Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokwandisa ukuhluma kweziqathe. Impilo yeshalofu yembewu ithinta kanjani isivuno?

Ukuhluma kwembewu kuyisici esibalulekile esibonisa ukuthi impela izaqathi ezihlwanyelwe zingakhula kanjani. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufika, hlola le parameter. Ake sihlole indlela ukuhluma kuhlolwe ngayo, kuncike kuncike - nokuthi kungenzeka yini ngandlela-thile ukuthuthukisa lesi sibalo ngaphambi kokuqala kokufika.

Kusukela esihlokweni uzofunda lokho okucatshangelwayo lapho kunquma ukuhluma, ingabe kukhona umehluko emafenitheni nasensimini, kungani kubalulekile ukuyihlola ngaphambi kokutshala, nokuthi ngabe kuncike emphefumulweni wembewu yesithombo. Thola izindlela ezinhle zokuhlola futhi ukwandise ukuhluma kwezinqathe.

Kuyini?

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi ukuhluma kwembewu ngokuvamile. Leli gama lisho isilinganiso esiphakathi kwenani lembewu kanye nalabo, okuyizimo ezithile ezinikezela ihlumela. Ngokushoyo, uma uthatha imbewu eyi-100 yamanqathe (noma enye ukuhluma - ukuhluma ibalwa kunoma yimuphi umkhuba), ukubeka ezimweni ezifanele futhi uma kubalwa ukuthola ukuthi 87 kubo bahlume - kusho ukuthi ukuhluma kungu-87% ngokuqondile kule nhlanzi yembewu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kunquma izinga lokuhluma:

• Izimolapho imbewu yahluma khona.
• Isikhathi, okwakhiwa kuwo izithombo.

Zombili ukuthi, kanti esinye isiko ehlukene ngasinye ekutshalweni kwemboni kuchazwe ngokucaciswa kwenqubo kahulumeni.

I-laboratory nensimu - yini umehluko?

Ukuhluma kunezinhlobo ezimbili:

1. I-Laboratory.
2. Inkambu.

Umehluko phakathi kwabo unjengokulandelayo.:

• Igumbi lelabhulali Ukuhluma kunqunywe ebhokisathri kuma-sampuli. Ochwepheshe benza lokho nje: thatha amasampula ambalwa kusuka enqoleni yesitshalo (ngokuvamile okungenani 4) ngezinhlamvu eziyi-100 ngayinye - futhi zihlume ebhokisithri.
• Inkambu Ukuhluma kunqunywe ngqo ensimini emva kokuhlwanyela imbewu. Inani lenani elihlwanyelwe esakhiweni lithathwa, inani lezithombo libalwe - bese kubalwa amaphesenti okuhluma. Uma ukutshala kwenziwa ensimini, khona-ke ukubalwa kwenziwa ngokucabangela amazinga okuhlwanyela imbewu (asetshenziselwa umlimi ngesandla) kanye nenani lamahlumela endaweni ethile.

Ukuhluma kwensimu kuhlale kuphansi kunelabhorethri. Ezindebe zokuvuthwa zokukhula zonke imbewu ezikwazi lokhu ziyakuthinteka. Emkhakheni, ngokuqinisekile, ezinye zezitshalo noma izithombo zifa ngenxa yezilokazane, izifo, ukwephulwa kobunjiniyela bezolimo nezinye izinto.

Kwezinye izimo, umehluko ungaba sína kakhulu - kufika ku-20-30%. Ama-karoti aphakathi kwezitshalo lapho ukuhluma kwensimu kuhluke kakhulu kwelabhutrikhi: ukuhlwanyela okungafanele, izinambuzane noma isithwathwa kungonakalisa, futhi imbewu enamandla kakhulu.

Kungani kubalulekile ukuhlola ngaphambi kokugibela?

Ukuhluma kwembewu ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi inani lezithombo lingathembeka kangakanani. Futhi lokhu, futhi kuvumela:

1. Okungenani ulinganise ukuthi yini isivuno esilindelekile.
2. Hlola ukuthi kungcono yini ukuhlwanyela le nhlanzi yembewu. Uma ukuhluma kuphansi kakhulu, akufanele uyisebenzise: uzochitha isikhathi nomzamo, uhlala endaweni ongatshala ngayo enye into.
3. Ukuphakama izinga lokuhluma, ukwehla izinga lokuhlwanyela. Lapho isanqante inikeza okungenani u-70% ukuhluma - imbewu ingahlwanyelwa ngesilinganiso cishe ngo-0.5 g ngehora elilodwa lesikwele. m. Ngezinga eliphansi lokuhluma - lifika ku-1 g ngalinye ngesikwele esingu-1. m

Kuxhomeke kuphi?

Ukuhluma kuncike ezintweni ezilandelayo:

• Ikhwalithi nokuvuthwa kwenani lembewu. Uma imbewu ivunyiwe ingafanga, ingalondolozwa ngendlela engafanele, yonakaliswe, izinga lokuhluma labo liyancishiswa kakhulu, kwezinye izimo kuya ku-zero.
• Izimo lapho kugcinwa khona imbewu. Uma i-batch yembewu igcinwa nge-humidity eyanele ngokweqile noma enganele, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu noma eliphansi - ingxenye izofa ngokungenakuphela, kanti ukuhluma kuyoncipha.
• Isikhathi sokugcina. Uma isikhathi eside imbewu igcinwa - iningi lazo lifa.

Kuhlobene kanjani nokuphila kweshalofu?

Ukuphila kwemfuyo yembewu kanye nephesenti yokuhluma kuhlobene ngokuqondile: impilo yeshalofu ibhekisela esikhathini lapho ukuhluma kwembewu kunciphisa ngaphansi kwesimiso esakhiwe amazinga wombuso noma enye incwadi ejwayelekile. Kulula nje, leyo mbewu engakwazi ukukhula ngobuningi ibhekwa njengefanelekile, kucatshangelwa ukulahlekelwa okungenakugwemeka.

Iyini i-shelf evamile yokuphila?

Izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi zembewu yanoma yisiphi isitshalo ngokuvamile ziqondiswa abalimi bezitshalo phakathi nochungechunge lwezivivinyo. Imiphumela yokubona kwabo ibhalwe ezincwadini zokubhekisela, ama-GOST kanye namanye amadokhumende okulawula. Ngokuqondile ngezinqathe, abakhiqizi bembewu ngokuvamile basebenzisa i-GOST 32592-2013, i-GOST 20290-74 ne-GOST 28676.8-90.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka ukucabangela usuku lokupakisha imbewu. Ngokusho kwe-oda lokudayiswa nokuthunyelwa kwembewu (evunyelwe ngumyalelo we-Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 707 ka-1999), impilo yokugcina ishalo ixhomeke ngesikhathi sokupakisha. I-batch efanayo yembewu ehlanganiswe emasakeni esikhwameni ngo-Okthoba 2018 izosebenza kuze kube nguDisemba 2019.

Kodwa uma umthwalo ofanayo, uhlale izinyanga ezimbalwa ezinqolobaneni zokugcina impahla, uzobe uqale ngaphambi kukaJanuwari 2019, kanti uDisemba uzobe usuphelile ekupheleni kwempilo yeshalofu.

Ngakho, kulandela okulandelayo:

• Isikhathi lapho imbewu izaqathe ingakwazi ukuphakama ngobuningi - iminyaka engu-3-4 kusukela ekuvuneni. Okukhethwa kukho kungcono iminyaka engu-1-2, emva kwalesi sikhathi kuzodingeka ukwandise izinga lokutshala okungenani isikhathi esisodwa nesigamu.
• Umswakama kufanele okungenani u-30% futhi ungabi ngaphezu kuka-60%.
• Ukushisa - kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-16 degrees.
• Imbewu kufanele igcinwe noma iphakethe le-opaque noma endaweni emnyama.

Indlela yokuhlola imbewu?

Ukuhluma

Le ndlela kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphambi nje kokutshala kwangempela kwamaqathi. Kubonakala kanje:

1. Esikhathini esikhulu kodwa esingasondleki sitholakala phansi kwe-gauze, phezulu - i-rag ehlungwe izikhathi eziningana kusuka kwendwangu yelinen noma ikotini.
2. On a rag balala imbewu - ngobumnene, ngokulinganayo.
3. I-Rag igwetshiwe, kodwa ukuthi ukuma ngaphansi kwamanzi akumbozi imbewu.
4. Izitsha zimbozwe ngilazi futhi zigcinwe endaweni efudumele (okungenani, indawo engama-degrees). Kunconywa ukuvula indwangu njalo ngamahora angu-12.
5. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-2-4, kufanele ukhethe lezo zinhlamvu eziye zavuthwa (kunconywa ukuthi zisebenzise izinhlanzi - zincane kakhulu izaqathe) futhi zisetshenziselwa ukutshala.

Enye indlela ilula, kodwa ivumela kuphela ukucacisa ukuhluma, futhi hhayi ukukhetha imbewu efanelekayo. Kulokhu:

1. Ebhokisini elinamaphesenti aphansi nezinhlangothi eziphansi wabeka ungqimba lwe-2 cm wenhlabathi.
2. Bese uhlwanyela imbewu isanqante.

Inombolo ayinandaba, kodwa kungcono uma inombolo yabo inamaphesenti angu-100 noma okungenani ama-50 - ukuze kubhekwe kalula ukuhluma. Inhlabathi iyaswakanyiswa futhi ifakwe endaweni efudumele (enezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwama-degrees angu-20) ngezinsuku ezingu-12-14. Emva kwalokho, inani lamhlumela libalwa nje.

Kufakwa emanzini

Imbewu ifakwa cishe ebhodini elifanayo njengalesi simo esedlule, igcwele ngamanzi afudumele futhi igcinwe cishe usuku. Khona-ke imbewu idonswa, isomisiwe kancane futhi isetshenziselwe ukutshala, ukhethe labo abaye bahlanza.

Le ndlela ayikho ukuhlolwa kokuhluma (nakuba ukhetho lwenziwa), kungakanani ukuvuselela. Ngakho-ke Kunconywa ukuthi ungasebenzisi nje amanzi, kodwa isisombululo sokukhula esishukumisayo esilinganisweni esivezwe ngumenzi.

Nephepha langasese

Le ndlela ilula:

1. Thatha iphepha lezindlu zangasese (elula, ngaphandle kwedayi noma flavour).
2. Ubekwe emigqeni engu-4-6 epulatifeni futhi ehambelana kakhulu ngamanzi afudumele.
3. Emgqeni wephepha wabeka imbewu ngenani le-1 imbewu ngayinye yesigcawu. bheka
4. Isiqukathi sifakwa endaweni efudumele futhi sigcinwe lapho, njengoba soma, siphuze iphepha.
5. Imbewu yokuhluma itshalwe, futhi okungewona abantu abadala bayanqatshwa.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa ibhodlela leplastiki.:

1. I-cut lengthwise, izingqimba ezingu-7-8 zephepha zifakwa ngaphakathi, ziboshelwe nge-sprinkler, kanti imbewu ifakwa ngaphakathi (kude no 1.5-2 cm komunye nomunye.
2. Khona-ke ukwakhiwa kuhlanganiswe ne-polyethylene futhi kushiywe endaweni efudumele izinsuku ezingu-10-14. Ukunisela akudingekile: i-condensate eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwezingqimba ze-polyethylene izobhekana naso.
3. Ngemuva kokulahla imbewu engavuthiwe, abasele balungele ukutshala.

Isixazululo saline

Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba unqume ukuhluma okuningi, ukuthi ungalinganisa kanjani futhi ulahle imbewu engafanelekile. Iqukethe okulandelayo:

1. Imbewu ifakwa esixazululweni sikasawoti. Amandla ayo kufanele abe ngu-5% (isipuni sikasawoti ngamanzi alitha).
2. Ikhulile imizuzu engu-40-60.
3. Zonke imbewu ezihluma zilahlwa futhi zilahlwe.
4. Imbewu esele ihlanzwa kasawoti emanzini ahlanzekile, omiswe kancane futhi asetshenziselwe ukutshala.

Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwemiphumela

Uma i-batch imbewu imbewu ihlolwe, okukhethwa kukho okulandelayo kungenzeka:

• Ukwenqaba kweqembu. Lokhu kungenzeka uma ukuhluma kusetshenziswa emhlabathini - futhi kubonise ukuhluma ngaphansi kwama-30%. Ukusetshenziswa kokutshala imbewu enjalo akukhuthazwa.
• Ukwandisa izinga lokutshala. Lokhu kungenzeka uma kokubili kuhluma emhlabathini, futhi besebenzisa ezinye izindlela - ngokuvamile akuyona yonke inhlanzi yembewu engadini noma umlimi uvame ukuhlolwa. Uma ukuhluma kwakungaba ngu-50-70% - kufanele ukwandise izinga lokutshala. Uma ukuhluma kwakusezingeni eliphakeme le-laboratory (okungukuthi, 90-95%) - ungasebenzisa isilinganiso sembewu ejwayelekile.
• Ukulinganiswa kwembewu nokwenqaba kokungafaneleki. Lolu khetho lufanelekile uma isisombululo saline sisetshenziswa: ungafaka yonke imbewu kuyo. Kule nkinga, kusobala ukuthi ayinakuthandeki (okulimazayo, engavundi, njll) imbewu isusiwe, kanti okusele kusetshenziselwa ukutshala. Kodwa-ke, kufanele sikhumbule: ukungena usawoti akusho lutho ngokuhluma. Ikuvumela kuphela ukuthi ususe impahla enhle ngamabomu.

Indlela yokwandisa inani lezithombo?

Kumele kukhunjulwe: uma imbewu ifile, akukho sinyathelo esingavumele ukuba bavuswe. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokwandisa ukuhluma zihloswe kuphela ekuvimbeleni ukufa okuqhubekayo kwembewu, ukulinganisela okukhona kanye nokukhuthaza intuthuko. Izindlela zingasetshenziswa kanje.:

• Gcwalisa isisombululo ngesondlo esengeziwe.
• Hlanganisa kuqala ukulahla amafutha yemifino ehlukanisa igciwane emoyeni. Ukufudumala kwenziwa ngezinsuku ezingu-10-15 ngokushintsha kwamanzi njalo.
• Ukufudumala
• Ukukhipha ukushisa ngokukhipha isisombululo se-potassium permanganate.
• Ukuqala ukuhluma ekushiseni kwama-25-28 degrees.

Kusukela ekuhlumeni kwembewu kuxhomeke enani lezitshalo ezingatholakala ngesikhathi sokutshala. Ukuphakama izinga lokuhluma, ukwehla izinga lokuhlwanyela. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kubalulekile ukulinganisa imbewu bese uhlola ukuthi bangakhuphuka kangakanani.