Abathengi beziza zomhlaba, kanye nabathuthukisi abathile abaqala ukwakha izindlu emhlabeni ezitholwe noma ezabiwe yiziphathimandla zasendaweni, bakhathazekile ngokufakwa kocingo okufanele. Ukuze ungaphuli izintshisekelo zabantu abahlala eduzane, futhi futhi wephule amalungelo akho, kufanele wazi kahle ukuthi luhlobo luphi uthango olungabekwa phakathi komakhelwane ngokomthetho ophoqelelwe endaweni yele ndaba. Siphawula khona lapho ukuthi le ndaba ibhekwa ezenzweni eziningi zomthetho zokulawula, akukho noyedwa kuzo olunganakwa. Imikhawulo isethwe ngokuya ngemingcele eminingana, njengokuphakama, okokusebenza, ukushaya kocingo, ibanga lezinto ezibalulekile ezisendaweni yendawo yazo neyomunye umuntu. Ukuze ugweme ukungqubuzana okungase kube umbukiso osemthethweni ngokukhokha inhlawulo kanye nokudilizwa kocingo olwakhiwe, konke kufanele kunqunywe ngumthetho ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi wokwakha.
Yini okufanele iqondiswe ngenkathi kwakhiwa?
Isenzo esikhulu somthetho esilawula ukuhlelwa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo endaweni eyakhelwe umhlaba yikhodi yeRussian Federation yokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha. Kodwa-ke, kulo mbhalo akukho ukuqondisa ngokubekwa okuphoqelekile kocingo olungenalutho phakathi kwezingxenye eziseduze. Ngakho-ke, ama-SNiPs athathwa njengesisekelo, okungukuthi, amakhodi wokwakha kanye nemithetho, engasekelwa ngezinqumo ezamukelwe ezingeni lohulumeni basekhaya. Le mibhalo icacisa izidingo zokwakhiwa kocingo endaweni yesakhiwo esikhonjelwe:
- izici zezulu zesifunda;
- umhlaba ovelele
- ukuba khona kwezinto zamagugu amasiko, njll.
Isidingo sokuthola imvume kwiziphathimandla zasekhaya zokwakha uthango naso singabonakala. Ukukhishwa kwezimvume ezinjalo kwenziwa ekuphathweni kwezifunda nokwedolobha yiminyango yokuhlela nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusekelwa kwendawo yokuhlala (ukunikezwa kwamanzi, amanethiwekhi kagesi, ezinye izinto zokuxhumana zobunjiniyela) azitholakali endaweni ebiyelwe yangasese. Uma kutholakala uthango olwakhiwe ngokungemthetho, umnikazi uyophoqeleka ukuba aludilize ngaphandle kwezindleko zakhe.
Ukucaciswa okucacile kwemingcele yomhlaba
Okokuqala funda amadokhumende omhlaba atholakalayo. Bese usungula ngokunembile indawo yonke imingcele phakathi kwezingxenye eziseduzane bese uhlela imininingwane etholakala nomakhelwane abanesifiso sokuxazululwa ngokusemthethweni kwale nkinga. Uma bonke abanikazi bevumelana nemingcele esungulwe phakathi kweziza, kusungulwa isenzo esibonisa izivumelwano ezifinyelelwe. Lesi senzo sisayinwa ngabamele bonke abathintekayo. Lo mbhalo uzovikela umnikazi wocingo ekuhlaselweni ngabantu abangahlazeki ngokuzayo lapho abanikazi bendawo beguquka.
Futhi kuzoba wusizo oluwusizo lokuthi ungayibeka kahle kanjani imingcele yensimu nokubekelwa indawo: //diz-cafe.com/plan/razmetka-sadovogo-uchastka.html
Uma uhlangabezana nobunzima nencazelo ngqo yemikhawulo yezwe, kunconywa ukuxhumana nabacwaningi mabhuku. Ochwepheshe ngeke bahlole imibhalo ekhona kuphela, kodwa bayohlola nendawo, ngemuva kwalokho bazonikeza umfakisicelo uhlelo lapho kuzokhonjiswa khona izimpawu zezimpawu zemingcele.
Amamaki wemikhawulo wokwehliswa komhlaba okukhona eduze komunye nomunye, asungulwa ngochwepheshe bezinkampani ezinelayisense yalo msebenzi
Ungamthola kanjani umcwaningi mabhuku onolwazi?
Ungathola umcwaningi onekhono ngokusebenzisa abangane bakho asebevele bafake izicelo ezinhlelweni ezifanele zensizakalo enjalo. Ungasebenzisa futhi uhlu lwezinhlangano nosomabhizinisi abazimele abanamalayisense okwenza lolu hlobo lomsebenzi, olutholakala kwiziphathimandla ezibhekele ezokwakha nokuphathwa komhlaba esifundeni, esifundeni sokuhlala.
Hlola uhlu lwamanani ezinkampani, kanye nohlu lwezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe. Ikakhulu, fisa intshiseko kumadokhumenti okubalwa kwezimali ozoba nawo ngemuva kokuphothulwa komsebenzi. Amanani aphansi ezinsizakalo kufanele akuqwashise, njengoba inkampani ingasebenza ukubuyisa imingcele yomhlaba ngokungafanele. Izindleko zawo wonke umsebenzi zenziwa zijwayelekile, ngakho-ke izinsiza ezishibhile zibangelwa, njengomthetho, ngekhwalithi emnyama yezilinganiso ezidingekayo zokulawula. Ukuheha “ochwepheshe” abanjalo kungahle kube kubhebhethekisa ukungqubuzana okuqubuke phakathi komakhelwane ngaphesheya kwemingcele yesayithi.
Abahloli bamakhono bazokunikeza okulandelayo:
- Thatha isinyathelo ngokubuyiselwa kwemingcele yesiza;
- uhlelo lwecebo lomhlaba, lapho kuzoba khona incazelo nemidwebo enamamaki wama-engeli wokujikeleza wemingcele yesakhiwo sakho
- inothi elichazayo lapho usonkontileka ebika ngalo msebenzi owenziwe.
Ngaphezu kwamadokhumenti, ochwepheshe kufanele bakukhombise indawo enamamaki wemingcele, futhi futhi bakuchaze ukuthi bangawabuyisela kanjani ngokwemibhalo besebenzisa isilinganiso setheyipu uma kwenzeka belahleka noma bebhujiswa ngenhloso.
Ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile yokulinganisa, abacwaningi banquma indawo ngqo yemingcele yendawo, lapho kufakwa khona uthango lapho
Zama ukuxoxa neningi lezakhamizi ngamathuba wokukhokhwa okuhlangene kwabahloli. Uma bevuma, hlinzekela iphakethe elingeziwe lamadokhumenti okubika kusivumelwano.
Ongakha uthango kusuka: izidingo zezinto zokwakha
Ama-SNiPs awabeki izidingo ezikhethekile zezinto ezikhethiwe zokwakha. Futhi omakhelwane bavame ukunganeliseki ngezinto ezikhethiwe ukwakha, kodwa nokuphakama kwesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungagculiseki ezimweni eziningi kufanelekile, ngoba ngenkathi kwakhiwa uthango olude insimu yendawo eseduze iyaqothulwa futhi ilahlekelwe yi- "airing". Ngakho-ke, ezivandeni zezithelo nezindlu zasendlini okuhloswe ngazo ukukhula izitshalo nezitshalo zemifino nemifino, uthango lufakwa kuphela izikhala.
Ucingo olunjalo lungaba:
- amathe;
- eshisiwe.
Ungafunda kabanzi ngokuthi ungalufaka kanjani uthango kusuka kwenetha eletha kusukela ku-impahla: //diz-cafe.com/postroiki/ustrojstvo-zabora-iz-setki-rabicy.html
Ukuphakama kocingo phakathi kwezingadi engadini akunakudlula amamitha owodwa nesigamu. Uma umuntu engazinaki lezi zindinganiso (ngamabomu noma ngokungazi), lowo olimele kumele afake isicelo ngokubhalela umnyango wezamasiko noma abaphathi bendawo.
Ukufakwa kocingo olungenalutho kusuka eshidini elinamaphrofayli kungenzeka kuphela kusukela ohlangothini lomgwaqo, kuyilapho kungekho zimvume ezidingeka ukutholwa uma ukuphakama kwesakhiwo kungadluli amamitha owodwa nesigamu
Ucingo olubiyelwe ngaphandle lungahlukaniswa uthango olungenalutho oluvela eceleni komgwaqo. Uma uthango lwakhiwa ngabantu abaseduze, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi ligcine inani lezidingo zokude kwalo kusuka emingceleni yezingxenye ezingomakhelwane.
Ungayibeka kanjani uthango?
Ngesikhathi sokwakha, aqondiswa umthetho ongashiwongo izinsika zesakhiwo ezinazo:
- noma emngceleni wezakhiwo;
- noma ohlangothini lomnikazi wesakhiwo somhlaba esiqale ukufakwa kwalesi sakhiwo.
Kuyadingeka ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukuthi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izingxenye zocingo zitholakala endaweni yonjiniyela. Akunasidingo sokukhohlisa futhi uzame "ukunqamula" amasentimitha angeziwe. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu nasekulahlekelweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongumakhelwane okulungele ukubhekana nesimo esifanayo. Ngakho-ke, akufanele uthembele ekuthembekeni komuntu kokuqanjwa kwabaphathi abakhulu ngokweqile empahleni yabo.
Kudingeka izidingo ezimbili eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kocingo olufakwe phakathi kweziza zomhlaba eziseduzane: ukudluliselwa okukhanyayo kanye nokubonakala komoya. Ngakho-ke, uthango lwenziwa ngezikhala
Bona ividiyo ukuthola eminye imininingwane:
Ukuphakama kocingo kufanetha kanjani futhi kanjani?
Ukuphakama kocingo phakathi kweziza zomakhelwane ezabelwe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ngakunye akunakudlula amamitha amabili. Uma umnikazi womhlaba ehlela ukubeka isakhiwo esivikelayo ngenhla kwaleli nani, kuzodingeka athole imvume kumakhi.
Ngendlela efanayo, umsebenzisi womhlaba kufanele enze isenzo sokumisa uthango eduze komgwaqo omkhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphakama kocingo kungafinyelela kumitha eyodwa kuphela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umnikazi wesayithi ngeke ayithole imvume kumakhi. Kubekwa imingcele ekwakhiweni kocingo nokuphakama kwalo ezindaweni ezinokulungiswa kwe-angular.
Awukwazi ukuzihlukanisa nomhlaba wonke ngocingo oluphezulu, kepha ungazama. Kepha ngani? Ngemuva kwakho konke, kusukela phezulu uzungu luhlala luvulekile
Yakhiwa kuphi indlu nezinye izinto esizeni?
Onjiniyela abodwa bazama ukukhulisa izinzuzo zokusebenzisa yonke imitha yomhlaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, bakhohlwa ukuthi umthetho ubeka ukuthi mangaki amamitha ukusuka kothango lomakhelwane ongaqala ukwakha indlu ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo abantu abahlala eduzane. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha indawo esizeni yokwakha indawo yokuhlala nezinye izinhloso, kuyadingeka ukuqondiswa yimithetho eminingana ekhona evamisa ibanga ukusuka kulezi zinhlaka liye emngceleni wezinye izigaba, okungukuthi:
- Amamitha amathathu nangaphezulu abalekela endlini, futhi evela kwezinye izakhiwo zokuhlala;
- Amamitha ama-4 ashiywe ezakhiweni ezenzelwe ukugcina izinyoni nemfuyo encane;
- 1 imitha - egalaji kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamakamelo obuchwepheshe.
Qaphela ukuthi izihlahla ezinobude obuphakathi kufanele zitshalwe kude ngamamitha ayi-2 ukusuka kocingo lomakhelwane, futhi mude - 4 m.
Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphambili esigcini esihlobene nefenisi. Lapho ukutshala izihlahla nezihlahlana, kubhekwa amazinga asemthethweni
Ibanga phakathi kwendlu eyakhelwe esizeni sakho nomngcele womakhelwane wakho kufanele ulinganiswe kusukela odongeni noma engaphansi yesakhiwo uma umkhondo, izindunduma nezinye izinto zokwakha zingahambi ngaphezu kuka-50 cm. Uma inani elishiwo lidluliwe, khona-ke linganisa ibanga ukusuka imiklamo evikela Ungahlala uxoxisane nomuntu, khumbula nje ukulungisa isivumelwano sokuyekethisa ephepheni. Lo mbhalo uzokuvikela enkantolo uma kwenzeka kuba nengxabano, uqinisekise ukunemba kwezenzo ozithathile ngenkathi kwakhiwa uthango nendlu esizeni.
Imininingwane engaphezulu mayelana nezidingo zebanga kusuka uthango kuya ezakhiweni itholakala lapha: //diz-cafe.com/plan/rasstoyanie-ot-zabora-do-postrojki.html
Ukuhambisana nemithetho yomlilo
Ukunakekelwa okukhulu kumele kuthathwe ukuze kuhambisane namazinga wokuphepha komlilo wokwakha, ngoba impilo yakho nempilo yabathandekayo bakho kuncike kulokhu. Izinto zokwakha zingezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanganiswa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukulandela imigomo ye-SNiP esetha ibanga eliyingqayizivele phakathi kwezakhiwo ezakhiwa esizeni, okungukuthi:
- Amamitha ayi-6 kufanele ahlukaniswe ngezinto ezakhiwe ngezinto zokwakha ezingonakalisi, njengokhonkolo noma isitini;
- Amamitha ayi-8 kufanele abe phakathi kwezakhiwo zikakhonkolo nezitini ezinezitezi zokhuni noma ezinye izinto ezenziwe ngokhuni;
- Amamitha ayi-15 kubhekwa njengezilinganiso eziphephile eziphakathi kwezakhiwo zokhuni.
Amamitha ashiywe phakathi kwezinto azosiza ukonga indlu uma kwenzeka kuqubuka umlilo endaweni eseduze, ngoba umlilo ngeke ukwazi ukusakaza esakhiweni esiseduze. Futhi kulula ngamathuluzi akhethekile ukusondela endaweni yokulahlwa, uma kungavinjwanga izakhiwo eziningi, zinamathele komunye nomunye.
Ungazama ukwenza uthango lusondelane nomgwaqo, ngaleyo ndlela wandise indawo kocingo. Lokhu kwephula umthetho obizwa ngokuthi "ulayini obomvu" lapho kuhlangana khona zonke izindlu ezisemgwaqweni. Izinhlawulo zisetshenziswa kwabephula umthetho, ezingakhula zibe wukucekelwa phansi kocingo. Konke kuncike ekuphikelekeni kweziphathimandla zasekhaya, okuvame “ukuguqula iso” ekuphuleni umthetho noma zilinganisele ekuqoqeni inhlawulo yokuphatha.
Ukuhambisana namazinga wokuphepha ngomlilo ngeke kuvikele kuphela izinto ezakhiwe esizeni emlilweni, kodwa futhi kuzosindisa izimpilo zabanikazi bezindlu
Khumbula ukuthi ukungazi umthetho akusona isizathu esihle sokungawenzi. Ngakho-ke, ukufihla ngemuva kokuthi okokuqala lapho uzwa ngezidingo zokwakhiwa kocingo, ngeke kusebenze.
Izingxabano nezindlela zokuxazululwa kwazo
Izingxabano eziphakamayo phakathi kokuhlala ezindaweni eziseduzane zihlobene kakhulu nokufakwa kocingo okungafanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi elinye lamaqembu lithatha lesi sinyathelo ngonembeza futhi ngenhloso, ngethemba lokuthi umakhelwane ngeke abhekane nomabhalane wenkantolo. Kodwa-ke, iqembu elimele alihlali lithule njalo, libambe amagqubu emoyeni, noma lilinganiselwe ekuhlukumezeni kakhulu. Inani elikhulayo labantu lixazulula izindaba ezinjalo enkantolo, bazi ukuthi iqiniso lisohlangothini lwabo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthathwa ngenkohliso kwensimu yangaphandle ngokuhambisa uthango oludala noma ukwakha olusha, ukuyibeka kahle, akwamukelwa esikhathini sethu.
Kuyadingeka ukubeka uthango endaweni yesiza sakho, ukuze ungabhidli uthango olwakhiwe yisinqumo senkantolo esivuna omakhelwane abaswele
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuthola indlela yokuphuma esimweni esiphikisayo.
- Indlela yokuqala ilele endizeni yokuxazululwa ngokuthula kwengxabano, lapho amaqembu ephethwe ukuthola isixazululo sokuyekethisa phakathi kwezingxoxo futhi asungule ubudlelwano obuhle bomakhelwane.
- Indlela yesibili idla amandla amaningi, futhi ibuye ibe nomthwalo ngokwezezimali, ngoba ihlotshaniswa nokumangalelwa, okungahlala iminyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, akekho noyedwa ophephile ophephile ekulahlekelweni, okusho ukuthi kunokusongela kokusala entshisakalweni yomuntu siqu nokukhokha isinxephezelo ngezindleko ezonakele nomonakalo wokuziphatha kumakhelwane "ozondwayo".
Ngakho-ke, usadinga ukuzama ukulandela indlela enokuthula, ukhulisa izimfanelo zakho wena kanye namalungu omndeni wakho. Yize kunjalo, umhlaba omubi ungcono kunanoma iyiphi, impi enhle kunazo zonke.
Ungazixabanisi kanjani nomakhelwane?
Kuzo zonke izimo zokuphila, udinga ukuphatha abantu abasondele kuwe ngendlela obungathanda ukuba nabo bakuphathe ngayo. Lokhu ku-win win win kuzokuvumela ukuthi ugcine ubudlelwane obuhle, obuzochithwa kabi ngenxa yohlobo oluthile kocingo. Mhlawumbe elinye lamaqembu lizokwenza izivumelwano futhi uqobo luzoqhamuka nesiphakamiso sokudluliswa kocingo oluncane. Yize kunjalo, bobabili abantu bafuna ukuthi iziza zabo ziboshwe ngocingo oluqinile futhi oluhle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunamaphuzu wokuhlangana kwezintshisekelo lapho inkhulumomphendvulwano kufanele yakhiwe khona ngokuya ngemigomo yomthetho.
