Yini isakhiwo se-fern - izici zamaqabunga, izimpande zeferns

Izinhlobo ezifana noFern bezilokhu zikhula kuPlanethi enguMhlaba kusukela ngesikhathi sokugcina. Isikhathi sokuphila kwabo sikhona ezigidini zeminyaka. Izitshalo zinezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphila, zithanda izindawo ezinomswakama. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sefern senza ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kakhulu nokusinda.

Incazelo yezitshalo zefern

Yini i-fern, kunezihumusho ezihlukile. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi yizizukulwane eziqondile zezitshalo ezindala - ama-rhinophytes. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukwakheka kwama-ferns sekuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kungani ama-ferns ehlukaniswa njengezitshalo eziphakeme, akekho osimanga. Lokhu kuyaqinisekisa:

• ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo se-cyclic;
• uhlelo oluphambili lwe-vascular;
• ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nemvelo yendawo;

Fern emvelweni

Ngokwencazelo, i-fern iyisitshalo sangemuva, ingeyohlobo lwesitshalo sezitshalo. Embuzweni ophathelene ne-fern: ingabe isihlahlana noma utshani, ungaphendula ngokuqina kulezi zimo zombili. Kwesinye isikhathi kuseyisihlahla.

Imininingwane eyengeziwe. Lapho uchaza ama-ferns, umuntu angakwazi ukusiza kepha akhumbule isikimu sabo semibala ehlukahlukene, aletha ubumnandi obuhle. Lezi zitshalo zivame ukuba ngumhlobiso wangempela wezindawo. Inzuzo yabo engabazeki ukumelana nezifo nezinambuzane.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwebhayoloji kwebhayoloji

Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-fern lifaka ukuhlukaniswa kwazo. Imizamo enjalo yenziwa ososayensi basendulo. Izinhlelo ezihlongozwayo zivame ukungahambisani. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-ferns anamuhla kwakususelwa ekwakhekeni kwe-sporangia kanye nezinhlamvu ezithile ze-morphological. Zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswe zasendulo nezanamuhla.

Izigaba eziyisikhombisa ezilandelayo zezitshalo ze-vascular, zombili ezingapheli nezanamuhla, zithathwa njengamafern:

1. I-Aneurophitopsids (Aneurophytopsida) - iqembu elidala kakhulu.
2. I-Archaeopteridopsida (Archaeopteridopsida) - nabamele basendulo, ababefana nama-conifers anamuhla.
3. I-Cladoxylopsids (Cladoxylopsida) - kunezinguqulo ukuthi leli qembu limela igatsha elingaboni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
4. Ama-Zygopteridopsids (Zygopteridopsida noma Goenopteridopsida) aleli qembu eliguqukayo ezinhlotsheni zesimanje.
5. I-Ophioglossopsids noma i-Ophioglossopsida - ama-ferns anamuhla.
6. I-Marattiopsida (Marattiopsida) - izitshalo ezingapheli zamafomu amancane namakhulu.
7. I-Polypodiopsids (Polypodiopsida - zisetshenziswa zisetshenziswa njalo ngonyaka noma,, ngokwejwayelekile, izitshalo zonyaka ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene). Ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: Polypodiidae, Marsileidae, Salviniidae.

Umlando we-Fern Plant Izinhlobo

Umlando wama-ferns waqala ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs - eminyakeni engama-400 ezigidi edlule. Esimweni esihle esifudumele nesinomswakama samahlathi ashisayo, ama-fern abusa uMhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo zazifika ku-30 ​​m ukuphakama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimo zezulu zishintshe kakhulu. Zingaki izinhlekelele zemvelo ezenzeke ukuze iziqhwaga ezinjengama dinosaurs nama ferns anjengesihlahla anyamalale.

Ngabo bonke ukuhlukahluka kwama-ferns anamuhla, ahluke kakhulu ezitshalweni ezindala, eziphansi kubo ngosayizi nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Kepha kuze kube namuhla yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke ezinhlamvu - ezingama-300 genera nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10. Ama-ferns asabalele, ngenxa yepulasitiki yezemvelo kanye nezici ezimangalisayo zokuzala.

Ukusondela emvelweni, izibonelo zezinhlobo

I-fern ikhula nini futhi kuphi kuncike ekushiseni nasendaweni yomswakama yendawo. Indawo yokuhlala yezitshalo eziyinqaba ingahle ibe:

• izihlahla eziphansi nezisenhla zamahlathi;
• amaxhaphozi, imifula namachibi;
• izigodi nezamanzi ezimanzi;
• imisele yamatshe;
• izindonga zezindlu;
• umgwaqo.

I-Ostrich

Ezindongeni ezifudumele, kutholakala amakhulu abamele utshani bamaferns. Ukubukelwa kafushane kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo:

1. Orlyak ezejwayelekile. Kuyabonakala kalula ngamahlamvu ngesimo sesambulela esivulekile. Kusatshalaliswa emahlathini kaphayini, kufanelekile ukudliwa.
2. I-thyroid yegilo. Isitshalo esinama-herbaceous esinamaqabunga afinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude, siyivelakancane kakhulu. I-thyroid ekhishwe isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha njenge-anthelmintic.
3. Ikhodi yensikazi. Isitshalo esikhulu esinamaqabunga abunjiwe kahle.
4. Izintshe ezijwayelekile. I-fern enkulu enhle. Ngenxa yama-rhizomes amade, yakha amathikhethi wonke. Kusetshenziswe ekubonweni komhlaba. Amaqabunga ezintshebe abilisiwe ayadla.
5. Osmund. Isitshalo esinezimbali ezimfishane zamaqabunga kanye nezimbali ezinde ezicwebezelayo zikhula eMpumalanga Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
6. Mnogoryadnik. Amaqabunga awo aluhlaza okomnyama, ahlelwe ngemigqa.

Kufanelekile ukukhula ekhaya:

• Ama-Kostenets;
• INephrolepis;
• Davallia;
• Asplenium;
• I-Dixonia;
• Pteris.

Lezi zitshalo zihlobisa kahle ingaphakathi lendlu. Izinhlobonhlobo zamaJunior ezinamaqabunga amabi muhle kakhulu.

Isitshalo sasekhaya

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo:

1. IHecistorteris pumila ne-azolla cariliniana yizitshalo eziphansi kunazo zonke. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-12 mm.
2. Ama-Epiphytes azizwa emuhle ezihlahleni nasemvinini.
3. Ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ungathola izinwele zeVenus - isitshalo esimangalisayo esinamaqabunga amahle okuvula.
4. Iziqu zezihlahla ezinkulu zeferns ezindaweni ezishisayo zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha.
5. UMarsilea quadrifolia uzizwa emkhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi.
6. I-Dicranopteris (Dicranopteris) ineziqu zamaqabunga ezinamandla zensimbi.

Izinhlobo ezingafani zefern-like:

• I-thyroid ikhunya;
• I-Fegopteris yokubopha;
• UBrown Mnogoryadnik;
• Udonga lwe-Aslenia;
• Iqoqo lihlukaniswe.
• Ukuntanta kweSalvinia fern kufakwe ku-Red Book of Belarus.

Mangaki ama-ferns ahlala

Umbuzo wokuthi "i-fern ihlala iminyaka emingaki" awulula. Isikhathi sokuphila sincike endaweni yokukhula nohlobo lwayo. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, ingxenye esemhlabeni yefern iyafa uma kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, ezindaweni ezishisayo zingakhula iminyaka eminingana. Izimpande ezibambele zithathelwa indawo njalo ngeminyaka emi-4 zintsha; i-rhizome ngokwayo ihlala isebenza iminyaka eyi-100. Lesi sici sivumela lesi sitshalo ukuba siphile kunoma yiziphi izimo.

Izici zokudla kwezitshalo

Fern-efana nalezo zidla izakhamzimba ezibalulekile ngezimpande namaqabunga. Izinto ezidingekayo zokulandela umkhondo futhi zinisele lesi sitshalo esimunca emhlabathini. Amaqabunga abamba iqhaza kwinqubo ye-photosynthesis, aguqula isikhutha abe yi-organic acid. Ngakho-ke i-fern ithola isitashi noshukela, edingekayo emisebenzini ebalulekile yazo zonke izitho zomzimba.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sezitshalo ze-fern

Okhokho bezitshalo zefern babenesakhiwo sakudala. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sekuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.

Iziqu

Isiqu sama-fern sakhiwa ngaphansi, sincane ngosayizi. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-rhizome. Kuyiqiniso, ama-ferns asezindaweni ezishisayo anemithi yezihlahla ezinamatshe awafani. Ama-curly rhizomes angathethelelwa amabanga amade.

Kushiya, Vayi

Iqabunga le-fern likhulu kakhulu kunesiqu. Akuyona eyejwayelekile, inezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo nokukhula, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Kaningi ziyasakazeka, i-cirrus. UVayi - amaqabunga okuthiwa yi-fern. I-petiole yeqabunga ifakwe engxenyeni engaphansi komhlaba yesinde - impande noma i-rhizome. Ukuzihlola, kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi isiqu siphela kuphi nokuthi iqabunga liqala kuphi. Isici esikhangayo se-ukukhula ukukhula kwesiqalo, okuyi-curl ecijekile futhi engavuleki kancane kancane ngendlela yoxhapho.

Waiy

Ukuthuthukiswa kweqabunga kuqala ezinso ngaphansi komhlaba futhi kuthatha iminyaka emibili. Ngonyaka wesithathu kuphela lapho zingabonakala ngaphezu kwenhlabathi. Ngenxa yokukhula kwe-apical, ama-waiyas ama-ferns afinyelela ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu.

Ezitshalweni eziningi, ama-vayas abamba iqhaza kwinqubo ye-photosynthesis, izimila, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ekwakhekeni kwe-spores. Ama-spores avela kuma-soruses, atholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga ngesimo sofuba olulodwa noma lweqembu.

Uhlelo lwempande

Uhlelo lwezimpande luqukethe i-rhizome enamandla nezimpande eziningi ezingaphansi. Izicubu ezivusayo esiqwini nezimpande zibamba amanzi bese ziwuthuthukisa ngezixhaxana zemithambo ziye emaqabunga.

Izitho zokuzala

Impilo ye-Fern ihlukaniswe ngemijikelezo emibili: i-asexual ende - i-sporophyte kanye ne-sex gopedia emfushane. Izitho zokuzala ze-fern - sporangia, lapho kutholakala khona izinhlamvu, zitholakala engxenyeni engezansi yamaqabunga. Izikhala ezivuthiwe ziyachitheka lapho ziqhuma sporangia futhi zithwalwa ngumoya kude nesitshalo sikamama. Abanye ososayensi baqhathanisa ukwakheka kwe-spore nokuqhakaza kwezinye izitshalo.

Kusinda ingxenye encane kuphela yenani elikhulu lezinhlamvu. Isigaba sokuya ocansini siqala lapho i-spore ikhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle ibe ukukhula okuhle (i-gametophyte), ebukeka njengeplathi eluhlaza ngendlela yenhliziyo emamilimitha ambalwa ngosayizi. Ehlangothini olungaphansi lokukhula, kwakhiwa izitho zangasese zowesifazane nowesilisa - i-anteridia ne-archegonia. Amaqanda ne-spermatozoa eyakheka kuwo ahlangana lapho kuhlangana khona isimo sezulu esimanzi, bese kwakheka i-zygote, okuvela kuyo umbungu wesitshalo esisha - ukukhula kwe-sporophyte.

Lesi sitshalo singabuye futhi sikhulise ngokusimila lapho ama-brood efihlekile akha ngeziqu nezimpande. Lokhu kubalulekile kubalimi abatshala ezinye izinhlobo kumasayithi abo.

Qhathanisa nezinye izitshalo ze-herbaceous

Fern-like - lawa ngamaferns, amahhashi kanye nemiqhele. Zonke zikhiqiza kabusha ngama-spores futhi zinemvelaphi efanayo.

Ama-Ferns anezici ezihlukile zokuhlukanisa kwezinye izitshalo ze-herbaceous:

1. Ahluke kolwelwe ngamaqabunga angama-rhizome nangama-complex.
2. Ku-mosses nama-ferns, isizukulwane se-gametophyte kanye ne-sporophyte alternates. IGametesophyte inqoba kuma-mosses; i-sporophyte inamaferns. Ukuba khona kwezicubu ezivumayo ngesimo semithambo yemithambo yegazi kwenza abamele bezitshalo ezinjenge-fern bavunyelwe ukuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuphila yomhlaba.
3. Ngokungafani nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, zikhiqiza kabusha ngezinhlamvu futhi aziqhakaze.

Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali acebile, i-fern inezakhiwo eziwusizo kubantu. Isetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha futhi ekuphekeni, kufanelekile ukufakwa ngosawoti. Umuthi wendabuko nawo awuzange ungazinaki izitshalo ezinhle.