Uma ufuna ukuzitholela izithelo nemifino enhle ebusika nasebusika, khona-ke ukukhetha okufanele kube ukukhula kwezitshalo ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.
Emhlabathini onjalo ovikelwe ungakhula cishe noma yisiphi isitshalo, isibonelo, utamatisi.
Kodwa kunezinombolo ezimbalwa okufanele zifundwe kahle ngaphambi kokuqala ukulungiselela ukulima.
Uzothola ukwaziswa okukhona kakhulu kulesi sihloko.
I-greenhouse ingakhiwa nge polycarbonate, ingilazi, noma ngisho nefilimu yepulasitiki, kodwa kuzo zonke izindawo indawo yokwakhiwa kwesikhathi esizayo kufanele ifakwe kahle yilanga ukuthi utamatisi afane kakhulu.
Ukwenza utamatisi ukhululekile, udinga ukukwenza uhlelo lokuphuza umoyaukugwema ukuqhuma umoya.
Endabeni yezindonga ze-polyethylene we-greenhouse, amaconsi aphezulu okushisa angenzeka ebusuku, ngakho-ke kudingeka udinga imizamo ephakeme yokuvikela izihlahla. Kuze kube sekugcineni, akuyona ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kodwa emibili yefilimu isethelwe ezisekelweni, futhi phakathi kwalezi zendlalelo kufanele kube nomculi ophakathi kuka-2-4 cm ubukhulu.
Umkhumbi onjalo womoya uzoba yisivikelo emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Kule ndlela yokutamatisi ekhulayo, kukhona kokubili okunenzuzo nokuqeda.
Izintandokazi:
- ngaphakathi ungakwazi ukulawula izinga lokushisa (iqhwa ngeke lilimale utamatisi), umswakama, inani le-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide;
- Ukushisa kwama-greenhouse kunomkhiqizo ophakeme kunelabo abakhulile emoyeni;
- Imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo endaweni engalinganiselwe yenza kangcono.
Ukungalungi:
- ukwakhiwa kwe-greenhouse kanye nokugcinwa kwayo kubangela izindleko ezinkulu zezezimali;
- ngaphandle kokwelashwa okhethekile, izinambuzane nezifo ezihlukahlukene zithola izimo ezifanele kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa;
- lapho uthengisa utamatisi olunjalo izindleko ezinkulu.
Ukulungiselela ukutshala izinto kuqala ngokutshala izithombo. Imbewu ingathengwa kokubili futhi ithengwe ngokuzimela.
Uma uthenge imbewu bese ubona ukuthi banombala okwanele (okungukuthi, udidekile), akudingeki ukuthi kusetshenzwe.
Kunoma yikuphi okunye, imizuzu engu-15-20 ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu kufanele ifakwe kwisisombululo se-1% se-potassium permanganate. Ngemuva kokungcoliswa kwemithi, imbewu kumele ihlanjululwe ngokuphelele.
Ngokuqondene nesikhathi sokutshala, isikhathi sizobe sesifanele. kusukela ngoFebruwari kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMatshi. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ezitsheni ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-cassettes.
I-cassette ngokwayo iqukethe amakamelo amaningi adinga ukugcwala umhlaba. Ungatshala imbewu ebhokisini elincane elijwayelekile (ukuphakama 5-7 cm).
Umhlaba wezithombo ezizayo kufanele zicebe, ngakho-ke udinga ukuthatha umhlaba we-sod, peat ne-humus ngezilinganiso ezifanayo. Okulandelayo, udinga ukuhambisa le ngxube kancane bese ufaka isanti (1 kg ebhakedeni lomhlaba), umlotha (1 tbsp) kanye ne-superphosphate (1 tbsp).
Ingxube eqediwe kufanele isetshenziswe ebhokisini, i-rammed, yenza ama-grooves amancane, okujule okumele kube yi-1 - 1.5 cm. uthele isisombululo se-sodium humate ukushisa ekamelweni.
Ngemuva kwalezi zinqubo, ungakwazi ukuhlwanyela imbewu, okumele idinge ukuxuba ubumba. Ibhokisi enezithombo ezizayo kufanele likhanyiswe ngokwanele, futhi izinga lokushisa elizungezile akufanele liwe ngaphansi kwe-22 ° C. Ngemuva koku-5 emva kokutshala ibhokisi kufanele lihlanganiswe ne-foil. Ngenxa yalokhu, imbewu izokhula ngokushesha.
Ngemuva kwamaqabunga amabili akhula ehlathini (lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngosuku lwama-7th-10 emva kokufika), kufanele kwenziwe ukudonsa.
I-dive i-transplant of izithombo zibe ngamathangi amakhulu.
Imbewu ngayinye kufanele isuswe ngokucophelela ebhokisini, kanti akudingekile ukugubha umhlaba kusukela ezimpandeni.
Izithombo zingagcinwa emabhokisini izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, ubude behlumela ngalowo mzuzwana buzoba cishe ngamasentimitha angama-30. Ukwehlisa kuvamile ukuba izithombo, okungukuthi, amahlumela asinde kodwa alula kakhulu.
Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kufanele ujikeleze njalo isithombo ngasinye ukuze uhlangothi ngalunye lwensimu lithole ilanga elanele. Ngaphambi kokutshala, izithombo zingaba nzima, okungukuthi, kwesokunxele, isibonelo, ebhaleni elinamafasitela avulekile. Le nqubo ingenziwa ngezinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kokufika.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zika utamatisi, kodwa akuzona zonke ezizokwazi ukunikeza isivuno esihle ezimweni zendawo yokushisa. Kodwa phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobonhlobo, kunezinhlobo zezithelo ezinhle kakhulu. Isibonelo:
- Hlunga "Isiphepho F1"
Lezi zihlukahlukene yi-hybrid, ikhula ngokushesha. Ukulimala kuqala izinsuku ezingu-90 emva kokuvuna izithombo. Utamatisi ayingqayizivele, enobuso obushelelezi kanye nombala ofanayo. Isisindo sesithelo esisodwa singafinyelela 90 g.
- Izinhlobonhlobo "Blagovest F1"
Izinhlobo ezivuthiwe zakuqala, hybrid. Izithelo zizungezile, zilinganisa 100 - 110 g.
- Hlunga "Isivunguvungu F1"
I-hybrid ikhula ngokushesha (emva kwezinsuku ezingu-90 kuya kwezingu-95). Izithelo ziyindilinga, zilinganiselwa ku-90 g.
- Hlunga "i-Samara F1"
Hybrid, ezihlukahlukene zakuqala. Izithelo ezinsukwini ezingu-85 kuya kwezingu-90 emva kokuhluma. Izithelo zinambitheka kahle, zizungeze, zilinganiselwa ku-80 g
- Ukuhlukahluka "Izimangaliso Zomhlaba"
Ezihlukahlukene eziphezulu kakhulu ezivumela. Izithelo zithandwa, zifakwe enhliziyweni, zinzima kakhulu (isisindo sifinyelela ku-400-500 g).
Ukulungiswa komhlaba:
Ngaphambi kokutshala utamatisi ku-abamba ukushisa, udinga ukuvuthisa igumbi, ususe 10 kuya ku-12 cm yenhlabathi, kanti lonke izwe kufanele lilashwe ngesishu esishisayo se-sulphate yethusi (1 sl.lozhka 10 amalitha amanzi).
Akuvunyelwe ukutshala izithombo endaweni yokushisa efanayo iminyaka emibili elandelanayo, kungenjalo izihlahla ezintsha zizosuselwa yizifo ezindala.
Okufanelekile kakhulu utamatisi indawo enhle neyesihlabathi. Ngaphambi kokutshala, inhlabathi idinga umanyolo, ngakho-ke, ngo-1 sq.m. 3 amabhakede we-peat, sawdust kanye ne-humus mix (isilinganiso 1: 1: 1) kufanele sengezwe ezweni. Ngaphandle kwama-organic fertilizer, amaminerali nawo ayadingeka. Kubalulekile ukwenza superphosphate (3 wezipuni), potassium sulfate (1 isipuni), i-potassium magnesia (1 isipuni), i-nitrate sodium (1 tsp) nomlotha (1 - 2 izindebe).
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, utamatisi awuthandani "omakhelwane" kakhulu, ngakho kufanele uhlukanise leli gumbi ngezihlukaniso zefilimu, okuzohlinzeka nge-microclimate ehlukile kulunye uhlobo lwesitshalo.
I-patterning yokuhamba:
Imibhede yamatamatisi kufanele ilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, kufanele ibe ngu-25 - 30 cm ukuphakama kanye no-60 - 90 cm ububanzi. Ukuze uthole amaphuzu ungashiya cishe u-60 - 70 cm. Kodwa uhlelo lokutshala ngokuqondile luxhomeke kuhlobo lwezotamatisi kanye nezici zehlathi.
Isibonelo, ezinhlobonhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezivuthwe ngokushesha, ama-2-3 amahlumela asakhiwe, ngakho kufanele atshalwe emigqeni emibili, ebheke i-chess order, enezihlahla ezimbili ezibekwe eceleni kuka-35 cm.
Ku-tomt shvyambovy 1 ukudubula kuthuthukiswa kahle, ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukutshala izithombo ngaphezulu, kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezihlahla ezimbili ezizungezile kufanele libe cishe ngama-25 kuya ku-30 cm. Izinhlobo ezide zidinga isikhala esengeziwe, ngakho-ke, zidinga ukuthi zitshalwe njalo 60-70 cm.
Yiya ekufikeni kwamatamatisi
Uma sekuyisikhathi sokuhambisa izithombo emhlabathini we-greenhouse, khona-ke kufanele uqale uqaphele ukuthi ungatshala utamatisi ngalesi sikhathi noma ulinde kangcono.
Okokuqala, inhlabathi kufanele ifuthe kahle, futhi ibe neqondile, ekushiseni kwe-12-15 ° C. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi liphansi, khona-ke kukhona ingozi ukuthi izimpande zezithombo ziyobola. Ukuze umhlaba ufudumise ngokushesha, kufanele uhlanganiswe ne-polyethylene emnyama.
Okwesibili, iziqu zezitshalo akufanele zifakwe emhlabathini, kungenjalo wonke amandla e-utamatisi azokwenzeka ekubunjweni kwezimpande ezintsha, hhayi ekukhuleni.
Okwesithathu, emhlabathini akufanele kube nensada ye-nitrogen, okungukuthi, awukwazi ukwenza umquba omusha, izinkukhu zezinkukhu, urea. Uma kungenjalo, amahlamvu azokhula, kodwa ngeke kube khona fruiting.
Okwesine, kubalulekile ukuqapha izitshalo ukuze kungabikho umonakalo. Noma yiliphi iqabunga eliphuzi noma eligulayo kufanele lisuswe.
Lapho utshala udinga susa amaqabunga e-cotyledoneziseduze nomhlabathi, ngisho nangaphansi. Khetha usuku lokwenza lugubhuke, noma uhlale kusihlwa. Imithombo kumele ibe ne-disinfected, okungukuthi, isisombululo esinamandla, esishisayo se-potassium permanganate ithululelwa emgodini ngamunye, futhi ngaphambi kokutshala imithombo kufanele iyancwiliswe.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngezinhlobo zakuqala zama-apula.
Amathiphu wokunakekela utamatisi wokushisa
- Ukugqoka okuphezulu
- Ukunisela
- Ukushisa
- Ukudubula
- Ukuvimbela, ukwelashwa kwezifo
Ingxenye eyodwa nesigamu kuya kwamasonto amabili emva kokutshala, utamatisi kufanele uhlanganiswe okokuqala. Lokhu kugqoka kuzoba ne-nitrophoska ne-mullein (ngamalitha ayi-10 wamanzi wezipuni 1 ze-nitrophos, 0.5 amalitha amanzi amaningi). Lesi sixazululo siyisicefe 1 l per bush 1.
Emva kwezinsuku ezingu-10 udinga ukugqoka okwesibili. Lesi sikhathi sidinga ama-potassium sulfate kanye nama-fertility fertilizer (ama-10 amalitha 1 tsp we-sulphate kanye no-1 tbsp womanyolo). Lokhu kugqoka kumele kwenziwe 3 - 4 izikhathi ngezikhathi ngasinye.
Ngokuba utamatisi, insalela yomswakama enhlabathini iyonakalisa, ngaphandle kwalokho izithelo zizokudumaza ngokubonakala kwayo kanye nokunambitheka. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuwasha amahlumela ngezinsuku ezingu-5 kuya kwezingu-6.
Izinsuku zokuqala ezingu-10 zika-utamatisi, futhi, akulona ukuchelela okufiselekayo, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi izitshalo azange zithole izimpande ensimini entsha. Okunye okubalulekile ukushisa kwamanzi - 20-22 ° C.
Inani elingaphansi lamanzi ngaphambi kokuqhakaza lingama-4 - 5 amalitha amanzi ngalinye 1 sq. M.
Uma izihlahla ziqhakaza, khona-ke umthamo wokuchelela kufanele ukwandiswe ube ngu-10 - 13 amalitha ngehora ngayinye. Amanzi kungcono ukuthululela emmpandeniukuze amaqabunga nezithelo ngokwabo zihlale zomile.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isikhathi esihle kakhulu sosuku ukugcwalisa umswakama enhlabathini ekuseni futhi kungabi kusihlwa, ngoba kusihlwa kukhona ukuthambekela kokunciphisa.
Ukuze utamatisi, izinga lokushisa elifanele kubaluleke kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke liqhakaze, bese lithela izithelo. Ngakho-ke, uma ilanga liphuma ngaphandle, umoya kufanele uphiswe ku-20 ° 22 ° C, futhi uma isimo sezulu sishisiwe, izinga lokushisa lizoba ngu-19-20 ° C.
Kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi lokushisa ebusuku, kungenjalo, noma yikuphi ukushintshashintsha kokushisa kuzobangela ukulimala okungenakuqhathaniswa notamatisi.
Ebusuku udinga ukugcina 16 17 ° C. Lokhu lokushisa kufaneleka utamatisi ongaqhubeki okwamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuwela umugqa we-26-32 ° C, ngaphandle kwalokho utamatisi ngeke ulethe isivuno.
Umgogodla ozwakalayo ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza u-14 16 ° C. Utamatisi ubhekene nokukhula komzimba wezitshalo, okuzobe sekulimaza isivuno esizayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izinga lokushisa kufanele ligcinwe ku-25 26 ° C.
Uma usususe izithelo zokuqala ezihlahleni, khona-ke uphawu oluhle kwi-thermometer luzoba ngu-16-17 ° С. Lokhu kunciphisa izinga lokushisa kuzosiza ekuqiniseni inqubo yokukhula nokuvuthwa kwezithelo.
Ukutshala utamatisi ebusweni bokushisa ukukhipha ama-stepons okuthiwa ama-stepsons (amahlumela asetshenziswayo avela esifuba seqabunga). Kulezi amahlumela zikhula amaqabunga avimbela ukukhanya kwelanga eziqhingini ngokwabo.
Susa ama-stepons adingeka njalo. Isihlahla ngokwayo kufanele sakhiwe kusuka ehlathini eliphakathi, lapho ungashiya khona amabhulashi angu-5 kuya ku-6.
Kumele udonsa phezulu ehlathini cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokuphela kwenkathi ekhulayo. Lapho izithelo ziqala ukubomvu, udinga ukususa wonke amaqabunga aphansi. Ukudubula kumele kwenziwe ekuseni ukuze izindawo "ezinxeba" zingagoma ngosuku.
"Ukugula" kungaba kokubili izithombo kanye nezihlahla ezindala. Ngokuba izithombo ezijwayelekile izifo blackleg.
Le fungus ithinta izithombo okungekho into engakhula ngayo. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo, udinga ukuguqula umhlabathi endaweni yokushisa ngaphambi kokutshala. Isifo esivame kakhulu samatamatisi yi-phytophthora.
Lesi sifo "sihlasela" amaqabunga, aphendulela amnyama abuye afe. Ngenxa yalokho, ungalahlekelwa cishe ngu-70% wesitshalo sakho.
Ngokumelene nalesi sifo kudingekile ukucubungula amahlumela kathathu: amaviki amathathu emva kokuba izithombo zithuthelwe emhlabathini wokushisa, izinsuku ezingu-20 emva kokwelashwa kokuqala futhi emva kokuqala kwezimbali zebhulashi lesithathu emhlathini.
Ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngezixazululo zezidakamizwa "I-Barrier" ne-"Barrier" (ukusebenza ngokusho kwemiyalelo).
Ukwelashwa okwesithathu kwenziwa ngesisombululo sikagalikhi.
Lezi zeluleko ezilula zizokusiza ukuba uthole isivuno esihle samatamatisi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.
Inhlanhla!
