I-Phytophthora: incazelo, izimbangela, izimpawu, izindlela zokulawula

Ukulimala kwesikhashana yisifo esidonswa amagciwane afana nesikhunta esivela emndenini wakwaPytophthora. Igama le-pathology lihunyushwa lisuka esiGrekini ngokuthi "isitshalo esonakalisayo." Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezingama-70 zezinambuzane ziyaziwa. Izimpawu zokutheleleka zingabonakala ezihlahleni, utshani nezihlahla. Izinto eziphilayo ze-Mycelial zihlala ngaphezulu kwamathuluzi engadi, ekumbozweni komhlabathi, ngaphezulu komhlaba kanye nangaphansi kwezitho zezitshalo ezithintekile.

Izinhlobo zokulimala sekwephuzile

Izinhlobo ezidumile zifaka:

• Phytophthora infestans Mont de Bary. Kuthinta amazambane nokunye okusondelene, okwenziwe kwenziwa kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti;
• Phytophthora fragariae Hick. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili (var. Rubi, var. Fragariae). Ukusuka kuma-microorganisms alolu hlobo, isitshalo sama-raspberries, ama-sitrobheli kanye ne-buckwheat singafa;
• I-Phytophthora cactorum Schroet. Izimpawu ezikhomba ukutheleleka zenzeka ezihlahleni ezivela emindenini enjenge-dogrose, beech.

Uma wazi ukuthi ungasiphatha kanjani lesi sifo, ungasindisa isivuno sakho kulesi sifo.

Funda i-athikili ngokulimaza kakhulu amazambane.

Izimpawu zokulimala sekwephuzile

Ukukhetha izindlela zomzabalazo, udinga ukwenza ukuxilongwa. Imvamisa ukuhlolwa kukhawulelwe ekuhlolweni kwesitshalo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isimo kuyinto i-prophylaxis yesikhathi.

Umgcini wegadi kufanele akhathazeke uma:

• amabala alandelayo we-grey, brown, amnyama noma ama-lilac-brown hue avele ngeziqu, amaqabunga nezimpande;
• kwavela umucu omhlophe ngemuva kwamahlamvu amaqabunga, umbala owenziwe ngesici owenziwe ngaphambili;
• ama-inflorescence aba mnyama futhi awela;
• izithelo zaqala zabekwa imdaka zaba mnyama.

Isibonakaliso sokugcina sivame ukusabela ekuphulweni okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokutshala izilimo nezolimo. Kunzima impela ukusindisa isitshalo esithintekile. Konke kuncike ekutheni lesi sifo sikhonjwe kuliphi isigaba.

Ubunzima obuphakama kulesi sigaba kungenxa yohlobo lokutheleleka noma ithonya elibi lezinto ezihlaselayo. Igciwane lihlala lisengozini yesikhunta sePhytophthora kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula. Ukujikeleza okubangelwa ukulimaza sekwephuzile, kunendawo eyomile futhi enzima. Uma singalashwa, isitshalo esithintekile siyokoma kancane kancane.

I-Phytophthora ingakhula ngenxa yezinto ezilandelayo:

• umoya onganele;
• ukuba khona kwesivikelo;
• ukwakheka kwe-conduction;
• ukunganaki izinga lokushisa elilungile;
• ukuzungeza okungalungile kwezitshalo;
• ubukhulu bokutshala ngokweqile;
• i-nitrogen eyeqile ne-lime emhlabathini;
• ukushoda kwe-manganese, potassium, iodine ne-zethusi.

UBlight ubizwa ngokuthi isidlo esidla izifo. Okokuqala, lesi sifo sithinta amabala eqabunga akhiwe ngezansi. Kancane kancane, amabala abamba izicubu ezinempilo. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sitshalo rots noma ukoma. Kuvela izigaxa ezimnyama kuma-tubers onegciwane, ngenxa yokuthi ukuqothuka kuqala.

I-Phytophthora ukwakheka kwezithelo kukhula ngokujula nobubanzi. Kokubili imifino eluhlaza nokuvuthiwe isengozini.

Izimbangela zokulimala sekwephuzile

I-Blight idluliselwa isitshalo esinegciwane iye kwesinye esinempilo ngokuxhumana ngqo, ngokusebenzisa umhlabathi nesivunguvungu. Izinhlobo ezinobungozi zasakazeka kuyo yonke indawo, “zihamba” ezintanjeni zomgcini wegadi. Ungakhohlwa ngezilwane ezifuywayo nezinambuzane. Bangaba futhi abathwali bokutheleleka.

Umenzeli we-causative uyakwazi ukuhlala embozweni womhlabathi iminyaka eminingana. Kulokhu, kusebenze ukusebenza kwawo kuzokwenzeka lapho kuvela izimo ezifanele. Ungaqeda lesi sifo ngosizo lwamakhemikhali nangezinye izindlela.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka okulimaza sekwephuzile endaweni evulekile

Ngenye yezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu. Izindlela zokuvimbela zifaka:

• ukuthengwa kwezinhlobo ezingamelana nokulimaza sekwephuzile. Kungcono ukunikela ukukhetha kuzinhlobo ezixubile zokuvuthwa;
• ukhukhamba ngaphambi kokutshala;
• ukukhetha indawo efanele. Kulokhu, udinga ukugxila kuzidingo zesiko elitshaliwe;
• kulandela izinsuku zokuhlwanyela ezinconyiwe;
• ukujikeleza kokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, utamatisi awunotshalwa ngemuva kwamanye amalungu omndeni wabo. Ukusondela kwabo futhi akwamukeleki;
  ukwenza izinqubo zesikhathi esisebenza ngesikhathi (ukukhulula, ukufaka izimbali, ukugqoka ngaphezulu, ukusika, izihlahla ze-garter);
• ukufika komakhelwane abafanele. Kwamatamatisi, lokhu ngogalikhi, ubhontshisi ojikajika, u-anyanisi, uphizi, ummbila, ama-marigolds;
• ukuthambisa okufanele. Amanzi kufanele athululwe ngaphansi kwempande, akufanele awele emacembe nezithelo.

Funda ngokulimaza kakhulu sekwephuzile kumatamatisi.

Kokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lime, ama-anyanisi husks kanye ne-peat kufanele kufakwe emgodini. Umhlaba ozungeze isihlahla kufanele ufafazwe ngesihlabathi.

Izitshalo akufanele zitshalwe zisondelene kakhulu.

Usebenzisa ama-immunomodulators, umlimi uzokwazi ukukhulisa ukuzinza kwezitshalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele angakunaki ukuhlanzwa kwenhlabathi kusuka emfucumfucwini kanye nasekungcoleni okungaba yimithombo yokutheleleka.

Inkimbinkimbi yokwelashwa kokuvimbela imvamisa ifaka phakathi ukufafaza i-Trichodermin ne-Fitosporin-M.

Kunezindlela eziningi ongakwazi ngazo ukuvikela noma ukwelapha isitshalo ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Kubalulekile ukwenza ukucubungula esimweni sezulu esomile. Kepha kuzofanela ihlehliswe hhayi ngenxa yomoya kuphela. Enye into engadala ingozi enkulu yimimoya enamandla. Kufanele futhi unake izinga lokushisa lomoya.

Ungawulima kanjani umhlaba

Ngale njongo, kwenziwa amalungiselelo we-microbiological kanye nama-fungicides. Lokhu kugcina kungeniswa emhlabathini entwasahlobo (amasonto amane ngaphambi kokutshala) nasekwindla.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kufakwa ku-contraindication. Leli qiniso libangelwa yingozi enkulu yokulimala kwezinyosi.

Phakathi kwabalimi, amalungiselelo alandelayo athandwa kakhulu: i-Ordan, i-sulfate yethusi, iTrosodermin, ingxube ye-Bordeaux, i-Fitosporin-M.

Greenhouse izindlela zokuvimbela

Ukuze izitshalo endaweni yokukhosela zingahlushwa yilokhu kugula, umlimi kufanele aqaphele izinga lokushisa nomswakama.

Izindlela ezinconyiwe futhi zifaka:

• Ukubulala amagciwane imishini nezakhiwo ngaphambi kokugibela. Kulesi sigaba, okusalungiswa kwesibabule kungasetshenziswa. Ukucutshungulwa kumele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana ngokuphelele nemigomo yokuphepha.
• Ukuhambisana nezidingo zezolimo. Ukuchelela kufanele kube okungavamile, kepha kuningi.

Ukungazinaki kungaholela ekufeni kwesitshalo sonke. Ukwelashwa okuvikelwa njalo kunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka nge-blight sekwephuzile.

Ukutheleleka ku abamba ukushisa

Ukulimala okufika lapho sekuyisifo esingelapheki ngokuphelele. Izilimo zingasindiswa kuwo ngokucindezela umsebenzi obalulekile we-microflora eyingozi. Izindlela zokwelapha izitshalo ezitshalwe endaweni ebamba ukushisa futhi endaweni evulekile ziyefana. Kunoma yikuphi, kufanele kube nezikhathi eziningana, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela onenzuzo wamakhemikhali nezindlela ezihlukile awunakwenzeka.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapho i-phytophthora ibhujiswa endaweni ebamba ukushisa, ubungozi bokuthi ubuthi bube ngaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho lapho kucubungulwa ingaphandle. Ukugwema lokhu, umlimi kufanele alandele zonke izindlela zokuphepha.

Ungayicubungula kanjani i-greenhouse kusuka ekulimaleni okugcina

Onke ama-agrochemicals nama-pesticides asetshenziswa kwezolimo abhalwe kuKhathalogu Yombuso. Ukususa ukungalimali okufika sekwephuzile, izidakamizwa ezifana:

• I-Concento - phenamidone, propamocarb hydrochloride;
• I-Sectin Phenomenon - i-mancozeb, i-phenamidone;
• Amandla we-Previkur - fosetil, propamocarb;
• I-Thanos - cymoxanil, Famoxadone.

Ikhaya lithandwa kakhulu ngabahlali basehlobo. Lokhu ukhunta kufaka i-oxychloride yethusi.

Amaningi njenge-ejenti yokwelapha isebenzisa iFuracilin, iMetronidazole neTrichopolum.
Phakathi kwama-pesticides, i-Fitosporin iyahola. Ingahlanganiswa nezinye izidakamizwa. I-Order yisigaba esiyingozi soku-3 se-fung fung. Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kunqunywa ubude bomphumela wokwelapha. Isixazululo silungiswa ngokuya ngemiyalo enamathiselwe.

Ungasebenzisa futhi i-potassium permanganate, i-calcium chloride, i-brilliant green, i-boric acid, ingxube ye-Bordeaux, i-sulphate yethusi ne-calcium nitrate.

Ukulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile ngosizo lwamakhambi abantu

Uhlu lwabo lubanzi. Ukufeza umphumela omkhulu, ezinye izindlela kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana namalungiselelo wamakhemikhali.

Umgcini wegadi angakhetha noma iyiphi indlela kuleya ebhalwe ngaphezulu. Into esemqoka ukwenza ukuvimbela nokwelashwa ngesikhathi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukulimala sekwephuzile kusakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo futhi konakalise isivuno sonke.