Ikhukhamba elivamile yisitshalo saminyaka yonke somndeni wethanga. Igama leli livela olimini lwesiGrikhi futhi lisho ukuvuthwa. Encwadini yezincwadi ezikhuluma nge-botany kubhekiselwa kumajikijolo wamanga, kodwa ngokwezimpawu eziningi zokucabanga kuchazwa ngokuthi yimifino. Ukunakekela amahlahla kulula, kepha kulandela izincomo ezihlongozwayo, ungathola isivuno esicebile lapho utshala emhlabathini ovulekile.
Ikhukhamba: izimfihlo zokukhula
Umgcini wegadi ngamunye unemfihlo yakhe yokukhula. Abanye basebenzisa indlela yokutshala, abanye bahlwanyela imbewu ngqo emhlabathini, bangahluma noma bomile. Inketho yokuqala ilungele labo abafuna ukuthola isivuno emavikini amabili ngaphambili.
Ezimweni ezivulekile zomhlaba, ukhukhamba ungatshalwa ngezindlela eziningana:
- Imibhede efudumele eyakhiwe ngamapulangwe enziwe ngamapulangwe noma ngethayela lomgwaqo oluningi, ngaphakathi kwalo kukhona izinto eziphilayo ezishisayo. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kubangelwa ukuphuma kwe-carbon dioxide.
- Izitshalo ezinamathiselwe kuma-trellises.
- Ama-Shelter enziwe ngefilimu noma ngezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphandle nangaphandle kohlaka.
- Emgqonyeni.
- Kwinqwaba yomquba.
- Ukubeka embhedeni, ukutshala okunjalo kudinga inani elanele lomhlaba okhululekile.
Izici zalesi sitshalo semifino yilezi: isidingo samanzi nokunisela okufanele kwemibhede, ukukhanyisa okwanele, ukufudumala, ama-garters okusekela kanye nomanyolo we-organic.
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zamakhukhamba komhlaba ovulekile
Ngaphambi kokutshala ukhukhamba, kuyadingeka ukuthola izinhlobonhlobo, okufanele zikhethwe ngokuya ngalezi zici:
- Isifunda lapho kutshalwa khona isivuno sakho. Izitshalo ezenzelwe ukutshala eningizimu, ezindaweni ezibandayo zesimo sezulu ngeke zivume futhi zife.
- Igama elithi ukwamukela ukhukhamba wokuqala: ekuqaleni kwehlobo elifushane elipholile, naphakathi nenkathi yesikhathi sekwephuze ihlobo elishisayo nelide.
- Into ebalulekile kuzoba ukuzingcolisa kwezihlahla noma isidingo sezinambuzane eziphethe impova.
- Inhloso yokusebenzisa imifino: ukusetshenziswa okusha noma ukulondolozwa, kanye nezici zokunambitheka nosayizi wezithelo.
- Ukumelana nokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane, izifo kanye nesimo sezulu.
Ukutshala nzalo esizeni nakho kune-plus - fruiting ende. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthola izinto zokutshala ezitshalweni ezinjalo, ngoba ngesizini ezayo imbewu azivezi izici zesihlahla sikamama.
Izinhlobo zamakhukhamba zomhlaba ovulekile
Lapho ukhetha izinhlobonhlobo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi zokuqala zinesikhathi esifushane sezithelo futhi zithambekele ezifweni kunakamuva. Ithebula lizonquma ukutshala kwe-hybrid kususelwa kunqwaba yamakhukhamba nesivuno:
Izinhlobonhlobo / Igama Le-Hybrid | Khiqiza isihlahla ngasinye (kg / m2) | Isisindo (g) | Izici |
| I-Fontanel | 7-25 | 100-120 | Ukungcola kuyadingeka. |
| I-Alligator | 16 | 300-310 | Izithelo ezinkulu kakhulu. |
| Nugget | 10-12 | 80 | Akuvamile ukuthintwa ukubola kwezimpande. |
| Altai | 3.5-4 | 90 | Cold ukumelana. |
| I-Kumanek | 6-7 | 100 | Ilungele abalimi abasaqala. |
| Cascade | 8 | 150 | Akubekezeleli ukuntuleka kwamanzi enhlabathini. |
| Ukuncintisana | 3-6 | 125 | Isivuno esihle uma sikhule ku-trellis. |
| Swallow | 10-12 | 80-113 | Unqabe ku-powdery isikhutha. |
| I-Aquarius | 2.2-3.2 | 108-121 | |
| Umlimi | 12-14 | 95-105 | Ilungele ukusetshenziswa okusha nokulungiselela ubusika. |
| Universal | 12 | 124 | Iphunga elimnandi, ukunambitha ngaphandle kokudinwa. |
| UBrownie | 11 | 80-100 | |
| Empumalanga Ekude | 1-3 | 100-200 | Ibambisa isomiso namazinga okushisa aphansi. |
| UZozulya | 20 | 250-300 | Ine-immune immune ezifweni eziningi. |
| Chistye Prudy | 10-11 | 110-120 | Isihlahla sihlwanyelwe kakhulu. |
| Masha | 90-100 | Ingatshalwa ngisho nakumawindows. |
Isithombo ukhukhamba ezikhulayo
Le ndlela ilungele izifunda ezinethwasa elipholile nelide. Kunokusizakala okuningi kwezithombo ezandulelayo:
- ikuvumela ukuba uthole isivuno sokuqala ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ngoMeyi;
- ukhukhamba omncane uwela emhlabathini ngemuva kokubuya kwesithwathwa futhi awukwazi ukusaba amazinga okushisa aphansi enhlabathi;
- Kulula ukuhlola izithombo, nokufaka umquba ekhaya.
Kodwa-ke, njenganoma iyiphi enye, indlela yesithombo inezinkinga zayo:
- Inqubo ekhulayo yinde futhi iyabulala. Kuyadingeka ukucubungula izinto zokutshala ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ulungiselele nengxube enhlabathini enempilo.
- Amabhasi atholwe ngale ndlela asheshe ayeke ukuthela izithelo futhi ome ngokuphelele maphakathi nehlobo.
Ukukhethwa kwesiza nokulungiswa kwenhlabathi
Ukuze kutshalwe ukhukhamba, kufanele ukhethe indawo enelanga, ngokuthola ukukhanya okuvikelwe kokubhaliwe nomoya obandayo. Lapho utshala, kubalulekile ukubheka ukujikeleza kwezilimo; ungatshala isitshalo endaweni eyodwa kanye eminyakeni engama-4. Kungcono ukubeka lesi sitshalo semifino ngemuva kwepelepele, utamatisi, iklabishi, u-anyanisi noma ugalikhi.
Umhlabathi omuhle wokukhula awuthathi hlangothi noma u-asidi omncane u-pH 5-7. Imvelo ye-Alkaline ayifanele ukutshala, ngoba ithinta isivuno.
Ngaphambi kokukhula, udinga ukulungiselela umbhede ngaphambi kwesikhathi ekwindla:
- bamba inhlabathi;
- engeza umquba, i-humus noma umquba, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho i-potassium ne-superphosphate;
- esikhundleni se-organic, sebenzisa futhi umanyolo wamaminerali: i-ammonium nitrate ne-urea.
Ungakha umbhede ofudumele esizeni, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukwenza ipulatifomu emayelana ne-1 m ububanzi kusuka ezingxenyeni ezibolile zezitshalo nomhlaba, bese ubeka hay emaceleni. Lapho ukuphakama kulingana no-20 cm, ungaqhubeka nokwakheka kohlangothi, ibhulokhi ilungele lokhu. Umphetho wesakhiwo kumele ukhuliswe ngo-60 cm, kuthi phakathi ufake inhlabathi evundile noma i-humus. Ngemuva kwalokhoimboza isakhiwo ngefilimu bese ulinda izinsuku ezingama-3-4. Uma kusetshenziswe utshani, kufanele kuthululwe kuqala ngamanzi abilayo, bese embozwa.
Ukutshala imbewu kanye nezithombo
Ukuze isivuno semifino sijabulise isivuno esenele, ukutshala emhlabathini kumele kwenziwe ngokwemithetho. Izwe lekhukhamba liyizindawo ezishisayo nezithambile zaseNdiya, lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi umswakama kanye nokushisa kube yimingcele ebalulekile. Umhlaba kufanele uvuthwe ngokwanele, amanani aphansi ngu- + 10 ... +12 ° C, nomoya ufike ku + 14 ° C. I-Optimum: + 24 ... +28 ° C, nenani eliphakeme elivumelekile lokukhula nentuthuko lingu + 30 ° C, ngakho-ke akunconywa ukuqina ngokutshala emhlabathini.
Imbewu imvamisa isetshenziswa eyomile, ngaphandle kokufaka noma ukuhluma. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhipha isibulala magciwane: ngesixazululo esimnyama esimnyama se-potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine, luhlaza okotshani noma uthenge isidakamizwa iFitosporin. Imbewu ye-sunflower inempilo ende eshalofini: iminyaka engama-5-6, futhi kungcono ukusebenzisa isivele isilele izinkathi ezi-3-4. Kuyadingeka ukuyivala emhlabathini ukuze ijule ngamasentimitha ayi-2. Ukuze ikhule kahle, ibanga phakathi kwezithombo kufanele okungenani libe ngu-50 cm.
Uma ukutshala ngokutshala imbewu kukhethiwe, kungcono ukubala isikhathi sokutshala imbewu, ngoba amahlumela angakhula futhi welule noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akwanele ukuba namandla ngesikhathi sokudlulisela engadini. Iminyaka ye-Optimum yisithombo: izinsuku ezingama-20-25. ENingizimu, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngoMeyi, nangomgwaqo ophakathi ekuqaleni kukaJuni, ngemuva kokushisa umhlaba kanye nokungabikhona kwesithwathwa.
Ngaphambi kokudluliselwa endaweni engapheli, ukhukhamba kudingeka alungiselelwe, ngoba, usuku olwandulela inqubo, ayeke ukumanzisa inhlabathi. Uma kunesidingo, hambisa iziqukathi ngokuqinile ebhokisini. Uma kupholile ngaphandle, ungabeka ibhodlela lamanzi afudumele phakathi kwezinkomishi zokushisa.
Emibhedeni, udinga ukukhulula inhlabathi bese ugaya izimbobo ngokujula okulingana nevolumu yesitsha lapho izithombo zitholakala khona. Ngaphambi kokuhambisa ezihlahleni, imigodi kumele ichithwe, noma kunjalo, uketshezi oluningi luzothinta kabi ukubamba kwezimpawu. Lapho ufakelwa, ukhukhamba kumele ususwe ngokucophelela ezingilazini, kuyadingeka ukwenza lokhu ngenqwaba yomhlaba, ukuze ungalimazi uhlelo lwezimpande olubucayi. Awukwazi ukudonsa phezulu, ungaphula isithombo. Akudingekile ukumba ngokujulile emgodini ongaphansi, futhi kungcono ukutshala amasampula anamandla ngaphansi komthambeka omncane. Ubunzulu obuvumelekile obuphezulu yi-1-2 cm.
Isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nenhlabathi yizinsuku ezingama-5-6, amaqabunga kufanele aqonde bese iziqu ziqonde. Uma izihlahla zibukeka zibuthakathaka, ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu kuyasetshenziswa. Ngokushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa, izitshalo ezimbalwa zezinsuku zingambozwa ngento noma ifilimu.
Izici zokunakekelwa kwekhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile
Ukunakekela ukhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile kulula kakhulu futhi kuqukethe ukwakha isihlahla, ukufaka umanyolo ngesikhathi nokunisela. Uma usondela kulokhu ngendlela efanele, ungathola izihlahla ezinempilo nokukhiqiza okuhle.
Ukunisela
Ukhukhamba yisiko elithanda ukuthambisa okuningi futhi elijwayelekile, nokho, ezimvwini ezinamandla nasezimpandeni, izitshalo zingathambekela ekubambeni izimpande. Ukugwema izifo, kuyadingeka ukuyeka ukuthambisa inhlabathi ngamazinga okushisa ngaphansi kuka +15 ° C, kungcono ukumane ukhulule umhlabathi phakathi kwezihlahla. Ngenxa yobungozi besifo, kufanele uzame ukungatholi uketshezi eluhlaza lwesitshalo.
Amanzi amahle kakhulu amanzi emvula akulo anama-oxygen amaningi nezakhi ezisebenzisekayo, afudumele impela, izinga lokushisa ngu- + 22 ... +25 ° C. Ukunisela amakhaza akunconyiwe, ngenxa yalokhu, izihlahla zikhula kancane, zingakhiwa kahle futhi ama-ovari awa. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuthambisa inhlabathi sekwephuzile kusihlwa.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuntuleka kwamanzi, hhayi amahlahla kanye nohlelo lwezimpande kuphela, lokhu kuthinta ukubukeka nokunambitheka kwezithelo. Bakhula bancane futhi baba bomunyu.
Labo balimi abangakwazi ukuhambela njalo amakamelo ehlobo, kodwa abafuna ukuhlinzeka ngemifino ngakho konke okudingekayo ukuze bakhule, kufanele bakhe umshini wokunisela ngamabhodlela epulasitiki. Izinzuzo zendlela ukutholakala kwayo, lula ukukhiqiza nokulungisa. Esitsheni esigcwaliswe ngamanzi, i-awl noma inaliti, yenza izimbobo ezi-3-4 ububanzi nge-1-2 mm kude ne-2 cm ukusuka phansi. Beka isitsha emhlabathini, ushiye isivalo esingaphezulu kwawo ongangeza uketshezi njengoba siphuma.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa kwekhukhamba. Kuyo yonke inkathi yezimila, kuyadingeka ukufaka umquba izikhathi ezi-3-4 ukuze kungenzeki, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngalolu hlelo:
- Ngemuva kokushintsha izithombo, ukwenza ngcono inhlabathi nokwenza umquba oxutshwe ngesilinganiso 2: 1, ukuvikela izinsuku ezi-5. Ngamabhishi aphilile ebhakedeni ngalinye lamalitha ayi-5, nakwababuthakathaka ilitha ngalinye.
- Okwesibili lapho kwakhiwa ama-buds nama-ovari, anikezwa ngesakhiwo esifanayo lapho kungangezwa khona i-potassium ne-phosphorus.
- Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezithelo ezisebenzayo: 1 tbsp yomlotha nge-1 m. Futhi, yenza zonke izinsuku eziyi-10 isisombululo se-mullein ngokufakwa kwe-nitroammophoski: 1 tbsp. l 10 amalitha
Umanyolo wokuhlanisa inhlabathi nge-foliar. Kufafazwe kahle nge-urea, kusuka lapho udinga ukwenza isisombululo: 1 tsp. ku-10 l wamanzi. Lokhu kuzosiza kakhulu ukhukhamba ngesikhathi sokwakha umqhele oluhlaza. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuba ube ngesikhathi sokucubungula ngaphambi kokuvela kwezimbali. Kusuka kuphuzi lamapuleti eshidi, isoda elihlanjululwe lizosiza: 0.5 tbsp. l amalitha ama-5
Ukwakheka
Ukulungiswa kwezihlahla kubaluleke kakhulu ekunakekeleni ukhukhamba, lokhu kuvimbela izitshalo ezifweni eziningi, futhi kuthinte kahle ukuvuthwa kwamagatsha okugcina izithombo. Indlela elula kakhulu yokukhula ukubopha imivimbo engu-trellises ngokhuni olunamaseli angajwayelekile. Imiklamo ibukeka ihlobisa kakhulu engadini futhi inikezela ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izitshalo nokunakekelwa okulula. Isihlahla ngasinye sidinga ukususa izingcwecwe zamaqabunga angaphansi kanye namahlumela, ingxenye engenhla ingashiywa.
Uma izikhonkwane noma izintambo zisetshenziswa njengesekela, khona-ke ikhukhamba selikhuliswe esiqwini esisodwa, bese kuthi yonke imivimbo esehlangothini isuswe.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi - ukucwilisa, ukuqhakaza kanye nokulindelwa kokuphila kwesihlahla ngasinye kuya ngokuthi. Ukuze isitshalo singamude kakhulu, futhi ukhukhamba luvuthwa ngokushesha kumahlumela agijimayo, udinga ukususa amaphuzu wokukhula. Ngokulungiswa okufanele, isihlahla kufanele sibukeke njengesigaxa eside ngemivimbo emifushane esukela kuso. Ukubonisa izithelo ezincane esifundeni samaqabunga ama-3-4 kuyahlukana futhi, ngoba kuvimbela ukwakheka kwenqwaba yamaqanda.
Ukuvuna
Kuyadingeka ukuqoqa ukhukhamba kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2, lapho zifinyelela usayizi ofanele walokhu okuhlukahlukene, futhi ungagcini emithini. Iwashi elifanele kakhulu kusekuseni, ngakho-ke amaqabunga aluhlaza awapheli futhi ahlala isikhathi eside. Musa ukuzisula izithelo esitsheni ngezandla, kodwa unqume ngesikele noma ngommese obukhali. Amahlumela akufanele avulwe njalo, amapuleti amaqabunga kufanele abheke phezulu.
Izifo Nezinambuzane
Njalo ngenkathi kukhula ukhukhamba, abalimi bahlangana nezilokazane nezimpawu zokuqala zezifo. Hhayi ukuvuna okuzayo kuphela, kepha futhi nempilo yesitshalo kwesinye isikhathi kuya ngokuthi ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi. Ithebula elingezansi lizosiza ekuboneni imbangela futhi uthole isisombululo esisebenzayo.
Inkinga | Izimpawu | Izinyathelo zokulungisa |
| I-Powdery hlobo | Izindawo ezinombala ophuzi. Ukuqothuka kuyaphela. | Ukuhambisana nokujikeleza kwezilimo, ukumboza nefilimu ebusuku, uketshezi olufudumele lokunisela. Okwe-10 l 50 g wesepha no-50 g wesoda - ukufafaza, |
| I-Peronosporosis | ||
| Cladosporiosis | Izilonda zombala onsundu-nsundu. | Ukugcina amazinga okushisa engeqisi kune- +20 ° C. Ingxubevange ye-1% Bordeaux. |
| Ukubola okumhlophe nokumhlophe | Izindawo ezonakalisayo zomthunzi okhanyayo, ziba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. | Ungenzi indawo eminyene; susa izingxenye ezithintekile. Ukutshala izihlahla: 10 g ngamunye 1 g we-sulfate yethusi ne-zinc no-10 g we-urea. Ama-fungicides: I-Baylet, iRovral. |
| Iziqu zamanzi ampunga ngeziqu, amaqabunga nezithelo. | ||
| Anthracnose | Amaphuzu ansundu. | Fafaza ngamalahle noma ngo-lime. |
| Ama-aphid | Ukomiswa kwamahlumela, amaqanda. | Ukhula lokhula. Ukufafaza ngomhluzi we-celandine: ama-2 l 800 g wama-greens, faka amahora angama-24, bese ubilisa imizuzu engama-30. Ukulungiselela: Fitoferm, Karbofos, Spark. |
| Isikhala sesicabucabu | I-tenet ebonakalayo. | I-Garlic tincture: amakhanda ama-2 l 4, axazulula izinsuku ezingama-5, bese i-dilution ngamanzi ngesilinganiso se-1: 1. Neoron, Apollo. |
| Amathambo amade | Uhlelo lwezimpande luba buthakathaka. | Izinqubo zokuhlanzisisa i-substrate nokubuyisela ungqimba oluphezulu. Ukucwilisa phansi kwesihlahla emanzini ashisayo + 50 ... +55 ° C. Galela umhlaba ngomquba, ususa ukhula lotshani. Amakhemikhali: iRuscamine, iPhosphamide. |
| I-Whitefly | Ingaphezulu lepuleti leshidi limbozwe ngokunamathela okunamathelayo. | Ukutshala izihlahla eziseduze zikagwayi. I-anyanisi ukumnika: ilitha ngalinye lama-500 g, ukuxazulula amahora ayi-12. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides: Actellik, Confidor, Mospilan. |
| Izintuthwane | Ukulandela ukulunywa kwezithombo. | Ukubhujiswa kwama-aphid esizeni. Indawo eseduze kweminti, i-elderberry noma lwesinaphi. Amakhemikhali: Muratsid, Thunder 2. |
| Slug | Izithelo ezinezimbobo. Amathrekhi acwebezelayo. | Ukuqoqwa kwezinambuzane ngesandla, ukwenza izicupho ezenziwa ekhaya nezindandatho zokuvikela ezivela kumaselethi amaqanda kanye nezinaliti ze-spruce ngaphambi kokutshala. |
| Ama-Thrips | Izindawo ezingenamabala kumaqabunga. | Ama-insecticides: Ukufutheka, i-Inta-Vir. Ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwama-tincture ngephunga le-pungent, njenge-orange. |
| I-Medvedka | Yidla imbewu nezimpande. | Ukumba phansi kwenkathi yasekwindla-entwasahlobo, kubeka ukhukhamba eduze kombhede wezimbali wama-marigold. |
| Umhlonyane | Ukunciphisa i-acidity yenhlabathi ngenxa yokufakwa kuyo ngomlotha, ushoko ochotshoziwe. Ukutshala eduze kwezimbali zemidumba. |
UMnu Dachnik weluleka: izincomo zamakhukhamba akhulayo
Ukuze isivuno sibe siningi, futhi ukunakekela isitshalo akubangeli ukuphazamiseka, kukhona amanye amaqhinga:
- Indlela elula yokukhula iqonde. Ukulawulwa kokhula kuncishiswa ngokufaka umhlabathi inhlabathi.
- Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izithelo, izihlahla kungenzeka zingasisekeli isisindo lamakhukhamba bese ziqhekeka, ukuze ugweme lokhu, ukusekelwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka.
- Izikhonkwane zokhuni zingaqala ukubola uma umswakama ungena kuzo. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, iziphetho ngaphambi kokuzibeka emhlabathini ziphathwa ngesixazululo sikasawoti ngophethiloli nge-1 litre lama-200 g, nengxenye engenhla nge-5% yethusi sulfate.
- Uma kunokukhanya kwelanga okuningi endaweni ekhethiwe, ungatshala izilimo eziphakeme njengezilanga noma ummbila. Lapho sezikhulile, izinhlanga zamakhukhamba ezitshalwe ezinhlangothini zazo zingahlanganiswa nazo.
- Izintambo zocingo eziqinile, ezingagugi, ezingasebenzi kahle, zibopha izintambo.
- Ukusuka kwiimvula ezinde amabhusha azovikelwa ifilimu yepulasitiki elula. Futhi emakhazeni kuzovikela izinto ezithambile ongafihla ngazo i-trellis ngezitshalo ezinanyathiselwe kuzo.
- Ezingadini ezincane, ukwakhiwa kwamasondo amabhayisekili namapayipi ezinsimbi kufanelekile. Kulesi simo, imivimbo yokunamathisela inamathele emalangeni noma emalangeni enziwe ngokusebenzisa isiyingi.
- Esikhundleni samanzi ajwayelekile, nisela amanzi e-acidified. Faka uviniga we-apula cider kokugcina noma imvula egcinwe kahle.
Ukhukhamba olukhulayo egcekeni lasehlobo luyinto enzima kodwa ehehayo. Ngokukhetha okulungile kwezinhlobonhlobo nokugcinwa ngokungaguquki kwemithetho yokunakekela lesi sitshalo, ungathola isivuno esicebile sezithelo ezimnandi ngaphandle kokubabayo.
