Mushroom svinushka ethandwa kakhulu futhi eyaziwa kakhulu ngabaqashi be-mushroom abanolwazi. Kubonakala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwamanye amakhowe futhi kuhlwanyela kakhulu kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla.
Uyazi? Ngokusho incazelo yangaphandle, amakhowe e-svinushka afana nendlebe yengulube. Lokhu kufana kubonakala kuma-caps akhulayo e-fungus. Isizathu salokhu kwakuwumlenze, ohlanganisiwe hhayi phakathi kwekhanda le-fungus, kodwa ushiye indawo.
Cabanga ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-fungus zezingulube bese ubona ukuthi zingadliwa.
I-Svinushka encane (lat. Paxillus integrautus)
Ingulube encane iyi-mushroom yomndeni wakwaSvushushkovye we-Boletovye. Manje i-fungus ibhekwa njengobuthi, futhi kuze kube ngo-1981 ithole ukwelashwa ngokomzimba. Ingulube enkulu ikhula emahlathini ezinhlobonhlobo futhi kufana nokuchaza kwezinye izinhlobo ze-fungus. Ikhanda le-fungus likhula ngobubanzi buka-12-15 cm, linombala omnyovu. Okokuqala, inombono owenziwe kancane ohlangothini oluphepheziwe, bese uhlala ophahleni olunezintambo ezinjenge-funnel phakathi. Umkhawulo wehle, mhlawumbe u-wavy. Isikhwama sinamafutha, siphuthuma ngekhefu. Ubuso bayo buzwa-bukhuni, futhi kamuva bushelelezi, esimweni sezulu esimanzi - sinamathela. I-pulp ye-fungus isinyene, ithambile ekuqaleni, futhi ku-fungus omdala ekhululekile, enombala ophuzi. Akufani nokuphunga okhethekile nokunambitha futhi kungaba nzima.
Ngaphansi kwekhanda kunamapseudoplates ombala ophuzi obomvu, okhishwa ngokulula kalula kusuka ku-pulp cap. Amakhowe omlenze - kuze kube ngu-9 cm ubude no-2 cm ububanzi. Ubuso bayo bubushelelezi, bukhuni, buphuzi obuphuzi, buncane kakhulu bubala ngaphezu kwekhanda. I-Spore powder svinushki enobuncane obomvu. Abathengi abaningi be-mushroom baphikisana ngezindawo ezinobuthi zensiza encane. Bathi bathi basebenzisa le makhowe ukudla njalo futhi bazizwa behle. Ake sibone, i-svinushka encane - i-fungus enobuthi noma cha. Ukudla kokuqala kokubulala ingulube ngo-1944 kwaphawulwa. Isazi sezinzwa zeJalimane uJulius Schaeffer sasizizwa singenalutho, esaba ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo nomkhuhlane. Emva kwezinsuku ezingu-17 wafa. Isizathu sasihlulekile kakhulu kwe-renal.
Into eyinhloko ukuthi izimpawu zobuthi azibonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi hhayi ngokushesha. Ingulube iqukethe i-lectin yezinto ezinobuthi, ezingaphazanyiswa ukwelashwa okushisa. Ngama-80s ekhulu lama-20 Udokotela waseSwitzerland u-Rene Flammmer wathola ukuthi i-angeni yengulube iyakwazi ukulungisa ilwelwesi le-erythrocyte futhi ivuselele isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba ukuba senze amakhemikhali omzimba futhi silwe namaseli abo abomvu abomvu. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu udala i-hemolytic anemia kanye nokungaphumeleli komzimba. Njengoba kuthatha isikhathi esithile ukuba umzimba ukhiqize ama-antibodies, izimpawu zobuthi ngeke zivele ngokushesha. Futhi, ukuzwela komzimba ngamunye kumayipuni e-mushroom kuhluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1984, ngomyalelo we-deputy chief sanitary doctor of the USSR, ingulube encane yayibhalwe ohlwini lwamakhowe anobuthi.
Kubalulekile! Ayikho i-antidote ye-swine poisoning. Uma, ngemuva kokudla amakhowe, uzizwa ungalungile, udinga ukuxhumana nesikhungo sezokwelapha ukuqapha imingcele yegazi, umsebenzi wezinso, ukucindezelwa kwegazi, ukulinganisela kwamanzi kanye ne-electrolyte kanye nokungahleleki okulungile.
I-pig alder (lat. Paxillus filamentosus)
I-alpine noma i-aspen ehlwanyelayo yizinhlobo ezingavamile. Uthole igama layo kusuka endaweni ekhethiwe yokukhula ngaphansi kwe-aspen noma i-alder. Kunokufana okuningi kwangaphandle negobe elincanyana, kodwa lihlukile ekhanda elinesithunzi esiqhekekile esinomthunzi obomvu ophuzi. Ama-alpine gilts, kanye nama-gilts amancane, anobuthi, nakuba abanye abakhethi be-mushroom basabheka njengokudla.
Ingulube yamafutha (ezwayo) (lat. Tapinella atrotomentosa)
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezingulube zihlanganisa ingulube encane nengulube ekhulu. Lena amakhowe omndeni we-Tapinella we-oda le-Boletov. I-mushroom ine-cap enobubanzi obungama-5-15 cm, i-convex yokuqala, i-hemispherical shape, futhi kamuva ihamba nge-recess-shaped recess phakathi nendawo. Ubuso bekhanda buhamba kahle noma bushelelezi ngombala obomvu obomvu. Emaphethelweni aphelile. Kusukela ohlangothini olungezansi kunesendlalelo se-lamellar enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumakhowe amancane futhi abomvu kulabo abavuthiwe. Umlenze ungamamitha ayi-7 cm ubude futhi ububanzi ubude obuyi-3.5 cm we-cylindrical shape, ungasungulwa phakathi noma ngokuhamba endaweni.
Ubuso bayo bubukeka kahle, umbala omnyama omnyama. Ngokuvamile igxiliwe ngokuphelele kwi-substrate. Inyama ye-fungus iyomhlophe-iphuzi embala futhi ayikho iphunga elikhethekile elinomuncu obabayo. Iyakwazi ukuvuvukala phambi kobumswakama futhi iphosa ekinkini. I-spore powder yamakhowe umbala ophuzi obomvu. I-Amoniya idayisa inyama yenyama enzima ngombala ogqamile we-lilac, ne-potassium hydroxide (i-KOH) - eluhlaza nangomnyama. Amafutha e-Svushka abhekisela kuma-mushroom adingekayo ngokomzimba. Ukunye kwamanye amazwe kubhekwe njengingenakutholakala noma ngezindawo ezingcolile ezingekho ngaphansi. I-pulp yalezi fungi iqukethe i-atromentin (i-pigment brown), eyenziwa njenge-antibiotic futhi ine-antitumor effect, i-telephoreic acid (i-pigment blue), esetshenziselwa ukudayisa uboya obuluhlaza.
I-tapinella panusoidal, noma i-piglet enamehlo (Latin Tapinella inuoides)
Indlebe yengulube i-agaric. Umzimba we-fungus ungaba nesinamathiseli se-lateral ngesimo sezinhlamvu ezinama-flat enesisindo esingama-16 cm, ehlelwe ngokungafani noma ehlanjululwe emndenini wami omisiwe ngomugo omfushane. Ubuso bekhanda buzwa, futhi kamuva bushelelezi, kusukela okhanda oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuze kube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umkhawulo we-fungus unomzimba omncane, omile, ungaba yi-wavy. Ukusuka ngezansi kwe-cap kunamapulethi amancane avela ukhilimu ophuzi kuya ku-orange.
Isisekelo se-fungus sinomdlandla, sivolonti, sibomvu. Inyama yinyama, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka embala, iba yisiponsi uma isomile. I-mushroom ikhula kusukela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile noma ngamaqembu ezithombeni noma e-coniferous. I-fungus ingakwazi ukuhlala phezu kwezakhiwo ezindala zamapulangwe, ebangela ukubhujiswa kwayo. Ingulube yezindlebe ibhekwa ngamakhowe amabi kakhulu ngenxa yobuningi bama-lectin. Lezi zinhlayizi zibangela ukunamathela kwamaseli abomvu egazi.
Uyazi? Igama le-mushroom i-tapinella panusovnaya lihunyushwe njenge-carpet.
Izingulube ze-Paxillus ammoniavirescens
Le amakhowa itholakala kokubili epaki zasemadolobheni nasemahlathini ase-Italy, eJalimane, eSpain, eSweden, ePortugal, eFrance naseNgilandi nasemazweni asenyakatho ye-Afrika. Ubhekisela kobuhlungu. Ikhanda le-fungus linomzimba, linomsindo, liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala, kufinyelela ku-12 cm ububanzi. Umzimba we-fungus uqobo ukhula phansi, kufika ku-10 cm ukuphakama. Iningi likhula ngamandla ekwindla. Izinhlamvu ze-fungus zinkulu, zinombala obomvu.
I-Paxillus obscurisporus
Ama-mushroom we-ingulube i-Paxillus obscurisporus ihlukaniswa njengobuthi obubulalayo futhi afana nechaboris (i-Clitocybe genus). Izici ezihlukile zibomvu, kunezingcwecwe ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwekhanda nesikhumba, hhayi ama-spores amhlophe, afana nalawo ase-govorushek. I-fungus ivame ukukhula ngaphansi kwe-lindens noma ezinye izihlahla ze-broadleaf noma emadlelweni avulekile. Inama-caps amakhulu kakhulu kunezinye izingulube. Pulp ngaphandle iphunga ehlukile, ukunambitha - omuncu. Isigqoko sinombala obomvu wegolide, ububanzi obungama-4-13 cm, ngokuphezu kwe-wavy ephakanyisiwe. Umlenze we-fungus ungamamitha ayi-8 cm ubude, uhamba kancane ukusuka emhlabathini kuya enqoleni futhi unemibala ephuzi-ophuzi. Isikhathi sokuhlushwa kwesihlahla - July - Septemba.
I-Paxillus rubicundulus
Isici esivela kulezi zingulube luyi-cap efana nesigxobo esinama-cm kuya ku-15 cm ombala ophuzi obomvu obunombala obomvu. Inyama inombala ophuzi obomvu futhi iyishintsha uma iphukile ibe nsundu obomvu. Ubuso bekhanda bubushelelezi futhi bubukeka kahle. Umlenze u-cylindrical, u-8 cm high, uqala ophuzi, bese uthola umbala obomvu obomvu. Lolu hlobo lwe-fungus luyasakazwa kabanzi eYurophu. Le mushroom ye-ngulube ikhetha ukukhula emigodini yemifula, emahlathini alula enhlabathini enomswakama futhi yenza i-symbiosis ne-alder.
Uyazi? Amakhowe abizwa ngokuthi inyama yehlathi. Iqukethe amaprotheni amaningi, ama-amino acids adingekayo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho obuvamile, amavithamini B ukuze avikele isimiso sezinzwa, ukulandelela izici ezithuthukisa ukubunjwa kwegazi, i-beta-glucans eqinisa ukuzivikela, nezinye izinto eziningi ezizuzisayo.
Amakhowe we-Paxillus vernalis
I-fungus itholakala emahlathini entaba eNyakatho Melika, e-Estonia, e-Great Britain, eDenmark. Uhlobo lwe-symbiosis ne-aspen ne-birch. Isikhathi se-fruiting ngo-Agasti-Okthoba. I-cap is convex, ingaba nemibala ehlukene yombala ophuzi obomvu. Ubuso bayo bungaba bushelelezi noma buncane. Ngaphansi kwekhanda kufakwe amapulethi aphuzi. I-pulp ye-fungus iyinyama, ilukhuni, ingabi nephunga elingaziwa. Umbala wakhe ophuzi okwephuka uguqukela obomvu obomvu. Umlenze ufike ku-9 cm high, u-2-2.5 cm ububanzi, umbala uhambisana nombala we-cap.
Kubalulekile! I-Svinushka encane ihlanganisa umscarin. Lokhu kuyingozi enobuthi, obunobuthi obulinganayo nobunyovu be-mushroom obomvu. Akubhujiswa ngenkathi ubilisa amakhowe.
Ukudla izingulube kungabangela isivunguvungu ukusabela okubangelwa ukwelashwa okubangelwa yingozi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokudla uhlobo olulodwa lwezingulube, kufanele uzikhethele wena - ukubeka ukuphila kwakho engozini noma cha. Yini ebiza kakhulu kuwe - ukunambitheka kwezingulube noma ukuphila, unqume wena.
