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Konke mayelana ne-bacteriosis yamagilebhisi: izinhlobo, izimpawu, ukwelashwa

Njenganoma yikuphi indalo enhle kakhulu yemvelo, umvini uhlale unesihluku sokunciphisa ama-micro futhi ama-macroganganismokuhloswe ukuphasisa ekunikezeni ubungqabavu bayo.

Lezi amagciwane nama-bacteria, isikhunta se-spore, izinambuzane nezinyoni. Futhi kuphela umuntu okwazi ukusiza isitshalo esibukwayo ukuba sisinde kulo mzabalazo wokusinda.

Yiziphi izimo eziholela ezifweni?

Isigcawu sezingozi zamagilebhisi:

  1. Izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukukhula (inhlabathi ephelile, isomiso, ukushisa okuphansi ebusuku kanye nobusika, imvula ende, umoya oqinile).
  2. I-agrofone ephansi (ukungabi namanzi okuphuza, ukufaka umquba, ukugqilaza noma ukungabi nalutho kwezakhi emlandweni, ukusika izihlahla ngokungavamile, ukwehlisa ukusekela, ukwephulwa kwesikhathi sokuvuna).
  3. Izinambuzane ezinambuzane, i-parasitic ezimpandeni, amaqabunga, iziqu kanye nezithelo zesitshalo.
  4. Ukwenza ama-Spore eziphilayo, kubangela ukutheleleka kwe-fungal, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwamandla obalulekile esitshalo nasekufeni.
  5. Izinto eziphilayo ze-Unicellular - amabhaktheriya abangela izifo zezitho ezihlukahlukene zomvini.
  6. Ama-pathogens amancane kunawo wonke - amagciwane.
Amajikijolo amagilebhisi avuselela amasosha omzimba, futhi umuntu ozokhethwa uzama ukuthuthukisa ukukhulelwa kwezitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezijwayelekile kulokhu.

Bacteriosis yamagilebhisi

Ama-bacteria yizinto ezindala kunazo zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa ngabantu kuphela ngekhulu le-19 futhi zahlukaniswa njengento eyingozi futhi ezuzisayo. Ukumelwa kwabo emvelweni akunakulinganiswa. Isici sabo "yisakhamuzi sezwe".

Ama-bacteria ahamba ne-flagella, ayancipha futhi athulule ezinkolweni, futhi ngokuvamile adala ubudlelwane. Ngokusebenzisana nomoya bahlukaniswa njenge-aerobic ne-anaerobic.

Zinezinhlobo eziningana zokukhiqiza: ngokuhlukanisa noma inqubo yokulala ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijubane lokukhiqiza nokuhlala kwabo liphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi ukutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya we-pathogenic kwenzeka esikhathini samahora.

Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwama-bacteria, bakhetha indlela ethile yokunamathisela emzimbeni womnikeli ukuze athole izakhi. Uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwabo, i-pathogen, ngomzamo wokwandisa indawo yokudla, idala ukukhula okusha - ukuphuma. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakoloni, ama-microorganisms akhona njenge-biofilm yemiphumela engenakutholakali yezidakamizwa.

Ama-causative agents of bacteriosis kumagilebhisi:

  • i-bacteriaceae - umndeni we-saprophytic, obala izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100; igcinwe kahle enhlabathini, amanzi, ezitshalweni;
  • pseudomonadaceae - izinambuzane ezincane zomhlabathi, izitshalo zokutshala izifo; zenze i-pigmentous fluorescent, eyenza ukuba khona kwabo kubonakale; evamile yonke indawo;
  • mycobacteriaceae - induku-like, branching in izitshalo ezincane izifo, uhlale enhlabathini; ukumelana nama-alcohols nama-acids.

Ukuze uhlakulele isu lokulawula, izifo zamagilebhisi zibonakala zisetshenziswa izindlela:

  • i-serological (ukuhlaziywa kwezimpendulo ze-immune);
  • i-biochemical (ukuhlaziywa kwe-metabolism yamabhaktheriya esebenzisa izinkomba);
  • ezokuphila (ukuhlaziywa kwendlela yokudla nokudla komzimba);
  • i-parasitological (ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe bokukhetha);
  • ukuhlelwa kwemvelo (ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo nokuhlelwa kwamaseli ezinhlamvu).

Ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane okubonakala ngokuthi:

  • isizini;
  • okungapheliyo.
Uphawu oluphawulekayo lokungcoliswa kwe-bacteriological kwesitshalo kuhlotshaniswa ngokucacile kwamaqabunga, amajikijolo, ama-ridge kanye nama-stalks. Amasango okutheleleka angama-punctures we-leaf or berry surface, kanye nomonakalo obangelwa izinambuzane.

Isithombe




Izimpawu zezilonda, izinhlobo zazo kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula

  1. I-necrosis yebhaktheriya (I-bacterial wilt, isifo se-Oleiron) - isifo somhlabathi esihlahleni. Lesi sifo singase, emva kwesikhathi eside sesikhathi eside somsebenzi obalulekile webhaktheriya, sibonakale njengesiqhumane esabangelwa ukusabalalisa kwentwasahlobo.

    Izimpawu zokunqotshwa:

    • ukubonakala kwamabala amnyama kugxilwe emzimbeni wekhasi, nomngcele obomvu ocacile;
    • ukushintsha kwezinye izimbali ezijwayelekile nezimpande;
    • ukungapheli kwemifino ephansi ekuqaleni kwenkathi ekhulayo, ama-upper ahlinzeka ngamaqabunga amancane ngezibonakaliso ze-chlorosis (ukuphuza);
    • ukwehluleka kulezi zindawo (njengomphumela we-fragility etholakalayo) yamahlumela amancane;
    • ukoma amahlumela.

    Izindlela zokulawula:

    • ukwelashwa ngesisombululo se-5% se-Bordeaux uketshezi lwamanzi noma isilfabhethi ekuqaleni kwezimpawu zokutheleleka;
    • ukwelapha okuphindaphindiwe ngesisombululo esifanayo, kepha ukuhlushwa okungu-2%, emva kokuvela kwamaqabunga;
    • izihlahla ezithintekile ezingenathemba ziyanconywa ukuba zixoshwe.
    I-Necrosis ingabangelwa ukungabi khona kwe-potassium ne-magnesium enhlabathini, efrijini, nokuchayeka komusi onobuthi. Kule nkinga, i-necrosis ibhekwa njengengewona owusakazayo, futhi ukuqedwa kwayo kunganikeza ushintsho kwi-agrophone.

  2. I-Berry bacteriosis iyisifo sezithelo kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokubunjwa kwabo (ubuqotho besikhumba abukhathazi).

    Ukwelashwa kwamajikijolo kwenzeka ngokukhetha, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuqhuma konke, esigabeni sokuvuthwa ukutheleleka okusha akusekufanele. Ingozi isongela ngesimo sezulu esishisayo, ngokuyinhloko amajikijolo amagilebhisi ohlangothini olusenyangeni lwehlathi.

    Izimpawu zokunqotshwa:

    • ukubonakala ngaphansi kwesikhumba samajikijolo anzima okwakhiwa kwendawo encane ephuzi elikhanyayo;
    • ukuguqulwa kwendawo ekujuleni kombala obomvu obomvu, welula ubude bamajikijolo;
    • ukuma ngokushesha kwama-berry tissue, okwakhiwa ngayo i-pulp;
    • lapho lesi sifo singena esiteji esisha, i-berry idlala ngezinsuku ezingu-5-7.


    Izindlela zokulawula:

    • ukuvikelwa kwezithelo ukushona kwelanga kanye nokulimala okuyimishini;
    • ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe, ukulimaza ubuqotho bamajikijolo;
    • phytoquarantine.
    Amakhemikhali angamelana nama-bacterium Bacillus viticola Burgv angakakhuliswa.
  3. Isifo sikaPierce sisifo se-bacteria sezihlahla ze-pathogenic pathogenic, okuyisici sezivini zaseNyakatho Melika naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Izithwali ziyi-cicadas.

    Isimiso sokunqotshwa: ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithwalwe ngamapulangwe, ngenxa yalokho - ukugqoka kwazo izitshalo ezinomshini. Ama-bio-specimens anezintambo ze-pathogen zinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100, kuhlanganise nezihlahla zasendle, izihlahla nezihlahla.

    Izimpawu zokunqotshwa:

    • ukuhlukahluka kwehlobo ngenxa yokomiswa kwekhalenda leqabunga kusukela emaphethelweni kuya emgodini ophakathi;
    • Ukunciphisa ama-internodes kumahlumela amancane;
    • ubukhulu obuphansi kakhulu bokukhula kwehlumela;
    • Amabala avela emahlumela (ukukhanya noma okuphuzi, kusimo sezulu esibanda - esimnyama);
    • inhlanganisela ye-comb, i-flower and ovaries iyawa;
    • ukuphila komvini othelelekile kungaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu.

    Izindlela zokulawula:

    • ukukhetha ngokucophelela kokutshala impahla ngesikhathi sokubeka isivini;
    • i-phytoquarantine;
    • ukubambezela ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo izinyanga eziyisithupha: ukwelapha umvini (kanye njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili) ngesisombululo se-oxytetracycline esisebenza nge-bacteriostatically (ivimbela inqubo yokukhiqiza amabhaktheriya);
    • ngokukhulisa ukuhlushwa kwezidakamizwa kusuka ku-50 ppm kuya ku-500, ungakwazi ukunweba impilo yesitshalo kuze kube yiminyaka emibili.
    I-bacterial spotting ihluke ekulimaleni kwe-oidium ngoba ihlukanisa ingxenye yangaphandle yeqabunga, futhi i-bacteriosis ingena phakathi kwesigaba esithintekayo saleso sitshalo.
  4. Umdlavuza webhaktheriya - ubudlelwane obubi budalwe yi-lumpy, ukukhula okusheshayo emivini. Lezi zicubu ezizalwe kabusha ezazithola i-DNA yashintsha amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic.

    I-agent ye-causative yesifo - i-Agrobacterum vitis ingahlala emzimbeni wesitshalo isikhathi eside, ifika lapho emhlabathini inqubo yokukhosela ebusika, noma lapho kwenzeka izimo ezingavamile: ukukhubazeka okubukhali kwesitshalo, ngenxa yomonakalo oshisayo, ukulimala komshini noma ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane.

    Isizathu sokukhubazeka kokuzivikela kungukuthi:

    • ubusika obusika obunzima budluliselwa yisitshalo;
    • i-nitrogen ngokweqile emhlabathini, ngenxa yokudla okungafundiwe;
    • amanxeba ensimbi.

    Izicubu ezonakalisiwe njengesignali ngokusebenzisa izimfihlo ezikhethekile mayelana nalokho okwenzekile. Ama-bacteria athatha lesi siginali, aqoqa ngokuzungezile endaweni ezithintekile. Izimpawu zomonakalo zilula noma zivela ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuvamile ezikhathini ezomile:

    • ukuchitha i-ovary;
    • kunciphisa emazingeni okukhula ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile;
    • ukubukeka emaqabunga omphetho wokumisa;
    • ukuwohloka kokubukeka nokunambitha kwesithelo;
    • ukulahlekelwa izimpande yizimbewu;
    • Uhlobo oluthile lwezithombo.

    Lesi sifo sibonakala kuso ekupheleni kwehlobo lapho umvini ongapheli ubonakala emvinini osisetshenziswayo (maduzane uye waqaphela ngonyaka) wenkomo ekhula ngokushesha: okokuqala ngosayizi webhontshisi, bese nge-apula enkulu nokuningi. I-tumor ikhula emathisini, ilahla isitshalo sezakhi, okunciphisa ukukhula kwayo, ukuhluma, izithelo zokuvuthwa. Ubuningi besitshalo buya ekukhuleni kwesisu, isihlahla siyabuna futhi siyafa.

"I-Phytoplasmin" ingenza ngcono okwesikhashana, "i-Fitolavin" -yinkimbinkimbi yama-antibiotics. Azikho izindlela zamakhemikhali zokuvikela nokuphatha umvini kusuka ekungcoleni kwamagciwane. Ukuvimbela kuphela. Futhi, njengendlela elula - raskorchevka.

Ukuvimbela

Njengoba isitshalo esonakalisiwe sisengozini enkulu yokutheleleka, kubalulekile ukuba wenze zonke izinyathelo ze-agrotechnical ngokucophelela okukhulu, ukuzama ukugcina ubuqotho bomhlaba nomvini nokuphelelwa komzimba.

Imithetho yeSanitary:

  1. Ungatshali isitshalo esisha endaweni yokuqothula oshonile ezincelweni zamagciwane (amabhaktheriya agcinwa emhlabathini futhi alinde umnikazi omusha). Isitshalo esivuthiwe sokushisa.
  2. Musa ukuvuna izinto zokutshala ezihlahleni ezithintekile.
  3. Ukutholakala kokutshala impahla ukuze kuqhutshwe izikhungo ezikhethekile, ngaphandle kokutheleleka kwamagciwane.
  4. Ngaphambi kokutshala, faka imbewu kuze kube ngu-40 emaminithini ashisayo (53 ° C) amanzi noma isikhukhula nge-foundationol.
  5. Ukusika ngaphambi kokutshala ukuqhuba i-thermotherapy amahora angu-30 ngamanzi ashisayo (35 ° C).
  6. Ukutshala isihlahla ukuqhuba izikhwama zekhwalithi, ukuyichithelwa isiphuzo sotshwala noma ithusi sulfate ngaphambi kokuthuthela kwenye isitshalo.
  7. Sika ingxenye eyayilimazekile, sibone ukusika ukusingatha isixazululo se-2% se-copper sulfate nesimo segadi.
  8. Ukulungiselela isihlahla ebusika ukufeza ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezibuhlungu, ukugcina ubuqotho besembozo futhi kungabandakanyi ukuxhumana okuqondile komvini nomhlabathi. Phatha nge-nitrafen.
  9. Ekuphishekeleni ukuvuna, ungadluli isitshalo, ukuze ungashiyi ebusika buthakathaka noma kulimale.
  10. Ngokufanayo ukuvimbela izifo ze-fungal ezenza buthakathaka amasosha omzimba amagilebhisi.
  11. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukususwa kwezimpande zamanzi entwasahlobo (katarovka) - indlela yokuqeda umdlavuza webhaktheriya.
  12. Amagilebhisi awawuthandi umhlabathi wamanzi, ukuchelela ngokweqile - ingozi yezifo.

Ingabe amagilebhisi anesifo sokuzivikela kumabhaktheriya we-pathogenic.

Izinga lomonakalo kumdlavuza wamagilebhisi kunqunywa embonini kusuka kumaphuzu amathathu:

  • ayiphenduli kahle ku-pathogen pathogen - Iphuzu eli-1;
  • ukuzinza okuphakathi - Amaphoyinti amabili;
  • iningi elibhekene ne-pathogen - Amaphuzu angu-3.

Iqembu lokuqala livame ukubandakanya izinhlobo ze-interspecific ne-intraspecific, njenge:

  • Aligote;
  • Anapa ekuqaleni;
  • I-bastardo;
  • Ukuhlwithwa;
  • I-Codrean;
  • Ama-Muromets;
  • I-pink ye-Tayfi:
  • I-Charas nutmeg;
  • I-Crystal;
  • Intsha nabanye

Izinhlobo ezinokulimaza

Uzocabangela izinhlobo eziningi ezisengozini:

  • AmaPharele Saba;
  • IKishmish elimhlophe;
  • Magaracha wokuqala;
  • Rexavi;
  • Izintandokazi nabanye.

Phakathi kwamagilebhisi etafuleni kukhona okuthuthukisiwe, izithombo zazo ezitholakala ezimweni eziyimpoqo ze-laboratory, ngesikhathi sokutshala zinesiqinisekiso sokutheleleka kwegciwane ("u-Augustine"). Kodwa, ngokuvamile, amagilebhisi awanamathele ngokuphelele ukwandiswa kwebhaktheriya futhi, ikakhulukazi, emdlalweni - awunamathele.

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