Indawo enomphakathi: Kungenzeka yini ukutshala ukhukhamba notamatisi endaweni yokushisa efanayo kanye nokuthi ungayenza kanjani?

Ukwakhiwa kwesibamba sokushisa okubanzi kuyindleko ebiza kakhulu, futhi abalimi abambalwa bazakuzakhela izakhiwo ezihlukene zezitshalo ezahlukene zemifino. Ngokuvamile kunesidingo sokulima okuhlanganyelwe kwezitshalo ezinezidingo ezahlukene.

Abalimi abaningi be-novice bayazibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudala izimo ezinjalo kanye ne-microclimate ukuze ukhukhamba notamatisi bazizwe bekhululekile ekamelweni elifanayo. Zonke izinkohliso nezimo ezimbi zokutshala izitshalo ezimbili endaweni eyodwa yokushisa zizoxoxwa kulesi sihloko.

Kungenzeka yini ukutshala izitshalo ndawonye endaweni yokushisa?

Ingabe kuwufanele?

Utamatisi namakhukhamba izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, ngakho-ke uma zibuza ukuthi zingatshalalwa eduze komunye nomunye, impendulo kungenzeka, kodwa lokhu kuzofaka ubunzima obuthile.

Njengoba imvamisa yokuphuza, umswakama womoya, izinga lokukhanyisa, inani lokugqoka isitshalo ngasinye lihlukile - kuzodingeka uthole indlela yokudala izimo ngayinye yazo. Ku-microclimate engalungile, izitshalo zivame ukugula futhi zime, ngakho-ke ubunzima obuyinhloko ukuhlanganiswa kwezimo ezahlukene ezikhulayo.

Abalimi bezandla, abathembele ekuvuneni okuphezulu kakhulu, akufanele batshale ukhukhamba kanye utamatisi ndawonye. Kodwa labo abathakazeliswa yinkqubo ngokwalo, hhayi ubuningi besitshalo ngama-kilogram, kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke lokhu kuyinkathazo, kodwa into ejabulisayo.

Izinzuzo nokuqeda

Uma lezi ziko ziseduze, izici ezilandelayo ezimbi zihlukaniswa:

• izitshalo zithintana kabi;
• babe nokungafani okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo;
• kudinga ukudala izimo ezahlukene zezulu.

Phakathi kwezici ezinhle, kungenzeka ukwazi ukuthi i-co-place isindisa kakhulu isikhala; kuyindlela enengqondo yokukhiqiza imifino ehlukene endaweni ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiko ahlukene avimbela ukuchithwa komhlabathi unilaterally, okuba nomthelela omuhle ukunambitheka kwesithelo. Impikiswano ephoqelela kakhulu ukuthi izuzisa ngokwezomnotho kumgadi wensimu ukwakha indlu eyodwa kuphela yokushisa.

Imisebenzi yokulungiselela

Yini okufanele ibe yi-greenhouse evamile?

Utamatisi we-thermophilic uthatha uhlangothi olungeningizimu lwendawo yokushisa. Ukhukhamba ulingene nenyakatho, njengoba kusuka emisebeni eqondile yelanga amahlamvu esitshalo abuna. Uma i-greenhouse itholakala eduze kwesinye isakhiwo, kungcono ukubeka ukhukhamba endaweni lapho isithunzi sakhiwo esiseduze siwela khona.

Ukushisa okuphelele kokukhula okusebenzayo utamatisi - 21-26⁰С, nakuba le mifino ithwala izimo ezinhle futhi ezishisayo. Udinga ukuhamba njalo futhi akudingi ukuchelela njalo.

Ukhukhamba, ngokuphambene nalokho, kudinga umswakama njalo kanye nomswakama ophezulu ekamelweni. Ngokuvamile akudingeki ukubaleka, izinga lokushisa lokukhula ne-ovary lingama-19-23 ° C.

Kodwa nge-snap eqinile ebandayo, kokubili izitshalo zithintekile ebusuku (ngaphansi kwe-18 ° C). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umswakama odingekayo wamakhukhamba, umphumela wokulimaza utamatisi, impova ihlangana ndawonye, ​​futhi uma izinga lokushisa lidlula ama-30⁰, izimbali zingawa. I-microclimate ejulile iholela ekuthuthukiseni izifo ze-fungal ku-utamatisi.

Qiniseka ukugcina ibanga phakathi kwamasiko. Kukholelwa ukuthi indawo evulekile yenza kube nomswakama wokushisa nokushisa, khona-ke imifino izokwazi ukudlulisela indawo kalula. Utamatisi atshalwa ngaphansi kwezingcingo noma phakathi kwendawo yokushisa, futhi ukhukhamba zikude emnyango nasemagodini, futhi eduze kwamadonga okushisa (ukuklanywa).

Ukuhlukaniswa uma ufaka ukwahlukana okuhlukanisa imifino kuyasebenza kakhulu. Yiqiniso, kuyodingeka unikeze ukungeniswa okubili, kodwa ngenxa yalokho, isitshalo ngasinye sizothola ukunakekelwa kanye ne-microclimate okudingayo. Ukuze uthole umphumela omuhle futhi ukhule isitshalo esihle kakhulu kokubili utamatisi namakhukhamba, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa ukushisa okuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-polycarbonate yokutshala ndawonye nokukhula - kulula kakhulu ukutshala izitshalo kuwo futhi izitshalo zifudumele lapho.

Uma umklamo wefektri ungaqukethe izingxenye zangaphakathi, zenziwa ngokuzimela nge-polyethylene ene-dense noma i-plexiglas. Izingxenye ezinjalo zizosiza ukugcina i-microclimate ehluke futhi ihlele ukuchelela okuhlukile.

Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zokubambisana ngokuhlanganyela

Ukukhethwa kwembewu kubaluleke kakhulu. Kusukela ohlangothini lwezotamatisi, inkinga esemqoka ukulwa nokulimala okuphelile kanye ne-microclimate emanzi. I-Agronomists yakha izinhlobo ze-hybrid ukuthi, ngokuzivikela kwabo okuqinile, zibekezelela umswakama ophezulu kahle.

Phakathi kwamatamatisi aphikisayo ahlukanisa izinhlobo:

• Dubrava;
• De Barao Black;
• Isihlahla sama-Oak;
• Isisindo;
• Union 8;
• I-Blizzard;
• I-Tsar Peter;
• La la fa;
• Unyaka Omusha;
• Lark

Ngokuqondene namakhukhamba, bakhetha ukushisa okungafani nokumelana nokushisa okushisa. Njengoba ukushisa okungalungile kuhulumeni kubangela izifo eziningi ezihamba kalula kumatamatisi angomakhelwane.

Ikhukhamba nzalo kalula ukubekezelela ukuqhuma njalo, ngakho kuyadingeka utamatisi, futhi amelana nezifo eziningi.

Ukukhula okuhlangene kukhethe izinhlobo:

• Masha;
• Leandro;
• I-Crane;
• Izinzuzo;
• I-Princess;
• I-Goosebump;
• I-Pasadena;
• Natalie;
• Umfana wesithupha;
• Nightingale;
• Diva.

Ground

Ukulungiselela ukuqala komhlaba kuqala ekwindla, umquba, ama-humus, nezintonga zifakwa emibhedeni. Engeza umquba omuncu. Kusukela phezulu, konke kuhlanganiswe ngendwangu yomhlaba, kanti entwasahlobo inhlabathi evundile yemifino izobe isilungele. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshala umhlaba ku-greenhouse ishaNgenxa yalokhu, ihlanganiswe nefilimu emnyama futhi umnyango uvalwe ngokuqinile.

Ukususwa kwe-disinfection kunendawo ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni inhlabathi; ukhetho olufinyeleleka kakhulu ukuphatha inhlabathi ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate.

Yiqiniso, ngokutshala izithombo, abanye basebenzisa i-substrate ethengiwe, kodwa ungakwazi futhi ukulungiselela ukwakheka okunjalo:

1. Bathatha i-peat njengesisekelo, engeza i-humus, i-sawdust, ishlabathi ku-1: 1: 0.5.
2. Bese bemba bese bewucebisa nge-superphosphate kabili (2 amathisipuni) kanye no-wood ash (0.5 kg).

Umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala ukhulelwe i-urea, i-potassium sulfate ne-potassium magnesia.

Indlela yokutshala: imiyalelo ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi kufanele ukutshala nini izitshalo endaweni yokushisa. Kuncike ezimweni zezulu zendawo, izinga lokushisa kwenhlabathi, isikhathi sokukhula somlimi. Ukhukhamba kunamakhaza amaningi, futhi atshalwe endlini yokushisa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi, ngoba izinsuku zokutshala utamatisi ziqala kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ukushisa kwe-air akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-15 ° C, okufanayo kuya enhlabathini.

Imbewu

1. Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu zihlungwa futhi zisuswe zinyanyiswe futhi zibomvu.
2. Ukuze uqhubekele ezitshalweni ukumelana nokupholisa, ukuhlwanyela kukhishiwe (kufakwe emakhazeni izinsuku eziningana).
3. Baphinde baphathe ukwenziwa komsoco nokucwiliswa nge-solution ye-manganese (1%).
4. Ukusheshisa ukuhluma kwembewu abaye bagxila. Kunconywa ukuba ungawaphonsa emanzini, kodwa ukumanzisa i-gauze bese ugoqa imbewu kuwo. Uma izinto zokutshala zinekhwalithi ephakeme, zizoqhekeza zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-5.
5. Bese batshalwe ezinkantini ezilungiselelwe (izinkomishi noma amabhokisi). Ukuze wenze lokhu, hlela phansi, ubeke imbewu, uwahlanganise ngendwangu encane ye-substrate (0.5-1 cm).
6. Ukuze uvimbele ukugeleza kwamanzi futhi ukusheshisa ukuvela kwezithombo, isitsha sembewu sihlanganiswa nefilimu.
7. Emva kokuvela kwamaqabunga angama 4-5 weqiniso, izithombo zifakelwa emhlabathini.

Izithombo

Izithombo zidinga ukuphuma kancane futhi zishaye phansi.Lokhu kwenziwa ukukhipha amahlumela abuthakathaka nabangaphili kahle nokunikeza ukukhula okuqinile kokukhula kwamahhala nentuthuko. Emahlumela amancane ayoba buthakathaka futhi avuleke.

Ukuthatha ukukhethwa, uthathe izithombo ezimbili bese uzifakisela endaweni elungiselelwe, uqaphele ukuthi ungalimazi izimpande. Uma uguqula emhlabathini, imithombo kanye nemigqa ilungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Izithombo zifakelwa ngqo nge-clod yomhlaba emmpandeni nasemhlabathini onomanzi. Umhlaba ozungeza umgodi wancipha kancane futhi uphuziswa.

Ikhukhamba izithombo zibekezelela ukufakelwa kwezitshalo ngokuqinile, izimpande zibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi zibucayi, ngakho-ke uma usebenzisa indlela yokutshala kungcono ukuthatha isitsha ngaphandle kwezansi, noma okungahlwanyelwa ngehlumela (iphepha lephepha). Uma utshalwa enhlabathini elungiselelwe, imbewu eyomile ifakwa emigodini, ayikho imbewu engama-4-5 kumitha yesikwele, noma ibanga eliphakathi kwembewu engaba ngu-40 cm.

Ngokuqondene nezici zokutshala okuhlanganyelwe kwamakhukhamba kanye notamatisi, lezi zihlanganisa:

• Ukulawulwa komswakama nokushisa - okukhethwa kukho okungcono kungu-70% umswakama no-25⁰С.
• Ububanzi obanele be-aisles nokutshala izitshalo emibhedeni ehlukile, ngale ndlela yokuhlukanisa ingahlwanyelwa izinhlobo eziningana zezamatamatisi.
• Umbhede wezinto ezivuthiwe endaweni yokushisa evamile kuzosiza ukugcina umswakama oyifunayo.
• Uma kukhona ukwahlukana ukusekela izimo ezahlukene kulula kakhulu.

Isithombe

Ngezansi ungabona ukuthi izitshalo zitholakala kanjani ku-greenhouse evamile, emva kokutshala:

Ungayinakekela kanjani?

Ukunisela kanye nomanyolo

Ngaphambi kokusila, ukhukhamba uphuza amanzi njalo emva kwezinsuku eziyisihlanu, lapho ziqhakaza - kabili noma kathathu ngesonto, ngesikhathi esishisayo - njalo ngosuku, hhayi emakhazeni, kodwa amanzi afudumele afudumele. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kusetshenziselwa konke ukuphila kwaleso sitshalo, cishe isikhathi esisodwa ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10 (okungenani inani lemanyolo ngonyaka ngamunye - izikhathi ezingu-5-6). Sebenzisa ama-fertilizer amaminerali, asetshenziswa ngokulandela imiyalelo ephaketheni.

Utamatisi athuliswa emmpandeni, cishe kanye kanye ngesonto, egxile ekusomeni koqweqwe oluphezulu lomhlabathi, njengalokhu kwenzeka kwamakhukhamba, amanzi athathwe afudumele. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kufanele kube yi-nitrogenous, ngenxa yalolu hlelo basebenzisa umanyolo kanye nomquba wezinkukhu, superphosphate nomlotha. I-Urea nayo iyafaneleka. Umanyolo usetshenziselwa ukuphuza zonke izinsuku ezingu-10.

Ukunciphisa nokuchofoza, pasynkovanie

Ukuze ukwandise isivuno futhi uthuthukise ukunambitheka kwamakhukhamba, phonsa futhi pasynkovanie. Kuze kube yingxenye yemitha, zonke izinqubo ze-lateral zisuswe, ngenhla - amahlumela asetshenziselwa ukugxila ngemuva kweqabunga lokuqala, ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-1.5, ukuququza kwenziwa emva kweqabunga lesibili. Kuvela - osondelene nomsuka, omfishane ohlangothini lufiphaza.

Ukuhamba emva kwamaqabunga ama-4 avela esiteshini. Zonke izimbali ezengeziwe kanye nama-spikes zenza umhlatshelo kuze kuvele iqabunga leshumi nanye, bese uqeda phezulu.

Utamatisi nawo kudingeka adutshwe, ngoba lokhu akhipha wonke amahlumela asobala, eshiya isitembu esikhulu. Gcoba phezulu okwenziwe ngemuva kwesithelo sesishiyagalombili. Ukuze utamatisi othole kancane, ungashiya u-2-3 stem oyinhloko.

Izinsiza, zilenga

I-liana ikhukhamba ihlanganiswe njalo ngesonto. Ukuze wenze lokhu, faka izisekeli ezikhethekile kuze kube ukuphakama kwamamitha aphakathi nesigamu, uphazamise inetha noma i-twine. Njengoba ikhula, i-stem iqondiswa futhi iphikisiwe nxazonke zewele, bese ibeke phezulu.

I-garter yamatamatisi yenziwa ngeviki ngemuva kokuphuma. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-garter eyodwa ukuze uhlukanise izingodo zonke ngamasentimitha angu-15.

Ukunakekela amasiko ahlukene nakho kunezici zayo siqu:

• Kudingekile ukuthi uphonse futhi udale i-likana ikhukhamba ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze ungafihli noma udilize utamatisi.
• Uma uchelela, qiniseka ukuthi ayikho inhlabathi enamaxhaphozi. Ukuvimbela amanzi ekugeleza kusuka embhedeni wekhukhamba kuya ku-utamatisi owodwa, izingxenye zezinhlayiyana azenziwanga kuphela phezu komhlaba, izinsimbi, izingodo noma amapulasitiki epulasitiki ziwa phansi.
• Ukuze kugcinwe umswakama empandeni yamakhukhamba ngaphandle kokulima, abalimi basebenzisa i-hydrogel. Ithola inani elanele ngokwanele lomswakama kanye nezakhi, bese kancane kancane linikeza okuqukethwe komhlabathi.
• Njengoba utamatisi ehlushwa ukulimala kwelanga ngenxa yomswakama ophezulu, bakhetha izinhlobo ezingahambisani nalesi sifo.

Uma ukutshala izitshalo kufanele kukhunjulwe, izithako eziqukethe i-nitrojene zikulungele ukhukhamba phakathi nonyaka, kanti utamatisi zifanele kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhula. Emva kokuhluma, utamatisi udinga umanyolo we-potassium ne-phosphate ocebile.

Izifo nezinambuzane: yini nokuthi kufanele silwe kanjani?

Ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo ezihlukahlukene, izifo zithwala izilokazane ezifana ne-whitefly, amathiphu, nezinambuzane zesicabucabu. Ngakho-ke, noma yisiphi isifo, esithinta isiko esisodwa, ngokushesha siya kwenye. Izifo eziningi ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zithi:

1. I-Anthracnose - I-Bordeaux ingxube, i-oxychloride yethusi, amalungiselelo esibabule afanele ukulwa.
2. Idonsa likaMealy - izitshalo zihlanjululwa ngenhlanganisela yesiko ne-sulfur colloidal, ukunciphisa inani lama-fertilizer azitrogenous.
3. Umsuka wokubola - uma kutholakala izimpawu zezifo, izitshalo zanisela nge-Previcur.
4. Ukuphazamisa okwesikhashana - ukucubungula iziqongo ngesisombululo somlotha kanye ne-phytosporin.
5. I-Septoria - izitshalo zihlanjululwa ngamanzi asozini kanye nokwengezwa kwe-oxychloride yethusi.

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukutholakala kwezinambuzane nezifo, izinyathelo zokuvimbela ziyasetshenziswa:

• Ukuchithekisa imbewu nenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala.
• Gwema amanzi, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezifungile.
• Umanyolo usetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho kanye nezitshalo zokuphatha nge-fungicides.
• Izitshalo ezigulayo kufanele zisuswe ku-greenhouse ukuvimbela ukusabalalisa.

Ukutshala okuhlangene kwamasiko ahlukene okunjalo kunenkinga ethile. Kodwa uma ulandela imithetho yokunakekelwa futhi unikeze i-microclimate enhle, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole isivuno esihle.