Amakhowe abizwa ngokuthi ama-Woody ngenxa yesici esiyinhloko - angeniswa emagxolweni esihlahla esifile noma esiphilayo bese ebola ngokusebenzisa ama-enzyme akhethekile. Ukubhubhisa i-cellulose namanye ama-polysaccharides, bawasebenzisa ekwakheni nokukhula kwabo. Bayingxenye yeqembu le-xylotroph.
Kunezinhlobo ezidliwayo nezingenakubalwa zalesi ukhunta ezifundwe yisayensi ye-mycology. Izingxenye ezidliwayo ziyasiza kubantu, ziqukethe amaprotheni, amavithamini wamaqembu B no-C, i-iron, phosphorus kanye ne-calcium. "Muer" - leli igama lesiShayina le-mushroom yesihlahla, ende futhi evame ukusetshenziswa ezitsheni ze-Pan-Asia cuisine.
Izici zamakhowe enkuni
Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe ezihlahla zisebenza njengama-oda asehlathini, ngoba zinqunyelwa ezihlahleni ezibuthakathaka futhi zisiza ukukhethwa kwemvelo kwezinhlobo ezisezingeni. Abamele abaziwayo bokuthi "ama-oda" anjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngamakhowe oju, akhula kahle kuma-stumps ngumndeni omkhulu futhi abazingela amakhowe abazingela iphunga elimnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinambitheka okumnandi, crispy, ikakhulukazi zithandwa ngama-gourmet ngendlela yemashi.
Sincoma ukufunda izindatshana ezikhuluma nge-agarics yezinyosi nokuthi ungaziqoqa kanjani nokuthi zingakuphi portal yethu.
Kepha kukhona amakhowe angafani nhlobo nawendabuko; awunaso isigqoko noma umlenze. Bayafaneleka futhi baqashelwa isimo sabo nokubukeka kwabo, okusikhumbuza izinto ezijwayelekile empilweni yansuku zonke. Akuzange kwenzeke kumuntu ukuthi awaqoqe futhi awanambithe, ngakho-ke izimfanelo zokunambitha zalezi zibonakaliso ze-eccentric azaziwa ngokuqinisekile.
Ama-xylotrophs anjalo angahlukaniswa yincazelo yokubukeka kwawo:
- Izingcezu zenyama (inyama ye-Askokorin);
- Resin ngesimo sokudonsa (Glandular excision);
- Foam Bubble; Dacrimitses anyamalale;
- Amakhorali, isiponji (Kalocera).
Noma phakathi kwesikhunta, kunezinambuzane ezidla izihlobo zazo. Isibonelo, i-sulfur-yellow hypokrey, edla ngamakholoni we-exidium noma ukuthuthumela.
Izinambuzane eziyingozi ikakhulukazi zehlathi zibandakanya i-climacodon esenyakatho, omele izinhlangano ezingaphansi kweTrutovik. Ngokuqhekeka nokusikeka, ingena emzimbeni wesihlahla esinempilo futhi usibhubhise ngokuphelele eminyakeni emi-4.
Abalimi kanye nabasebenza epaki kufanele bayiqaphele iminjunju enjalo, ngoba bangabhubhisa ingadi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ze-Wood Mushrooms
Abazingeli bezikhowe banaka izinhlobo zangaphandle ezingavamile ezitholakala ehlathini emithini yemithi ebolile noma enesifo, izihlahla eziwile. Maphakathi nehlobo nokwindla, ungathola abantu abadala amakhowe othakazelisa kakhulu, incazelo yawo eyethulwa ngezansi.
Inyama ye-ascocorine
Igama lanikezwa ngoba umzimba wezithelo ufana nezingcezu zenyama yama-pink-brown hues anama-plates angekho ngaphezu kwesentimitha elihlanganisiwe ngaphezulu kwesosili elilodwa. Ngokuvamile kutholakala kuma-birch stumps. Ayinaphunga elimnandi. Ukubukeka okungathandeki kudumaza ama-gourmet ama-mushroom, ngakho-ke ukunambitheka kwawo akwaziwa.
I-Biercandera
Ungowomndeni we-polypore, wehluka ekukhuleni kwamathayili unyaka owodwa. I-mushroom evuthiwe yombala onsundu omnyama ifana nesigqoko esinobukhulu obuyi-3 cm. Inyama ibuthaka, ibumpunga ngombala, ayinaphunga. Ingqimba encanyana ethwala i-spore enomngcele ocacile ihlukanisa umzimba wesikhunta kwikhovu elinamafutha ansundu, njengokungathi limanzi njalo liphuzi emaphethelweni.
Kusatshalaliswa ngokhuni olufile, ukhuni olufile. Inambitha njengesikhunta esijwayelekile.
Amakhowe e-oyster
Amakhowe e-Oyster angena ngokushesha ezimpilweni zethu, enza lula ukulungiselela izitsha eziningi ezinezinhlobo ezingandile zamakhowe enkuni. Ukukhula ngokushesha endaweni yokufakelwa, enephunga elimnandi nokunambitheka okuhle, baba abaholi bezentengiso abangabazeki. Izikhungo ezitshalwa emapulazini amakhowe aziqhathaniswa nokunambitheka nezinhlobonhlobo zasendle. Zikhula emindenini emikhulu emithini yemithi yezithelo ephilayo neyifile.
Udinga ukubabheka entwasahlobo nasekwindla eCrimea.
Umzimba wezithelo uqukethe umlenze omude we-elastic kanye nesigqoko esibuthuntu. Amakhowe e-Oyster anephalethi yemibala ehlukahlukene - kusuka kumpunga onsundu kuya ku-orange, futhi wonke adla futhi amnandi.
Hypokrey
I-Sulfur yellow hypocrea isikhunta esingenakubalwa esidla izihlobo zomndeni wakwaDrozhozhok (imvamisa kakhulu yi-glandular excision). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, izinkathi nezindawo zokukhula zalolu hlobo ziyahlangana "nezisulu" zazo.
Kubonakala emzimbeni we-imvubelo, i-hypokrey ikhula ngezindawo ezimbalwa eziphuzi, ezihlangana zihlangane ebusweni. Yakha indawo enkulu yegolide emzimbeni wekhowe lesihlahla enamachashazi amnyama - imizimba yezithelo enama-spore. Ifana nesipanji esiminyene, esingalingani nosayizi 1 kuya ku-15 cm.
URam amakhowe
Le fungus ekhula ngokushesha evela emndenini we-tinder ibizwa nangokuthi i-Curly Grifola. Ezweni lethu, kuyaqabukela, kuphela emahlathini aqobayo kwizingodo ezindala kanye neziqu. Amakhowe anjalo anesisindo esingu-9-10 kg atholakala emvelweni.
Imilenze eminingi emincane ye-mushroom yenqama iphenduka izigqoko ezinsundu ngombala ompunga nohlaza okotshani. Umzimba wezithelo okhanyayo unezindawo ezisebenzayo futhi unuka kamnandi njengamantongomane.
Kulezi zakhiwo, amakhowe asetshenziswe kabanzi ekuphekeni futhi sekuyindlela yokwelapha yabantu yokupheka ekwelapheni izifo zamaphaphu.
Ama-Dacrimits
Kucishe kube kuncane okuncane, okufika ku-0.5 cm, amakhowe ophuzi okusaqanda. Uyawathanda amanzi, amanzima kanye neziqu eziwohlokayo zeConifers, ngakho uma isimo sezulu esomile efihla ekhoneni lesihlahla esiwile, kungathi kusakazeka, kuba yisicaba.
Ngenxa ye-hue yayo ephuzi nokwakheka kwayo, kubukeka njengamabhamuza egwebu le-polyurethane asakazeke ngamaconsi amancane esihlahleni. Umzimba we-dacrimites awunambitheki noma iphunga. Kuyinto engasebenziseki, kepha hhayi enobuthi.
I-Kalocera enamathela
Imvamisa ihlala ehlathini ngokhuni olubolile bese ihlala kule ndawo ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, amanye amakhowe ngeke akhule lapha.
I-Kalocera ifana kakhulu namakhorali aphuzi aphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi i-orange. Ifinyelela ubude obungu-6 cm, izinqubo ezakhiwe ngophondo zibhalwe phansi ezansi futhi "zidale" isixha. Ukwakheka okunjalo kuyahlakazela ngokhuni olubolile futhi kuzalwe lonke ihlobo.
Irabha ngalinye ku-mushroom lokuthinta linezeluleko ezingama-2-3 ezibukhali ezihlotshisiwe.
Lolu hlobo aluzange luhlukaniswe njengoludlekayo noma olunobuthi ngenxa yokutholwa kwalo.
I-Chinese mushroom muer
Egameni laleli khowe elimnandi kuhlala indawo esemqoka yokukhula - iChina, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emahlathini asempumalanga yeRussia. Ikhula ikakhulu ngeziqu zezihlahla eziphilayo, mhlawumbe ezingcono kakhulu.
IBrown, ecishe ibe mnyama, inomzimba omncane ofana nendlebe. Ngenxa yejelly yobuthakathaka, ukuthungwa kakhrisimu okumnandi futhi nokunambitheka ngokunambitheka kwentuthu, uMuer usethole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kulokho okwenziwa eChina, Japan, Vietnam naseThailand.
Climacodon North
Ungambiza ngomhlengikazi wehlathi langempela. Maphakathi nehlobo, uhlala ezihlahleni ezindala nezinezifo futhi azibhubhise eminyakeni embalwa. Ungowomndeni we-polypore futhi ubukeka njengommeleli ojwayelekile walawa makhowe.
Umzimba okhanyayo ophuzi we-porous kanye nezigqoko zokuya esikhathini ezinombala onsundu obude obungaba ngu-15 cm zakha isakhiwo esihle esihle esinemibala eminingi. Ezindaweni zokwakheka, i-spore inezinhlaka ezithambile - okuyisenzeko esingavamile emadwaleni anjalo.
Ukunambitheka kwakhe nokunuka kwakhe akumnandi, ngakho-ke lesi sibonelo asinakho okuhlangenwe nakho kokupheka nakwezemithi.
I-agaric yezinyosi
I-mushroom edliwayo, ejwayele ukubukeka, ukunambitheka nombala kuwo wonke umuntu, ingokwangempela ukuthi ingatshalwa efulethini ledolobha elijwayelekile. Futhi kanjani, funda kuwebhusayithi yethu!) Kepha inani lokunambitheka lezinhlobo zemvelo ezitholakele ezikhula kuma-stumps nasezihlahleni ezindala ezihlonishwayo liphezulu kakhulu.
Zitholakala kuwo wonke amahlathi aseRussia, zikhula emindenini emikhulu - zize zifike ema-50 imilenze empunga nezigqoko ezinombala onsundu ngesisekelo esisodwa.
Isikhunta esishubile
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zefungus fungus - lokhu kungenye yezinto ezidumile zokutadisha ku-mycology. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo zingamahlathi namapaki anobubanzi obukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngama-elms.
Izimbobo eziphuzi ezinobubanzi obungamasentimitha ayi-15 nemilenze em nsundu ubude bungu-10 cm zimbozwe isikali esinsundu. Labo abathanda ukupheka la makhowe badinga ukuqoqa amasampula amancane kuphela nge-dense, umswakama omanzi, futhi ungathatha izitshalo ezintathu ehlobo nasekwindla.
Chaga
I-mushroom engabonakali, izakhiwo zokwelapha eziyiphakamisa zibe yisigaba se-xylotrophs sokwelapha esinomusa. Ama-lamellar amnyama noma amnyama grey lamellar semicircular ukukhula okuneziqu ze-birch abe nesigaxa esiminyene, esinamakha kanye nephunga elibabayo.
Izinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezisebenza emzimbeni kanye nezicubu emzimbeni wezithelo ze-chaga zinikeza umuthi wesintu i-substrate yokulungiselela ama-decoction wezokwelapha kanye ne-infusions, itiye kanye ne-powders. Uma nje imifino ye-birch ikhona eRussia, sizokwazi ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezizuzisayo zesikhunta ukuze kusizakale impilo yabantu.
I-golden flake (i-agaric yobusi benkosi)
Kaningi ungathola iziqu zeziqhwaga ezibuthakathaka nezifile, izihlakala, izihlahlana. Izigqoko eziphuzi-zegolide ezinobubanzi obufika ku-20 cm emlenzeni omude omncane zimbozwe ngezikali ezinsundu.
Izinhlobo zethu ezibonakala maphakathi nehlobo zivame ukudidaniswa namakhowe oju. Kodwa ukunambitha, leli khowe liphulukana kakhulu nezihlobo ezaziwayo, ngakho-ke, abalisebenzisi njengesitsha esizimele.
Unesalamane esisondelene, kodwa hhayi esinobuthi - i-poplar flake (efanekiselwa ngezansi).
Funda kabanzi ku-athikili yegolide.
Shiitake
Ihlathi elidliwayo leJapan, i-mushroom yasebukhosini noma i-lentinula - amagama anjalo atholakala kulomelele wesihlahla esidumile ofundwe yi-mycology.
Izici ezihlukile:
- umlenze we-fibrous;
- isigqoko esiyindilinga ansundu ngamapuleti akhanyisiwe;
- amafulethi esikhunjeni esomile.
Ikhula kakhulu kuma-oki. Inyama emnandi, enikeza ama-peppercorns, kanye nezici zokwelapha zezinhlobo ziningi ekuphekeni nasemithini.
I-Iron gland
I-Xylotroph evela emndenini wakwaDrozhalok kunzima ukuyichaza ngaphandle, ngoba ihlala iguqula ukwakheka kwayo, ngokuya ngezimo zezulu. Ifana namaconsi emitha yombala omnyama futhi nomndeni wayo omkhulu ufihla yonke imboko yamakhanda amancane akhula ezinsaleleni zokhuni. I-pulp yomzimba we-fruiting ifana ne-jelly-, ayinakho ukunambitheka nephunga lezinto, ngakho-ke ayimeli ukubaluleka ekhishini.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulimala kwamakhowe wezinkuni
Izinzuzo zezinhlobo ezidliwayo zamakhowe enkuni zifakazelwa ngokwesayensi. Abanawo nhlobo amanoni. Izakhi zabo ezisemqoka ezisebenzayo yilezi:
- amaprotheni wemifino;
- amavithamini C, B, ikakhulukazi ama-B3 amaningi;
- Landzelela i-calcium, phosphorus, iron.
Ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo zamakhowe njenge-tinder fungus, i-shiitake, i-chaga, hhayi i-cicion, kepha izakhiwo zekhemisi ziyahlula. Kulezi, izinto ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuxuba okulungiselelwe kungalapha izimpawu zezifo ezithile:
- ukuntuleka kwensimbi egazini;
- umfutho wegazi ophakeme;
- acidity ephezulu yesisu;
- ukunciphisa ukungatheleleki.
Amakhowe wezinkuni angabhekwa njengeyingozi kuphela ngoba asakazeka kabanzi futhi ngokushesha ezihlahleni ezinempilo ezindaweni ezilinywe ngabantu - izingadi, amapaki, amahlathi wokufakelwa. Ukungena emagxolo endawo eyonakalisiwe yesiqu esinempilo, izinhlamvu zesikhunta zanda ngokushesha futhi ziyibhubhise eminyakeni embalwa nje.
Uma izinkuni ezilimele noma izinkuni ezibandayo ziphathwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zasengadini ngesikhathi, le ngozi izonyamalala.
UMnu Dachnik uyancoma: amakhowe wezinkuni - izakhiwo eziwusizo, ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka
Izici zokwelapha zesikhunta sesihlahla i-Chaga birch sezidumile - i-tee, decoctions zakhona zinamandla okuqinisa amandla kanye nethoni.
Ukutshala amakhowe epulazini sekuyibhizinisi elinenzuzo futhi manje kuvame ukubona kuthengiswa ama-oyster ama-oyster amnandi futhi anempilo, nawo angawokhuni. Emvelweni, aphuzi, aluhlaza okotshani neminye imicu futhi akhula emndenini omkhulu. Izinhlobo zehlathi zinamakha amaningi kunezihlobo zazo, ezifuywa ngokwezifiso. Ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kungabhekwa ukuthi awunazo yini izihlungu ezinobuthi eziphindwe kabili.
Izindlebe zokhuni, njengoba amakhowe zibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokufana kwazo ne-auricle, zithandwa kakhulu ezitsheni zasemuva. Kodwa-ke, akuvamile ukuba zilungiselelwe njengesitsha esizimele, ngoba asinalo iphunga elikhethekile nokunambitheka okukhulunyiwe. Amakhowe alungile njengedishi eliseceleni elihlanganiswe nenyama, alinikeza iphunga elifihlayo lentuthu. Ukuthungwa kakhrisithi nokuqinile kuthandeka futhi kunempilo, ikakhulukazi kukalwe kahle.
Ngokungangabazeki, amakhowe enkuni athathe indawo efanelekile ekunakekelweni kwabantu: akusizi ngalutho ukuthi saqala ukuhlangana nabo kaningi emashalofini asezitolo ezinkulu, ngaleyo ndlela sicebisa lokho kudla ngemikhiqizo yamaphrotheni enempilo futhi enempilo.
