"Amakhorka ungumngane othembekile, unciphisa izinzwa," kusho amasosha ngokubhema ugwayi, owenziwe ngegama elifanayo lomndeni waseSolanaceae, oqukethe i-nicotine. Futhi uma ngaphambili umgogodla wawungumqondo ofanayo wesiningi samadoda aseSlav, namhlanje lesi sitshalo kubhekwa njengokungavamile. Kuyini shag, ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani empilweni yansuku zonke nokuthi singakukhulisa kanjani ekhaya - sizokutshela okuningi ngakho ngezansi.
Kuyini shag?
Isitshalo sogwayi sibhekwa njengesitshalo se-herbaceous sohlobo lweTekisi (okuqukethe izinto ze-nicotine), kanye nogwayi ophansi wokubhema owenziwe esitshalweni esishiwo ngenhla. Ngokungafani nezinye izitshalo ezivela kohlobo lwegwayi, i-shag ingaphansi kakhulu kwezimo ezikhulayo futhi imelana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukusatshalaliswa kogwayi kukhulu kakhulu: kungatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukhetha izindawo ezisenyakatho ngesimo sezulu esifudumele. 
Idatha yangaphandle yezitshalo ayiyona into engavamile: isitshalo sonyaka esingavamile sinezimbali ezincane eziphuzi futhi ezinkulu, ezinzima, ngamaqabunga ahlambulukile. Ngokuqinisekile zonke izingxenye zesitshalo ziqukethe i-nicotine, kodwa lokhu akuvimbeli ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitshalo kwezinye izinhloso zezomnotho nezimboni - ngokwesibonelo, ekukhiqizeni i-citric acid noma izinhlayiya zokulawula izinambuzane zezitshalo.
Uyazi? Igama elithi "shag" livela egameni lomuzi wase-Amersfoort I-NetherlandsEkhulwini le-18, elaziwa ngokuba yimpucuko yemboni yegwayi, kwakukhona lapho amapulazi okuqala avela lapho akhula khona.Ugwayi okhiqizwa ugwayi wawucatshangwa ukuthi awunobungozi obukhulu kunokuba, isibonelo, ugwayi ongeyintombi, futhi wakhiqizwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukubhema nokubhema. Uma ngaphambilini, ensimini yangaphambili ye-USSR, ukulima nokukhiqizwa kwalesi siko kwasungulwa ngezinga lezimboni, namuhla lesi sitshalo sakhula kuphela ngamabhizinisi ngabanye.
Funda ukuthi ungakhula kanjani ugwayi ocolile, nokubhema ugwayi, ugwayi ugwayi nendlela yokusebenzisa ugwayi.
Kuphi futhi kanjani ukukhulisa i-shag
Iningi lazo zonke izinkampani ezizimele zezolimo ezisebenza ekutshalweni kwalesi sitshalo manje zikhona eTatarstan naseNtshonalanga Siberia, lapho indawo yonke yezitshalo zalesi sitshalo ingamahektha angaba ngu-10 000. Izinhlobo ezinamathele kakhulu ze-shag, ezingakhula emhlabathini ovulekile, yizinhlobonhlobo ze "Pehlets Local" no- "Datura 4". Umhlabathi ongcono kakhulu wesitshalo esinjalo ngumhlabathi we-loamy (ikakhulukazi, loamy chernozem), kanti izinga lokushisa lilingana, kufika ku-22 ° C. 
Ukuqinisekisa izithombo eziningi, insimu isetshenziswe kuqala ngamabele noma ebusika isinkwa - emva kwalezi zitshalo, inhlabathi iba ngcono kakhulu ukukhula kwe-shag. Kodwa amazambane kanye ne-sunflower yizibikezelo ezimbi, njengoba zinalo isiko esingenhla hhayi kuphela izinambuzane ezivamile, kodwa nezifo ezifanayo. Lapho bekhula, baqapha ngokucophelela ikhwalithi yenhlabathi: ihlanganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ngenani eliqinisekisiwe le-phosphorus ne-potassium, futhi linikeza ne-aeration eyanele kanye ne-hydration.
Izakhiwo eziwusizo ze-shag
Inzuzo enkulu enkulu ye-shag, kanye nokulimala, ikhona kokuqukethwe kwe-nicotine kulesi sitshalo - into engasetshenziswanga kuphela embonini kagwayi, kodwa nakwezokwelapha. I-Nicotinic acid ikhishwa emaqabunga, okwelapha ngempumelelo izifo ezithile zesikhumba kanye nezifo zenhliziyo - isibonelo, ukukhishwa kwamagqabi alo masiko kuyingxenye yamalungiselelo emithi yokwelapha yaseLatin America.
Ngaphandle kwe-shag, izifo zesimiso senhliziyo ziyasebenzisa izitshalo ezifana nalezi: izaqathe, i-radishes, i-hawthorn, i-basil, isitshalo seqanda, i-aconite, i-hazelnut ne-ten.
Omunye umthamo we-nicotine uvuselela umsebenzi wengqondo futhi uvimbele izifo ezinjenge-schizophrenia nesifo sika-Parkinson, okubhekwa njengesici esihle salesi siko. Lesi sitshalo sisiza kahle ngokusiphazamiseka kwamanzi kanye nezimpawu ze-ARVI: kwanele ukufaka iphunga lamaqabunga ochotshoziwe amaqabunga ama-5-6 ngosuku, futhi ama-enzyme enomsoco ekubunjweni kwawo agcizelela isimo sezinambuzane ezimangcwaba futhi aqede ukuvutha.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze kuphuthumise ukutakula, faka amaqabunga owomile we-shag ukuze izinhlayiya zezitshalo zingawi emcimbini wezinyosi. Khumbula: le ndlela yokwelapha ayifanele izingane.
Futhi i-tincture yegwayi ingaphilisa isifo esinjalo esibi njengesikhumba.Lokhu kuzodinga:
- amanzi - 5 l;
- usawoti - 1 tbsp. isipuni;
- Amahlamvu kagwayi omisiwe - 800 g.
Ukupheka:
- Ubilise amanzi, engeza usawoti bese wengeza amaqabunga omile.
- Ubilise ukucwilisa amaminithi amabili, ususe ekushiseni.
- Ukumboza ibhodlela nge-lid, ukugoqa ithawula bese ushiya okungenani amahora angu-2-3.
Uthuli lomgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlwa kwezigwayi zikagwayi kuyithuluzi elihle lokulawula izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo: uthuli olubhema ugwayi luvikela ngokuphelele ama-blackflies, izimbungulu kanye nama-aphid. Futhi uma utshala izihlahla ezimbalwa phakathi kwemibhede, awukwazi ukugcina kuphela izitshalo kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwezinambuzane, kodwa futhi kuvimbela ukuvela cishe kuzo zonke izifo eziyaziwayo.Izakhiwo eziyingozi ze-shag
Yonke imiphumela emibi yegwayi emzimbeni iphinde ihlotshaniswe ne-nicotine: umthamo omncane walesi sifo umuthi, kanti umthamo omkhulu ushukela. I-Nicotine eningi kakhulu iholela emsebenzini owonakalisa futhi imisa kakhulu imishanguzo noma imise ukusebenza kwezingxenye ezibalulekile. Ukubhema ugwayi noma olunye ugwayi, okokuqala, kuphazamisa indlela yokuphefumula namapayipi - umusi wokubhema uqobo "uyashisa" izicubu zethemba lezi zitho.
Qaphela ngokuthatha isiswane, inambuzane, i-dope ne-foxglove.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-shag iyilutha, inganciphisa amandla okugcizelela ngokocansi, ithinta izinwele nombala wesikhumba, futhi iphinde ilayishe kakhulu isibindi. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela eyingozi yalesi sitshalo ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwayo ngokweqile, ngakho-ke ukuze uzuze ku-shag, udinga ukwazi ukuthi kanjani, nokuthi ungakanani ukusebenzisa. 
Uyazi? I-Makhorka ibhekwa ngephutha ingxube yokuqala yokubhema yaseRussia. Eqinisweni, wonke amasiko kagwayi, njenge-shag, angena eYurophu ngesikhathi se-Great Geographical Discoveries, lapho olosolwandle baseColumbus ulethwe kuya eYurophu yasezwenikazi hhayi nje isitshalo esingakaze sibe khona, kodwa futhi nomkhuba wokugubha umusi wokubhema.
Izicelo zezimboni
Inhloso eyinhloko ye-shag ngaphansi kwezimo zezimboni ukulima izidingo zobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, kusukela emaqabunga kanye neziqu zalesi sitshalo kuveza i-alkaloid eqinile kakhulu (i-nicotine), esetshenziselwa ukulungiselela kokubili izidakamizwa nezinhlayiya. I-Phytomass ikhishwa kuma-acic amakhemikhali nama-citric - asetshenziselwa izingubo zangasese (njengento yokugcoba yendwangu ye-polyester) nasembonini yokudla (i-sweetener yeziphuzo ezithambile, i-ayisikhilimu kanye nemikhiqizo yokucubungula okunzima njenge-mayonnaise noma iwayini).
Ukuze wenze isepha, ungasebenzisa futhi ama-roses, amantongomane, i-cocoa, i-mint, i-fennel, i-anise, i-snakehead, ne-immortelle.
Imbewu yalesi siko ingumthombo wamanoni amafutha kakhulu, asetshenziselwa ukwakha insipho, kanye nokwengezwa ekwakheni amanye amapende. Ngokuvamile, ugwayi usetshenziswa embonini kagwayi - kuphela u-5% wemikhiqizo kagwayi namuhla inokubhema.
Isicelo sekhaya
Uma imboni ye-shag iyasiza emaqenjini amaningana amakhulu, ekhaya liwusizo nje ukulwa nama-parasites nezinambuzane ezivimbela izitshalo zezolimo. 
Lapho silwa nezinambuzane
Umhluzi noma uphahla amaqabunga owomile we-shag kuphumelela kakhulu ukukhulula izitshalo endaweni yakini kusukela ezinambuzane ezincane nezinambuzane ezinambuzane. Ngakho, ngokumelene nezimpukane ze-carrot, ungasebenzisa u-shag uthuli, okudingayo ukuba usakaze kuphela izaqathe ezincane eziluhlaza. Ngokumelene ne-whitefly kanye nama-aphid ngendlela ephumelelayo yi-decoction yegwayi. Ngokuba ukulungiswa kwalo kuzodinga:
- shag - 200 g;
- amanzi - 10 l;
- insipho yamanzi.
Ukupheka:
- Bilisa amanzi, uthele amaqabunga amasha esitshalo.
- Bilisa amaminithi angu-5 bese ufaka 1 tbsp. isipuni sesephu elimanzi.
- Okupholile, ubunzima.
Iklabishi fly. I-powder ekhethekile yokuvundisa (i-shag nomlotha e-1: 1) izosiza ukuqeda izitshalo ezivela ku-iklabishi izimpukane kanye ne-cruciferous flea, futhi le-decoction iyisisombululo sendawo yonke yazo zonke izinambuzane eziphilayo ezilimazayo:- shag - 20 g;
- i-garlic - 200 g;
- i-anyanisi ikhasi - 200 g;
- insipho yamanzi.
Ukupheka:
- Faka ikhasi bese usika izinhloko zikagalikhi.
- Xhuma i-shag, u-garlic oqoshiwe kanye ne-anyanisi ikhasi, uthele ama-10 amalitha amanzi. Ukubilisa.
- Pheka amahora angu-2 ngokushisa okuphansi, okupholile nokucindezela.
- Faka u-80 g wesiphu eliketshezi bese ungeza amanzi ahlanzekile ku-10 amalitha (ngesikhathi sokupheka, amanzi aphuphuma).
Funda futhi mayelana nokuthi ungabhubhisa kanjani izintuthwane ekushiseni okushisa, ukubhubhisa ama-aphid, ukuthi ungabhekana kanjani nama-wasps nokuthi yini ongayibhubhisa amaphuphu endlini.
Ukukhula kwe-shag ekhaya
Ukukhulisa lesi sitshalo ekhaya akuyona imali enkulu noma izindleko zezezimali - ngisho ne-agronomist ye-novice angayiphatha.
Ukulungiselela imbewu
Lesi sigaba sibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ikhwalithi yokukhethwa nokulungiselela imbewu, izoncika ekuvuneni kwamahlumela esizayo. Ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu kufanele ilandelwe ngaphambili. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga isitsha esingaphansi, lapho imbewu ichitheka khona. Okulandelayo, imbewu isakazwa ngokulinganayo phezu kwendawo yonke yomkhumbi (ungqimba akufanele ube ngaphezulu kuka-3 cm) futhi ugcwalise ngamanzi afudumele. Uma imbewu ethile ikhuphuka, idinga ukukhethwa futhi ilahlwe kude - ayifanele ukuhlwanyela. 
Emva kwalokho, imbewu igcinwa emanzini amahora angaba ngu-6-8. Okulandelayo, amanzi kufanele agonywe, futhi imbewu ngokwayo - isakaze emgqeni okhethekile wokuhluma. Emva kwezinsuku ezintathu ungabheka imbewu: ngalesi sikhathi bazoqala ukuhluma. Ngemuva kokuba amahlumela aqala ukuluma embewu, imbewu kufanele ihlukaniswe nomunye futhi ithululelwe emgqeni ohlanzekile wokuphuza umoya nokumisa. Isikhathi sokuphumula (kuze kube amahora angu-24) singasetshenziselwa ukulungiselela inhlabathi.
Izici ukufika emhlabathini
Uma uhlwanyela i-shag, kunezindlela ezimbili: ukutshala izithombo nokutshala ngokuqondile ngembewu. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.
Imbewu
Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu: kulula kakhulu futhi, njengomthetho, unikeza isivuno esiphezulu. Kodwa-ke, uma kuhlwanyelwe ngendlela engafanele (uma imbewu ifakwe enhlabathini engaphezu kuka-3 cm), amahlumela ngeke akwazi ukuwela phansi bese efa. Ukuhlwanyela kahle imbewu kunjengalokhu: indawo elungiselelwe ihlukaniswe ibe nemihlaba encane ene-interval of least 70 cm komunye nomunye. Okulandelayo, imbewu eyomile ixubene nenani elincane lehlabathi eliqhekekile, futhi lihlwanyelwe ezindaweni ezincane. 
Kusukela phezulu (akukho ngaphezu kuka-1-2 cm ubukhulu) yenza i-humus ehlungiwe, bese inhlabathi kufanele ihambelaniswe kahle ngamanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho, faka imbewu ngefilimu (kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlabathi ngaphansi kwefilimu ayimile, futhi njalo amanzi ukuhlwanyela). Ngemuva kokuthi izithombo zikhule zibe ngu-5 cm, ifilimu ingasuswa - manje isitshalo sinamandla okwanele ukukhula ensimini.
Izintambo
Ukungabi nalendlela yalendlela ukuthi isitshalo asikhuli enhlabathini yaso, kanti uma isitshalaliswa emhlabathini wokugcina, ayikuhlakulela ingculazi. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sitshalo sivame ukubhekana nezifo. Ukutshala izithombo ze-shag kanje: ukuqala ukulungisa imithombo - ukujula kwawo akufanele kudlule u-10 cm. Ngaphakathi komgodi yenza ukucindezeleka okuncane, okunamanzi okumanzi.
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo ze-shag azidingi ukuchelela njalo - kunele ukuwahambisa kanye ngesonto, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuchelela kufanele kube nokuningi.Ukujula okujulile okufakwe enhlabathini enomswakama, lapho kutholakala khona isithombo - uhlelo lwempande kufanele luhlanganiswe ngokucophelela ngomhlabathi owomile. Ngenxa yalolu buchwepheshe, uhlelo lwempande lwezithombo luhluma kangcono, futhi izimpande ngokwazo azilahlekelwa umswakama obuningi. Uma lesi sitshalo sifinyelela ukuphakama kwe-10 cm, sekuvele kungenzeka ukuthi ekugcineni kwakha ukuhlwanyela kanye nemigqa emincane uma kudingeka.
Iyiphi inhlabathi yokutshala nokuthi ingafisa kanjani
Isitha esiyinhloko se-shag - "kanzima" noma "inhlabathi". Lesi sitshalo sizokhula kuphela enhlabathini exubekile, ngakho-ke isihlabathi esincane sitholwa enhlabathini ngaphambi kokutshala, bese kuthi umhlabathi ukhwanyelwe ukuhlanganiswa kokufaniswa kwemidwebo. Ukulungiswa kwesayithi lokutshala i-shag akuqali entwasahlobo, kepha futhi nasekwindla: ngaphambi kokuba ama-frosts ekwindla, umlotha nomquba zilethwe emhlabathini, kanti nangomanyolo okhethekile we-phosphate fertilizer, ngo-20 g we-umanyolo ngamunye ngemitha engama-1. m inhlabathi.
Ngemuva kokuba inhlabathi isetshenziswe nge-phosphorus, inhlabathi kufanele ikhululwe nge-rake - manje ilungele ukutshala imbewu noma izithombo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umanyolo ungasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ngaphambi kokutshala, kodwa futhi ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuvuthwa kwesitshalo (uma, isibonelo, kwakunezimvula ezinzima futhi ingxenye yenhlabathi yahlanzwa ngaphansi kwesitshalo). Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinga lokuzala inhlabathi liyisinqumo sokuvuna umkhiqizo, ngakho-ke akufanele unakekele umquba: isibonelo, kuthatha cishe u-10 kg we-phosphorus no-30 kg we-potassium ukukhiqiza ithani elilodwa lamaqabunga omile wesitshalo.
Funda ukuthi unganquma kanjani i-acidity yenhlabathi, uthathe umquba, uphume, futhi kungani kudingekile ukuhlakulela nokuguqula inhlabathi.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa izitshalo eziphilayo zemvelo ezifana nomquba wamahhashi, i-peat, i-droppings yezinyoni kanye nomuthi wokhuni. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuvunwa okuhle kwesitshalo, okuyinto, ngendlela, isilinganiso samathani ayi-3-4 omkhiqizo okhulile ngehora elilodwa lezindawo. 
Izimo zokushisa
Uma izinga lokushisa ligcinwa, ibhalansi elungile kufanele lilandelwe: isibonelo, uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu (ngaphezulu kuka-25 ° C), i-shag izokhula ngokushesha, kodwa ukukhiqiza kwayo kanye nokukhiqiza kuyokwehla kakhulu. Futhi izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu (ngezansi kwe-3 ° C) lenza lesi sitshalo siphume zonke izinqubo, ezize zisongela ukufa kwayo. Izimo eziphezulu zokushisa ziyi-amplitude ka-17-22 ° C - ukulibaziseka kokuthuthukiswa nalezi zinkomba kuzoba yizinga elincane, kanti ubukhulu bamaqabunga kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali wesitshalo ngokwayo kuzokwakhiwa ngendlela efanele.
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi izithombo zinemibandela yokushisa efanele, qinisekisa ukuthi amahlumela awawona ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo - uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa i-canopy ekhethekile yesibhakabhaka izithombo. Ngendlela efanayo, uvikele amahlumela endaweni ebanda kakhulu: uma kukhona usongo lweqhwa, faka izithombo ngengubo efudumele, futhi ungeze ungqimba oluthe xaxa lomanyolo ophilayo. 
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Lesi siko sivuthwa lapho amabala aphuzi avela emaqabeni awo (ikakhulukazi amaqabunga aphansi) kanye nesiphunga se-nicotine esitshalweni sesitshalo. Ukuvuna ngokusika nge-ax ekhali: isitshalo ngasinye sinqunywa ngokucophelela, uzama ukulimaza amaqabunga. Isitshalo esinezihlahla esenziwe ngemibhoshongo futhi sidluliselwe endaweni eyomile ngaphansi komcibisholo (leli gumbi elifanelekayo elincane). Kuhlelwe phansi ngamapulangwe futhi kuhamba ukuze kume amahora angu-24. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, ukuvutshelwa okuyingxenye kuzokwenzeka kwi-billet evunyiwe ("iqala").
Manje isitshalo silungele ukuqhubeka somile. Isiqu ngasinye se-shag kumele sinqunywe kanye nommese okhaliphile (ingxenye engaphezulu nesezansi ye-stem kufanele ihlale ingenayo). Inqubo enjalo (i-plasticization) inganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokumisa. Khona-ke izikhalazo ziboshwe ngamapharele amancane noma izinduku. Amapolisi asekelwa ukuze asule emthunzini, kodwa endaweni lapho kunesidingo (isibonelo, i-attic noma i-carport). Manje inqubo yokumisa iqala ngokuqondile - ingahlala ezinsukwini ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-24, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomkhiqizo, izimo zezulu, umswakama womoya, njll. 
Ngemuva kokuba isitshalo siphelile, amaqabunga kufanele ahlukaniswe ngokucophelela kusukela esihlokweni bese ehlonywa esikhwameni esihlanzekile, esomile noma emgodini weglasi. Kubalulekile ukukhetha indawo yokugcina lapho umswakama obungeke uwale (isibonelo, ikhabethe lekhishi). Сушёную махорку, которая хранится в банке, обязательно нужно проветривать, в противном случае сушка попросту запреет и испортится.Izitshalo ezomile zesitshalo ziboshwe ezinhlangothini futhi zigcinwe esimweni esimisiwe endaweni elomile, enomoya omuhle (i-loft noma i-balcony iphelele ngalokhu).
I-Makhorka namuhla ayiyona inhlobo evamile kakhulu, kodwa i-multi-tobacco culture, esebenzayo futhi ewusizo ezimboni ezifana nomkhakha wokudla, ukwenziwa kwensipho, ukukhiqizwa kwe-textile kanye nemithi. Ukwaziswa kwemithetho kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlwanyela, ukunakekelwa nokuqoqwa kahle kwesitshalo kuzovumela ngisho ne-agronomist engenalwazi ukuba akhulume lesi siko futhi ayisebenzise ngezidingo ezehlukene zobuchwepheshe.
