Utamatisi uyisitshalo semifino esiza kithi emazweni atshisayo. Le yemifino ayinambitheka kakhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi inomthombo ocebile wamavithamini nezakhi. Bobabili abadala nabantwana bayayithanda, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwayo kungukuthi kungenzeka ukupheka izifundo zokuqala, zesibili kanye nama-saladi kuwo, kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo ebusika.
EYurophu, utamatisi yayiyinhloko yezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Ezimweni ezishisayo, izitshalo ezinothando zelanga azidingi ukugcinwa ngokucophelela. Kodwa enyakatho zikhulile kakhulu ngokucophelela.
Ukwakha izimo ezifanele ngezigaba ezahlukene zokukhula
Izindlela ze-agrotechnical ze-utamatisi ezikhulayo zifana nokutshalwa kwepelepele - zitshale kangcono ku-chernozem, kodwa ezinyathelo zokuqala zentuthuko kuzodinga i-substrate enezakhi. Ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nezinhlanganisela ezithandwayo ezilungiselelwe izithombo zika utamatisi kanye nepelepele, sitshele lapha.
Kuncike kunhlobo luni lomhlabathi olukhethwa izithombo zamatamatisi, hhayi nje kuphela inani kodwa futhi izinga lezitshalo ezizayo lizoxhomeka. Umhlabathi utamatisi kufanele ube okuxekethile, ukukhanya, okuhle ukudlulisa umoya nomswakama.
Isithombo
Umhlabathi wezithombo zotamatisi kufanele ube lula futhi ukhululekile.kahle egcwele amanzi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokufaka i-peat ne-sawdust.
Imbewu enhle ivela ngaphansi kwe-coconut. I-fiber kakhukhuni eqoshiwe inomsoco wezakhi futhi izithombo zikhule ziqinile ezimweni ezinjalo. Lapho ukuphuza amahlumela kungaqala ukubola.
Izimpande zezitshalo ezincane zingathola kuphela usawoti oqedwa enkombeni yomhlabathi. Ama-nutrients aqukethwe endabeni yezinto ezingekho emthethweni kanye namaminerali enhlabathi ayitholakali kubo. Izitshalo ezincane kufanele zondliwe ngokuqhubekayo futhi kancane kancane..
Imithi yezakhi ezifanele izitshalo zemifino endala ziyabhubhisa. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa umhlabathi ovuthiwe ovuthiwe, bese, ekukhuleni njalo kudla izitshalo.
Ukugcoba akufanele kube khona engxenyeni yomhlabathi. Izinto zokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo azifanele zidilize noma zishise ngokushesha. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lingaphezu kuka-30 degrees Celsius, izimpande ziqala ukufa.
Okuningi mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lomhlabathi lungcono ukusebenzisa izithombo zika utamatisi, kanye nokuthi yiziphi izithasiselo ezingenakwengezwa enhlabathini, funda lapha.
Izitshalo ezidala
Okuningi (okucebile kokuqukethwe okuyisisekelo) inhlabathi yezitshalo abadala. Lapho isitshalo silungele ukutshala emhlabathini ovulekile, kufanele kwenziwe ngomanyolo ophilayo (ash, humus, urea). Ukutshala izihlahla, emva kokuba utamatisi usuqede, akugcini nje ukunikeza ukudla okudingekayo, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa inhlabathi nomoya ngaphezu kwayo nge-carbon dioxide.
Kuphi okudingayo ukutshala utamatisi ngokuvunwa okuhle?
Umxube womhlaba ophakeme kakhulu ubeka inqwaba ye-fruiting. Uma kungakalungi, utamatisi uzogula futhi ubuthakathaka.
Awukwazi ukusebenzisa nje umhlaba wensimu noma inhlabathi yendawo yokushisa, lokhu cishe akunakwenzeka. Umhlabathi omuhle kakhulu wezithombo zotamatisi ulungiselelwe kusuka ezingxenyeni eziningana ezidinga ukulungiswa okufanele.
Utamatisi unesimiso se-branched surface, okungama-70% awo aqukethe izimpande ezithandayo. Okufanayo isakhiwo samatamatisi sinikeza ingxenye yomhlabathi ngesimiso esidingekayo kanye nezakhi.
Ukulungiselela imibhede
Izwe kufanele libe nazo zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zokutshala utamatisi. Umhlabathi utamatisi ngokukhula kwawo okufanele kufanele ube nezinto ezilandelayo:
- i-nitrogen;
- i-phosphorus;
- i-potassium.
Lezi zimaminerali kumele zikwazi ukugaya kalula.. Engxenyeni ethile yomhlabathi wokushisa kufanele ube nesihlabathi, njengoba kudingekile ekuthuthukiseni ingxenye ye-skeletal yesitshalo.
Inhlabathi kufanele ibe yinto evulekile, njengoba izimpande ebusweni azibekezelelisi umswakama owedlulele futhi zikhule kuphela ezidakamizwa ezilahlayo, zithatha izakhi ezisuka endaweni enkulu.
Lapho kukhona izici ezinjenge-permmeability yamanzi nomthamo wamanzi, inhlabathi igcina umswakama kahle, kodwa ayiba yincithakalo. Futhi, ukukhula okunethezeka kwamatamatisi kwakudinga amandla okushisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ulungiselela inhlabathi, akufanele kube ngokungathathi hlangothi kunokwenzeka kusuka ezifweni futhi ukhululeke ezimpungeni eziphazamisayo. Inhlabathi akufanele iqukathe imbewu yokhula.
Iyiphi i-asidi okufanele ibe inhlabathi?
Utamatisi udinga umhlabathi nge-acidity ka-6.2 kuya ku-6.8 pH. Ukunquma ukuthi i-asidi yenhlabathi isetshenziswe kanjani isethi yokuhlolwa kwe-indicator (i-litmus paper). Zithengiswa ezitolo ezikhethekile.
Izinzuzo nokungalungi kokuxube okuzenzela
Izinzuzo zomhlabathi owakhiwe:
- Ungakwazi ukupheka ngokusho iresiphi eqondile futhi ugcine inombolo eqondile yezinto ezilandelanayo ozidingayo.
- Ukulondoloza izindleko.
Izinkinga:
- Isikhathi esikhulu sokupheka.
- Udinga ukulandela ngokunembile iresiphi.
- Inhlabathi ingahle ingcolile.
- Ukuthola nokuthenga izingxenye ezifanele ukususa kungathatha isikhathi esiningi nemali.
Izinzuzo nezindleko zezwe elithengiwe
Akuwona wonke umuntu onethuba lokulungisa inhlabathi eyedwa.. Kulokhu, sebenzisa ukuthengwa komhlaba.
Unezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa:
- uma kuphekwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho, isilungele ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha;
- amaphakheji ahlukahlukene kusuka 1 l kuya ku-50 l;
- Kuyinto elula futhi umswakama-enamandla;
- iqukethe izakhi ezidingekayo.
Phakathi kwezinkinga zayo:
- ububanzi obukhulu bokubonisa kwenhlabathi ye-acidity (kusuka ku-5.0 kuya ku-6.5);
- isibonakaliso esingalungile senani lezici zokulandelela;
- Ukuthunga uthuli esikhundleni se-peat kungenzeka kube khona;
- kukhona ingozi yokuthola i-substrate ephansi empofu.
Izingxenye ezidingekayo
Phakathi kwezingxenye zomxube womhlaba:
- umhlaba noma imifino;
- i-peat engeyona i-acidic (pH 6.5);
- isanti (mhlawumbe umfula noma wageza);
- i-humus noma ihlunga umquba ovuthiwe;
- i-ash ash (noma i-dolomite);
- i-sphagnum moss;
- izinaliti eziwile.
Izwe kufanele libe likhululekile, ligcwele izingxenye ezihlukahlukene futhi licebile ezakhiweni eziwusizo. Uma inhlabathi injalo, okudingekayo, khona-ke utamatisi uzonikeza isivuno esihle.
Ukulima umhlaba uthathwe kulezo zibhebhe lapho amasiko omndeni we-nightshade awazange akhule ehlobo eledlule (utamatisi, pepper, amaqabunga namazambane). Inhlabathi engcono kakhulu yokutshala izithombo zamatamatisi yindawo lapho iminyaka embalwa yokugcina engekho eyakhiwe noma i-nettle evamile ikhule.
Ukuhlanganiswa komhlabathi utamatisi okufanele kakhulu kunazo zonke kutholakala ngokuxuba izingxenye ezimbili ze-peat, ingxenye engu-1 yenhlabathi engadini, 1 ingxenye yama-humus (noma umquba) kanye nezingxenye ezingu-0.5 zesanti.
I-peat ngokuvamile i-acidity ephakeme, ngakho-ke Engeza 1 inkomishi yomlotha okhuni ebhakedeni lenhlanganisela. kanye nezinhlayiya ezingu-3 - 4 zefulawa lase-dolomite.
Futhi 10 g we-urea, i-30-40 g ye-superphosphate kanye no-10-15 g we-umanyolo we-potashi yengezwe engxenyeni. Lezi zifaka umanyolo onomsoco oqukethe i-phosphorus ne-potassium, kanye ne-nitrogen encane.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokulungisa inhlabathi elula ngezandla zakho ukuze uthole isivuno esihle samatamatisi, funda lesi sihloko.
Izithasiselo ezingafaneleki
Ama-organic fertilizer asezinqubo zokubola angeke asetshenziswe.. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhishwa inani elikhulu lokushisa, okungashisa imbewu (futhi uma bekwazi ukukhuphuka, bayohlala beshona ngokushisa okuphezulu).
Ukungcola kobumba akusetshenziswanga, njengoba benza isisindo somhlabathi futhi sinzima kakhulu.
Emhlabathini kukhona ukuqoqwa okusheshayo kwezinsimbi ezinzima, ngakho-ke ungasebenzisi umhlaba eduze komgwaqo omatasa noma endaweni yesitshalo samakhemikhali.
Isampuli
Izwe elithengiwe ikakhulukazi ingadi ehlanzekile (kuleli jasi elingenalutho) kokuqukethwe kokhula nezifo ezingenzeka. Kodwa-ke, umhlaba wegadi ungakulungela ukutshala, ikakhulukazi uma ulungiselelwe kusengaphambili.
Inhlabathi evela engadini yakho isetshenzisiwe uma i-crumbly futhi isakhiwo. Umhlabathi wezitshalo emva kokutshala i-solanaceous kuso (lapho igalikhi, iklabishi, i-beetroot nesanqante ikhula) ayithathiwe. Lokhu kungathinta kakhulu utamatisi.
Inzuzo yensimu yensimu yukuthi ngokuvamile ihamba kahle, futhi uma ifakwe umanyolo kanye nomquba, iyophinde ikhule.
Yini okufanele uyibuke?
Inhlabathi ngaphansi kwamatamatisi kufanele ifuthe kahle, ivulekile, icebile izakhi kanye nomswakama. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthola inhlabathi enjalo, ungasebenzisa umhlaba kusukela emibhedeni, eyakhula i-zucchini, amathanga, izaqathe noma iklabishi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuthi izitshalo azihlupheki ngokulimala kwelanga. Esimweni esibi kakhulu sezwe elivamile lehlathi.
Kuyadingeka ukuthi kungathathi hlangothi noma i-asidi encane, emhlabathini we-acidic, utamatisi awukhuli. Umhlabathi kufanele uhlanganise lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- I-Humus.
- I-peat (yandisa ukungena komswakama kanye nokwehluleka komhlaba) (isabelo sayo engxenyeni yonke akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-70%).
- I-powder yokubhaka (ngaphandle kwe-peat iyisihlabathi somfula esinqunyiwe).
- Umhlabathi ongcolile (okuxubene nezinye izinhlobo zenhlabathi, njengoba kuphelile kakhulu, kodwa inani elincane lezakhi).
Isiphetho
Ukulungiswa komhlaba kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokukhula kwetamatisi.. Lezi zitshalo ezingenangqondo azikhuleki kunoma yini. Kumele bakhokhele kakhulu isikhathi sonke sokukhula, kodwa ngokulungiselela kahle isivuno esihle siqinisekisiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi ngamatamatisi kwenziwa ngokuzimela futhi kuthengwa ezitolo zensimu. Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi kufanele ibe yinto evulekile, ikwazi ukungena emswakeni nomoya, i-acidic kancane futhi ikhululekile ebuchosheni.
