Izintuthwane zivela ezikhathini zama-dinosaurs: okhokho abakhulu abayisikhombisa wamagciwane ezinhlalakahle baphila iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-140 edlule, esikhathini seCretaceous.
Manje bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, kanye ne-Iceland, iGreenland nezinye iziqhingi ezikude kakhulu.
ISIFUNDO: Isisindo esiphelele sezintuthwane sisuka ku-10 ukuya ku-20% we-biomass yazo zonke izilwane zasemhlabeni ezihlala endaweni ethile, futhi emazweni ashisayo inani le "isisindo somzimba" lifinyelela kuma-25%.
Lezi zinambuzane ezinamandla ziningi hhayi kuphela ngokuvumelana nenani eliphelele, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo eziphilayo.
Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezintuthwane nezici zokuhlala kwazo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kubhekisela kuzo zonke izintuthwane amafomu omndeni (Formicidae) futhi i-hymenoptera oda, okubandakanya izinyosi, ama-wasps nama-bumblebees. Ngempela, izintuthwane, ngokuqondile, izintuthwane, ziphiko ngesikhathi esifushane sokukhiqiza. Khona-ke umsunguli we-anthill omusha wakha ikamelo lokuqala le "esihlalweni" esizayo, uyaluma amaphiko akhe, angawadingi kanye nokuphila okude, ngezinye izikhathi ezineminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, ubeletha inhlanga eningi enezintuthwane, okuyinto, ngokuhambisana nama-castes ayo, ezokwakha, ukusebenza, unesi izibungu, thola ukudla futhi uvikele insimu.
I-Formicid emndenini oncelisayo kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-7,000. Lezi zinambuzane ze-thermophilic ezindaweni ezishisayo ziningi kakhulu futhi ziyahlukahluka, futhi indawo yamahlathi okubandayo-i-tundra zone iyimkhawulo yemvelo yokuhlala kwayo.
Izinhlobo ezingavamile, ezinobudlova, eziyingozi nezesimangale zakhiwe ezindaweni ezifudumalayo - izindawo ezincane eziyipharadesi:
I-South American Ant Bullet ngokuluma okubuhlungu kakhulu, okuvezwa ngawo ngokuhambisana nesilonda senhlamvu. Ubude balezi zinambuzane bufinyelela ezingamamitha amathathu.
Izintuthwane ezibomvu zomlilo. Inhlobo enobudlova yaseBrazil, eyasungulwa ngengozi engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-United States, yaxosha ingxenye enkulu yezintuthwane zendabuko, bese kuthi, ngokusebenzisa imikhumbi yomthengisi, isakaze e-Australia naseChina. Ubuhlungu obukhipha izinambuzane zalezi zinhlobo kuyafana nokushisa komlilo.
Izintuthwane ze-Black Bull bahlala e-Australia naseTasmania. Ukuluma kuveza ubuthi obunamandla, okwenza, ngaphezu kokubuhlungu, ngokuvamile kubangela ukusabela okubi kakhulu, okubangelwa yi-allergenic.
Amasosha ezintuthwane - izinhlobo ezizulazula ezitholakala eNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika. Bachitha ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwabo behamba emakholini aminyene abhubhisa zonke izinto eziphilayo endleleni yabo, abakwazi ukuphunyuka ngokushesha. Njengoba bengenayo i-anthill engapheliyo, bayakha isiphephelo sesikhashana sokuzalanisa, nokwakha ikoloni eyindilinga yemizimba yabo, exhunyaniswe nomunye nomunye.
Izintuthwane eziphuziUkuhlala e-Arizona, ukhiqiza ubuthi obuqine kakhulu obungabulala noma yisiphi isilwane esingamasikhilogram amabili.
Ngenhlanhla, phakathi nomzila ophakathi lezi zilo zezintuthwane azihlali.
Uphila izinhlobo ezingu-220 izintuthwane eRussia nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, asakazwa ngokugcwele ngokuvumelana nezimo zokushisa - ikakhulukazi enyakatho indawo, incane inani lezintuthwane ezihlala khona:
- Isifunda saseCaucasus - izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-160;
- I-Ukraine - izinhlobo ezingu-74;
- Isifunda saseMoscow - izinhlobo ezingu-40;
- Indawo yase-Arkhangelsk - izinhlobo ezingu-24.
Esigabeni esiphakathi kaningi kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezintuthwane:
- Red Mira nomzimba wombala obomvu obomvu, hhayi ngaphezu kuka-6mm ubude. Lezi zinhlobo zondla izinambuzane, kuhlanganise nezilokazane, futhi ziqoqa izidakamizwa ezinamafutha aphid.
- I-Red Forest Ant ubukhulu obuphakathi nesisindo somzimba obumnyama nesibomvu segumbi eliphakathi komzimba yiyona imboni enkulu yokulwa nezinambuzane - izinambuzane zehlathi. Uhlu oluLuhlu Olubomvu Lwamanye amazwe lwezilwane ezisengozini.
- Inhlanzi yase-black garden sifinyelela ubude buka-1 cm, libhubhisa izinambuzane futhi liqoqa i-aphid enhle. Indlovukazi emnyama "indlovukazi" ihlala irekhodi isikhathi eside - iminyaka engu-28.
Isithombe
Okulandelayo uzobona izithombe zazo zonke izintuthwane:
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo zemvelo, cishe kutholakala yonke indawo indlu, umkhumbi noma uFaro, okokuqala kutholakala emathuneni aseGibhithe futhi, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nokuvumelana nezimo eziphezulu, basakaza ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ubude bomzimba ophuzi obomvu ophuzi obumnyama obunzima abudluli 5 mm. Ukubukeka kothando lokushisa ihlala kuphela ezindlini nasezindlini, landa ngokusheshisa, lithatha imikhiqizo engakwazi ukuyithola futhi ingaba ngumthwali wezifo ezithathelwanayo. Uhlanganisa amakoloni amaningana aqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezinombolo: uma isidleke esisodwa sibhujisiwe, ukuqoqwa kwezinambuzane ezisele kuzobuyisela ngokushesha izintuthwane "zemfuyo".
KUBALULEKILE: Intukuthelo kaFaro, ihlasela indawo yokuhlala yomuntu - ngokuqinisekile umakhelwane ongajabuli, okufanele ulahlwe ngokushesha.
Ezinye ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane, nge uhlangothi olulodwa, ulethe ngokungangabazeki umusa. Imisebenzi yabo yansukuzonke yokunyakaza kanye nokusetshenziselwa izinto ezihlukahlukene kuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathi nokuzala. Izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi ziba yisisulu sezintuthwane.
Noma kunjalo, izintuthwane azikhona kuphela qapha ama-aphid nezimpethu - abahlinzeki bamaswidi amahle kakhulu ngaboba nesithandwa samnandi - kodwa futhi bred kulawa izinambuzane, ukuzibeka ezinhlakeni eziluhlaza kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo, kuhlanganise nokutshalwa.
Ngakho-ke, emapulazini asetshanini nasensimu, indawo eseduze ne-anthills enkulu ayifuni.
Inhlangano efanelekayo yezinkampani, izikhali zamakhemikhali ezinobuthi kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziphakeme kwenza izintuthwane zibe yizinhlamvu phakathi kwezinambuzane.
Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezintuthwane zihlanganisa zonke iziqu ezivela ehlathini-kuya emazweni ashisayo, zibhubhisa izinambuzane futhi ziqinisekise ukudluliselwa kwezakhi emhlabathini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlasela kwalezi zinkulungwane zemiphakathi yezintuthwane zibe yizilimo zezolimo futhi kungene endlini yomuntu ukuba zibheke izindlela zokuzilwa ngokuphumelelayo.
Izinto eziwusizo
Khona-ke ungazijwayeza izihloko ezingase ziwusizo futhi zithande kuwe:
- Ukuqothula kwe-Ant:
- Ungasusa kanjani izintuthwane ezibomvu endlini?
- I-boric acid ne-borax kusuka ezintuthweni
- Amakhambi omphakathi ezintuthwane ezihlala endlini nasekhaya
- Ukulinganisa izindlela eziphumelelayo zezintuthwane efulethini
- Izicupho ze-Ant
- Izintuthwane ensimini:
- Izintuthwane zihlale ziqhamuka kanjani?
- Ubani izintuthwane?
- Izintuthwane zidla ngani?
- Inani lezintuthwane emvelo
- Ubukhosi obuningi bamazintuthwane: inkosi yezintuthwane kanye nezici zesakhiwo se-ant ant
- Izintuthwane zizalwa kanjani?
- Izintuthwane ezinamaphiko
- Izinhlanzi zehlathi nezinsimu, kanye nomvuni wezimpande
- Indlela yokukhipha izintuthwane engadini?
