Ikhukhamba le-Fusarium yisifo esithathelwanayo lapho isitshalo sithinteka khona ngaphakathi. Lesi sifo sithwebula ngokushesha izicubu ezinempilo, ezibandakanya ukufa kwama-plantings. Imiphumela edabukisayo ingagwenywa ngokuvimbela ngesikhathi.
UFusarium - kuyini
Umenzeli obangela lesi sifo ukhunta ongafezekanga weFusarium. Amagciwane asinda iminyaka emine ngemuva kokungena emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile, ukhukhamba utheleleka ngohlelo lwezimpande. I-pathogen ingena emhlabathini kanye nembewu ethintekile, umoya, amanzi. Ngemuva kokungena kobuthi emikhunjini, i-metabolism iyaphazamiseka, i-xylem ivinjiwe. Lokhu kufakazelwa yi-necrosis ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zesitshalo.
In ezigabeni zokuqala, kunzima kunokuba ukubona fusarium. Azikho izimpawu zokuma ngalesi sikhathi.
I-fungus iyaqhubeka uma isitshalo sibuthakathaka, umswakama okungenani wama-85%, futhi izinga lokushisa liyahluka kusuka ku-+18 ° C kuya ku- +27 ° C. Ukhukhamba zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi sezimbali nezithelo.
Imvamisa, imifino ekhule ezindaweni zokugcina ukushisa ihlushwa ukutheleleka nge-fusarium.
Izimbangela zeFusarium
Ukutheleleka, kanye esakhelweni somuntu siqu, kungasebenza ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezilandelayo:
- ushintsho olungazelelwe lokushisa;
- ukuntuleka kokudla komhlabathi;
- umswakama ophakeme;
- ukuthambisa okuningi
- umhlabathi ongafanele (ubulukhuni ekwakhiweni kwemishini, i-acidity ephezulu, ukubhala amanzi);
- ukulimala ohlelweni lwezimpande;
- ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane
- ukuhlukunyezwa kumanyolo we-nitrogen;
- ukungagcinwa kokujikeleza kwezitshalo kanye nohlelo lokufaka umanyolo;
- ukuntuleka kokushisa (lapho kukhula imifino endaweni ebamba ukushisa).
Lapho kukhula noma yisiphi isivuno, umlimi kufanele aqondiswe yizidingo ze-agrotechnical.
Isibonelo, inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala ukhukhamba kumele ibulawe magciwane. Ukwenqaba kwale nqubo kuzokwandisa kakhulu ingozi yokutheleleka ngokutheleleka nge-fusarium.
Izimpawu zeFusarium kumakhukhamba
Lesi sifo sinokuqhubeka ngokunensa futhi ngokushesha.
Esimweni sokuqala, izimpawu zokuqala ze-fusarium zitholakala kuphela kwizitshalo zabantu abadala ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nezithelo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ukhukhamba bebuthaka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwamaqabunga, isiqu nohlelo lwempande, ama-inflorescence nezithelo kuyathinteka. Isiqu siqala ukubola ezinsukwini ezingama-7-10 ngemuva kokuvela kwe-chlorosis.
Ukuhluma okusheshayo kwesikhunta kufaka ukuncipha okusheshayo nokomiswa kwezitshalo ezithintekile, lesi sifo sisakazeka sisuka ezansi siye phezulu. Lapho amaqabunga eqothuka ngokusobala, intambo yempande ithola insimbi eshintshiwe, isiqu siqhekeza. Ngomswakama owandayo, ukugoqa okupinki kungavela kuwo.
Uma ukutheleleka kwezitshalo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukuhluma kwembewu kuzokwehla kakhulu. Kulesi simo, umlimi cishe ngeke alinde ukuvunwa kwamakhukhamba. Izithombo ezakwazi ukuhluma ukubola zife.
Izimpawu eziphambili zalesi sifo zibandakanya:
- ukuncipha kwempande;
- ukumnyama kwengxenye engezansi yesiqu;
- ukwakheka kwamabala aphuzi emaqabungeni;
- ukuqothuka kanye nokushintshwa kwamahlamvu;
- ukusonteka nokukhula kancane kwe-peduncle;
- ukufa kwama-ovari;
- ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwezithelo.
Ukhukhamba obumbile une-aftertaste ebuhlungu. Uma kungekho ukuvimbela nokwelashwa okuvamile, lesi sitshalo siyofa.
Izindlela zokuvimbela
Ukuvikela ukutheleleka nge-fusarium, umlimi kufanele:
- gcina imbewu ngaphambi kokutshala ngokusebenzisa ukufudumala kancane kancane.
Le ndlela ibonakala ngokusebenza kakhulu, kepha kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Izinga lokushisa landa kancane kancane: usuku lokuqala - alukho ngaphezulu kuka + 35 ° C, olwesibili - +55 ° C, ngosuku lwesithathu - +70 ° C. Ukuze wonge isikhathi, imbewu ingalashwa nge-Insur Profi; - Steam inhlabathi elungiselelwe. Inqubo ayinzima. Umbhede uniselwa ngamanzi abilayo futhi umbozwe ngefilimu amahora angama-24. Kuyadingeka ukuqhuba amaseshini amathathu. Ngemuva kokuphela kokugcina, iTrichodermin ingeniswa embozweni womhlabathi. Umkhiqizo wemvelo ungathathelwa indawo ngama-analogues;
- ngemuva kokuvuna ukhukhamba, sula indawo yazo zonke izinsalela (iziqongo, imfucumfucu, izimpande), ukhipha isibulala inhlabathi (amagremu ayi-150 we-bleach kumele awele ku-1 m2). Enye indlela enhle yale ndlela ukufaka esikhundleni sendawo yaphezulu. Inventory kuzodingeka futhi icutshungulwe.
Izitshalo ezibuthakathaka azinconywa ukuthi ziphindiselwe ezinye.
Ukuze ukhukhamba ukhiqize isivuno esihle, adinga ukudala izimo ezinhle zokukhula. Ukushisa komoya kufanele kwehluke phakathi kuka + 20 ... +26 ° C, umswakama ohlobene awunakuba ngaphezu kwama-85%. Kuyadingeka futhi:
- khetha ngokucophelela imbewu;
- tshala i-siderata, ngokwesibonelo, lwesinaphi esimhlophe eduze kwamakhukhamba;
- ukuhambisana nohlelo lwemisebenzi yezolimo;
- nisela imibhede kuphela ngamanzi afudumele, axazululiwe (okungcono ekuseni);
- fafaza inhlabathi nezitshalo nge-biofungicides, ezikhuthaza ukukhula;
- zalisa umquba njalo.
Ukhukhamba awukwazi ukutshala endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana.
Ukwelashwa kwe-fusarium kumakhukhamba
Uma konke okufanayo bekungenakwenzeka ukugwema ukutheleleka kweFusarium, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale ngokushesha. Ukwelashwa okusheshayo kuqalile, kuphezulu ukusebenza kwayo.
Imikhiqizo yemvelo yokwelashwa kwe-fusarium
Okusebenzayo kakhulu kufaka phakathi i-Trichofit, Trichodermin, Gliokladin, Bactofit, Fitosporin-M, Vitaros. Ziqukethe izinto ezingabhubhisa i-pathogen futhi zimise ukugula. Isixazululo silungiswa kulandela imiyalo yokusebenzisa (inamathele emithini).
Amalungiselelo wemvelo aphephile ngokuphelele ezitshalweni nasebantwini. Imvamisa zisetshenziselwa izinhloso zokuvimbela. Uma ukugula kwethulwe kanzima, ngeke bakwazi ukuguqula i-pathogen.
Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ama-khemikhali kanye namakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo akunconywa.
Amakhemikhali
Zihlukile kwezokuzalwa ngendlela ephumelelayo enamandla okwelapha. Phakathi kwabalimi, izidakamizwa eziqukethe i-benzimidazole noma okuphuma kuzo zithandwa kakhulu.
Uhlu lwemithi lubanzi impela, lufaka iFundazole, Arbotrin, Fundazim, Agrocyte neBenomil. Ngamunye wabo uhambisana nomyalo lapho kuboniswa khona izinkambiso nokuhleleka kwekhambi. Okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10 kufanele zidlule phakathi kokwelashwa.
Izindlela zabantu
Ungabhekana nezimpawu zeFusarium usebenzisa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni. Ukuzisebenzisa, umlimi uyogwema ukulahleka kwezitshalo, wonge imali futhi avikele ukhukhamba ekuhlaselweni ngamakhemikhali. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi zisebenza kakhulu ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo sokukhunta. Ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo, kufanele ulandele ngokusobala iresiphi ekhethiwe.
| Isihloko | Izithako | Indlela yokusebenzisa |
| Isixazululo sobisi lwe-iodine |
| Ukuqhutshwa kwesiqu. |
| Ukumenywa kwe-anyanisi Husk |
| Ukunisela, fafaza isitshalo sonke. |
| Ingxube yegalikhi |
| Ukusingathwa komhlaba. |
| Ukufakwa kwe-ash ash |
| Ukufafaza amahlamvu, isiqu, imifino. |
| Isixazululo Whey |
| Ukufafaza izihlahla, ukunisela inhlabathi. |
Izinhlobo Zekhukhamba Ezinzile
Izinhlobonhlobo zamakhukhamba ngayinye zinezimpawu zazo. Abalimi kufanele bakhethe imbewu, bagxile ezimweni zezulu, izakhiwo zomhlaba, ukumelana nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ikakhulukazi, ku-fusarium. Okuhle kakhulu esigabeni sokugcina kubhekwa izinhlobo ezinjengalezi:
- I-Ryabinushka;
- Izikhala;
- I-Zhukovsky;
- UHector;
- URaphael
- Noble;
- Christina.
Naphezu kokungazinzi okwandayo kwezinhlobo ezingama-ukumelana, ukutshala kwabo akufanele bakhohlwe ngokuvikela.
I-Fusarium wilt yamakhukhamba yisifo esifihlayo, izimpawu zazo zingavela kungazelelwe. Ukulungiselela okungcono umgadli kulungiswa, izitshalo ezincane ziyohlupheka. Isimo sabo ngqo sincike ekuthobeleni ubuchwepheshe bezolimo nokunakekelwa okufanele.
