenxa yokugoma okunjalo, kuzokwakhiwa isihlahla esingenamikhawulo sosayizi omncane onesithelo sokuqala.
Esihlahleni se-apula
Isihlahla sama-apula sivame ukusetshenziswa ngabalimi ukutshala amapharele kuso. Womabili amasiko angawezilimo zikaphayini futhi akhula kahle ndawonye, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezimo lapho ukuhlangana kungahambi ngokuphelele. I-pear ithanda kakhulu ukushisa, ngakho-ke, ukumelana kwesihlahla kuzoncika ngqo ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla zeapula. Njengesitoko, kuyathandeka ukunika izintandokazi ezinhlobonhlobo ezinqabile ezifana neMelba, Antonovka. Ngokusekelwe kulwazi labalimi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuwela okunjalo kuvumela ukuthola ama-nzalo (umkhiqizo) aphezulu. Kodwa-ke, umuthi kudingeka unikezwe ukunakwa okukhethekile: ukwenza isivuno sijwayelekile, ukusungula okusekelwa ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ividiyo: ukugonywa kwethanga esihlahleni se-apula
E-peyeni
Enye yezinketho ezilula kakhulu zokukhulisa iparele yezinhlobonhlobo ozifunayo kuzoxhunyelelwa ezihlahleni zamaparele, ngokwesibonelo, ezilwaneni zasendle. Uma kungenjalo isihlahla sasendle sisetshenziswa njengesitoko, kepha isitshalo esilahlekelwe yizimpawu zazo zokuhlukahluka, khona-ke i-scion kufanele ikhethwe ngokuya kwesikhathi sokuzala. Uma lesi simo singabhekwa, isikhathi sezithelo siyanda kanye nesikhathi sokuphila sesihlahla sehlisiwe. Ukuze umuthi wokugoma uphumelele, kungcono ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezilandelanayo futhi ezingabandisi ezibandayo njengesitoko: i-Ussuriysk, i-Forest Beauty, iSeveryanka. Izihlahla zezinhlobo ezifanayo zibonakaliswa ngokuhambisana okuhle. Kulokhu, izivivinyo zingenziwa ngokutshala izinhlobo eziningana emthini owodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungathola iparele elizothela izithelo ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukile.
Ngokutshala izinhlobo eziningana esihlahleni esisodwa, ungakhula iparele ngezithelo zemibala ehlukene nokunambitheka
Ukugoma ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu ngokugoma i-pearl kunezinkinga ezimbalwa kakhulu, kepha, njengoba wazi, iningi leRussia lisendaweni eyingozi yokulima. Emgqeni ophakathi nendawo, enyakatho kanye naseSiberia, abalimi kufanele babhekane nezimanga zezulu, izinguquko zokushisa, isithwathwa sokuqala ekwindla kanye nesithwathwa sekwephuzile entwasahlobo. Ezifundeni ezinjalo, kungcono ukutshala i-pearl ezitshalweni ezingenakudalulwa ezingavulelwa ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu zasendaweni. Izilimo ezinjalo zingaba umlotha wasentabeni, ingwe yeqhwa, i-hawthorn. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele asuse ngaphandle kokunaka inani lokukhula kweziqu zalezi zitshalo kuqhathaniswa neparele. Ukuze uvikele ukwephula amagatsha ngenxa yokungafani kokhanya, shintsha izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqinisa.
Ukugoma inqubo ebalulekile engadini. Ngale ndlela, ungafinyelela imiphumela eminingi: ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha noma ugcine ezingandile, ukwelula impilo yezihlahla ezindala, ukuphulukisa amanxeba, futhi kuthinte nekhwalithi yezithelo. Ukuxhunyelelwa kwethanga kwenziwa ngabasebenza kahle bobabili nabalimi be-novice abazimisele ngokufunda okuthile okusha nokuthola impumelelo kuleli gatsha lokukhiqiza kwezitshalo.
