Yonke insimu nomlimi balwazi ukuthi yiyiphi inhlabathi engumhlabathi, ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuvunwa okuphezulu kanye nokutshala okuluhlaza ensimini. Abaningi baze bahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni kwayo okuzimele. Kodwa-ke, ukuqala balimi nabalimi abaqondi njalo lokho okukhulunywa ngakho, kungani le nxenye yomhlabathi iyadingeka, ukuthi iyithinta nokuthi ungayithola kuphi. Zonke izinkolelo esizozichaza kamuva kule ndaba.
Iyini i-humus, incazelo ye
Wonke umuntu uzwile igama elithi humus, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ongasho ukuthi kuyini. Ubukhulu - into ehlobene nomhlabathi. Uma ubheka imithombo yesayensi, ungathola incazelo elandelayo: Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi ethile yamakhemikhali e-nitrojeni, avela ngenxa yokuncipha kwezinsalela zezitshalo ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme akhishwe yizinyunyana ezincane ezihlala enhlabathini. Kulula nje, ama-humus yi-humus ukuthi abalimi abaningi bakhiqiza ezweni labo. Lo umanyolo uthandwa kakhulu kokubili emasimini, emasimini ekhishini nasekutshalweni kwezitshalo zasendlini.
Ezinye izincazelo zicacisa ukuthi ama-humus angabuye akhiqizwe ngesisekelo sezinhlayiyana zezilwane eziphilayo - udoti. Futhi bahlukanisa zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi ilitha lini isisekelo. Kodwa uma ubheka ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yiziphi i-humus ne-humus, ziyabonakala ukuthi lezi zinto zihlukile. Ngakho-ke, indima ebalulekile ekwakheni i-humus idlalwa yimifino yomhlaba. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile, i-substrate ihanjiswa ngezinto eziwusizo futhi ithola inani elikhethekile. Amanye amapulazi ngokukhethekile azalwa futhi engeza izibungu emhlabathini wensimu noma engadini. I-fungus kanye nama-microorganisms nazo zihileleke ekubunjweni kwe-substrate. I-Humus ikhona i-substrate engelashwa ngezibungu, okungafani okuphakathi kwe-humus.
Mayelana nokuqukethwe kwezinto, ama-acids e-humic ngokuyinhloko akhiwa ama-acids e-humic, ayesebenza kakhulu ezitshalweni. Abaqothuli ngamanzi nhlobo, kodwa basuke bencibilika kuyi-sodium pyrophosphate, i-soda, i-ammonia, i-alkalis. Esinye isithako esiwusizo i-fulvic acid. Zichitha emanzini futhi zinikeze ukuphendula okunamandla kwe-asidi. Akuququgquzeli emanzini noma kwezinye izinto ezihlaziyekile, ezifakiwe ekubunjweni kwayo. I-Humus iqukethe nezakhi ezihlukahlukene ze-acid ezinika ukuqina kwezinto.
Yeka indlela ama-humus akhiwa ngayo enhlabathini kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezizuzisayo
Le ndaba engokwemvelo ingaba emhlabathini ngokwawo. Izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ezingaphansi komhlaba nezingaphezulu zihlala emhlabathini emva kokufa nokubola. Ngokwezikhathi zokutshala kanye nobukhulu bokukhula kwabo, inani lezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini lizohluka kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuqedwa, inqubo yangempela yokuhlanjululwa kwenzeka, emva kwalokho uhla lwama-humus luthola umbala omnyama obumnyama. Yileyo yonke impendulo embuzweni wokuthi i-humus yakhiwa kanjani. Nakuba kuboniswa lapha ngokuhlelekile ngokweqile, eqinisweni, lapho kuhlanganiswa i-substrate, izinqubo eziningi zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi zenzeka. Emva kwalokho, umsebenzi omningi wenziwa yiziqhumane, ezigcwalisa inqubo yokuhlanjululwa.
Kubalulekile! Indaba ye-organic ihambelana kuphela nokufinyelela okuncane kwe-oxygen nomswakama ophezulu.
Ngokuqondene nendima yama-humus emhlabathini, izindawo zayo eziwusizo ngokuqondile zixhomeke ekutheni yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezakha isisekelo sawo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, umanyolo wendawo yonke ofanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ligcinwa unomphela emhlabathini, ligcwalisa ngezici eziwusizo. Isibonelo, emhlabathini wobumba, uhlala iminyaka emihlanu, ngcono kakhulu izici zobuchwepheshe zenhlabathi. Izinto ze-Humus nokuzala - izinto ezihlobene. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, i-substrate ithinta ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, okwenza kube yinto ekhungathekile futhi ehlukumezayo.
Uyazi? I-Humus iguqula isakhiwo somhlabathi. Siyabonga kuye, izinsimbi ezinzima ziba nesibindi futhi ziyaqina. Ikhuthaza ukunyakaza kwemoya nokunyuka kwamanzi.
Enye impahla ebalulekile ye-substrate yikhono lokubopha amatheradi ama-hydrocarboni, ama-radionuclides, nezinsimbi ezinamandla ezitholakala enhlabathini. Izibamba zibe ngokwazo, zibophe futhi azivumeli ukusakazeka okuqhubekayo.
Ukwahlukanisa umhlaba ngenani lama humus emhlabathini
Ngakho-ke, sinikeze incazelo ye-humus, siyiqonda izindawo zayo nezinzuzo zayo enhlabathini. Manje ake siyiqonde izinhlobo zemithombo equkethwe kuyo. Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-humus yakhiwa kusuka ezitshalweni zezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezulu kwabo emhlabathini, okukhulu okuqukethwe kwe-humus kuyo. Inani eliphezulu kakhulu liyi-15%. Kuyisici somhlabathi omnyama. Kwezinye izinhlobo zenhlabathi yincinjana kakhulu. Kuye ngalesi sibonakaliso, bahlukaniswe yizinhlobo ezilandelayo.
I-humus enhle
Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi inhlabathi empofu, engenawo ama-humus angaphezulu kuka-1. Isibonelo, inani le-humus emhlabathini we-podzolic, okuyisici sezihlathi ze-coniferous, liphansi ngenxa yemifino encane nemifino ephezulu emigqeni engaphezulu.
Uyazi? Njengoba i-humus inombala omnyama, cishe umbala omnyama, ithola ukukhanya kwelanga kahle futhi igcina ukushisa. Izinhlabathi ezinjalo zifudumala ngokushesha, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokutshala sifike kubo ekuqaleni kunabampofu.
Ukuqukethwe kwe-humus ephansi emhlabathini ompofu kubonakala ngesakhiwo sayo. Iqukethe i-lime encane kanye ne-humus, ngakho-ke ingena ngokungena kahle ngomswakama nomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlisa umsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo, ezingabambi iqhaza ekwakheni okusheshayo nokuphawulekayo kwama-humus.
I-humus ngokulinganisela
Lolu hlobo lomhlabathi lungcono kakhulu kunalowo owedlule, ngoba iqukethe kusuka ku-1% kuya ku- 2% we-humus.
I-medium humus
I-medium nenhlabathi ye-humus, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-substrate ifinyelela ku-3%.
I-Humus
Amafomu amahle kakhulu wokubunjwa kwe-humus 3 - 5% emhlabathini. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa izimbali nezitshalo zensimu.
Izimfihlo ze-agronomists: kanjani ukwandisa izinga le-humus emhlabathini
Kunengqondo ukuthi zonke izivande nezitshalo zifuna ukutshala izitshalo emhlabathini ovundile ocebile kumanus. Kodwa uma kwenzeka izitshalo zasendlini lo mbuzo kulula ukuxazulula, ngakho-ke uma ucubungula izindawo ezivulekile ezivulekile, umbuzo uvela ngendlela yokwenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokungenasiphelo okuqukethwe kwe-humus ezinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngenye yezindlela ezine eziyinhloko:
- ukudala amasheya akho;
- ukufakwa kwe-humus emhlabathini;
- ukudala izimo zomhlabathi emsebenzini wezibungu nezinambuzane ezincane;
- ukuhambisana nokunye okulungile kwezitshalo ensimini nasensimini.
Ukwandisa inani le-humus, lingagxila emhlabathini njengomanyolo, kodwa kulokhu udinga ukwazi ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani i-substrate ngendlela efanele. Vala it kuze kube ungqimba phezulu kwenhlabathi ngokulinganayo. I-substrate igxilile kakhulu emhlabathini kuncike ekuhlosweni kwenhlabathi okulungiselelwe. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezihlala njalo nezihlahla kubhalwa ekujuleni kwesigamu semitha noma ngaphezulu emgodini ngamunye. Lapho utshalwa izitshalo zemifino, ungcwatshwe emibhedeni kuya ku-40 - 60 cm ejulile.
Kubalulekile! Abanye balimi, ngaphezu kwama-humus, engeza umanyolo wamaminerali emhlabathini, ukuxazulula umbuzo wokukhulisa inhlabathi. Noma kunjalo, ukuphakama kwamaminerali kakhulu kuyingozi ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, umanyolo onjalo unconywa ukuba usetshenziswe ngokucophelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zenziwa kuphela entwasahlobo futhi kuphela ngamanyolo eziphilayo. Iphumelela kakhulu ingxube yezingxenye ezimbili ze-humus kanye nomanyolo owodwa wamaminerali.
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, zonke izinhlobo ze-humus zakhiwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wezincane nezinambuzane. Ngaphandle kwabo, i-substrate ihlala i-humus. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, kubalulekile ukudala kuyo imvelo evumelana nomsebenzi wabo obalulekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kunconywa ukuthi ukhulule umhlabathi njalo, okuzokuvumela ukuthi udale umbuso omuhle womoya. Phakathi nesikhathi esomile, kubalulekile ukulondoloza izinga elidingekayo lomswakama. Ngenxa yalokhu, inhlabathi ihlanganiswe nge-foil, peat, utshani, sawdust nezinye izindlela.
Uma ungakaze ubone ukuthi i-humus iyini nokuthi ungayitholaphi, zama ukugcina okunye okulungile kokutshala izitshalo emibhedeni. Ngakho-ke, unciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi evundile, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nokukhulisa kancane amaphesenti. Into esemqoka ukukhumbula lokho Unyaka nonyaka akunakwenzeka ukutshala isivuno esifanayo endaweni efanayo, ngoba lokhu kuchitha inhlabathi. Uma wenza okungenani ukujikeleza kwezitshalo okungenani yonke iminyaka engu-3 kuya kwengu-4, lokhu kungagwenywa.
Kokukhethwa kwamasimu okuhlongozwayo okuhlongozwayo ngokuvamile kuvama ekugcineni nasekuqaleni. I-Humus, njengezindaba eziphilayo, ifakwe kahle emquba ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Khona-ke yenziwa cishe ngo-4-8 kg ngesilinganiso semitha yendawo.
Ngakho, humus - I-substrate ekhethekile, echaphazela izinga lokuzala inhlabathi, ithatha izimboni eziyingozi futhi ivimbele ukuba zisakaze emvelweni wemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isihlungi semvelo. Yakhiwa kusukela emaqenjini ezitshalo ezithandwa yi-preyut futhi eqhutshwa yizincane ezincane, izibungu. I-Humus ingatholakala engosini yakho, futhi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani isisetshenziswa esivelayo esizobhekana nayo nanoma yimuphi umlimi wase-garden owake wasebenzisa umanyolo endaweni yakhe.
