Izinhlamvu zembewu

Kwakungelona lutho ukuthi ummbila wawubizwa ngokuthi "indlovukazi yasendle" esigabeni esithile somlando wokubhekakade wezwe lethu. Ngempela lokhu kuwumkhiqizo owusizo kakhulu futhi owusizo, kodwa abantu abambalwa bayazi ukuthi esikhathini esingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu, isintu sikhiqize izinhlobo eziningana ezingenakuqhathaniswa zala utshani (ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu eRussia kuphela!) Ukuhluka kokunambitheka, umbala, ukuvuthwa, uhlelo lokusebenza nokuningi eminye imingcele. Cabanga nje ezimbalwa ezithandwa kakhulu.

Okuqukethwe:

• I-Waxy
• Like-in
• I-Siliceous (Indian)
• Isitashi (mealy, soft)
• Ukuvutha
• I-Filmy

Ummbila omuhle

Igama lesiLatini nguZea mays saccharata.

Ushukela, omnandi noma, njengoba kubizwa nangokuthi, ubisi lwe-milk ubaluhlobo oluvame kakhulu lommbila. Ukusanhlamvu kwalesi sitshalo kuphuzi, umbala ungase ugcwale ngokweqile, kusuka kumhlophe kuya ku-orange. Insizwa encane, ilula umbala wayo. Njengoba ummbila omnandi ukhula cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba futhi uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlobonhlobo nezinhlamvu, kungabe kungalungile ukukhuluma ngokuqondile ngesimo esithile sezinhlamvu: ngokuvamile kuvame ukuxilongwa, kodwa futhi sibheke nxazonke, sibheke futhi sinezindebe esimweni somlomo. Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu buba ngu-2.2 x 1.7 cm. Isici esiyinhloko sefomu, njengoba igama lisikisela, kuyinto ephezulu kakhulu yokushukela. Kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo nezinga lokuvuthwa, inani lalo lihluka phakathi kuka-6-12%.

Kubalulekile! I-cobs ye-corn kufanele iqoqwe njalo ngaphambi kokuba ivuthiwe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ipheke ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuba umkhiqizo ubeke kancane, ushukela kuwo kancane kancane uba yi-starch, i-cob iyancipha futhi iba yiphunga elincane kakhulu. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ikakhulukazi ezimnandi, okungukuthi, uma zingapheki ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziphenduke zibe yirabho yangempela, zivele zingenakwenzeka ukuhlafuna!

Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lwesitshalo lukhula cishe emhlabeni wonke, lapho izimo zezulu zenza khona ukuthi zikhule lesi sitshalo esinothando sokushisa, kodwa amazwe angama-10 aphezulu anezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kule ndawo afaka:

1. I-United States of America.
2. Republic of People of China.
3. I-Brazil.
4. I-Argentina.
5. Ukraine
6. I-India
7. Mexico
8. Indonesia
9. ENingizimu Afrika.
10. I-Romania.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezisetshenzisiwe ezisemqoka zommbila omnandi:

• ukudla nokupheka izitsha ezihlukahlukene;
• ukulungiselela ngendlela yokulondolozwa noma ukukhanda;
• ukuqhutshwa kube ufulawa.

Seluleka ukuba uzijwayele izici zokutshala nokunakekela ummbila ensimini.

Ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zikashukela, ungabhala izincwadi, ikakhulukazi, phakathi kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo ezikhuliswe ngempumelelo emgwaqeni ophakathi, kungadingeka ukubalula:

• amahlamvu okuqala (isikhathi sokuvuthwa - izinsuku ezingu-65-75) - "iDobrynya", "Voronezh 80-A", "i-Golden Golden 401", "Sundance" ("ukudansa kwelanga") ne "Super Sundance" (F1), "uMoya" (F1) ), I-Creamy Nectar (F1), i-Treacle (F1), i-Trophy (F1), i-Sheba (F1), i-Legend (F1), i-Bloody Butcher, i-Honey-Ice Nectar;
• ama-hybrid aphakathi (isikhathi sokuvuthwa - izinsuku ezingu-75-90) - "Divine Paper 1822", "Merkur" (F1), "Bonus" (F1), "Megaton" (F1), "Challenger" (F1), "Krasnodar", "Krasnodar ushukela 250, i-Don emide, iphayona, i-Boston (F1), noma i-Syngenta;
• ama-hybrid asephuzile (isikhathi sokuvuthwa - izinsuku ezingu-85-95) - "I-Ice nectar", "Ubumnandi obuthathu", "Gourmet 121", "I-Kuban ushukela", "I-Athlete 9906770", "Polaris".

Kubalulekile! Kumele kuthiwe ukuthi inani lommbila likhule emhlabeni wonke, isabelo sama-akhawunti e-Zea mays saccharata angaphezu kwesigamu samaphesenti, okubalwa ngamanani angaphansi kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-9! Ingxenye eyinhloko yezitshalo inikezwa ngefolda kanye nezimboni (ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-starch, ufulawa, okusanhlamvu).

I-Waxy

Igama lesiLatini liyi-Waxy Maize noma i-Zea mays ceratina.

Umbala kanye nokuma kokusanhlamvu kungase kube okuhlukile, okuphuzi, okumhlophe, okubomvu, kodwa uma kunezinye izinhlobo zemmbila enezinhlamvu ezimhlophe, ngokuvumelana nesilinganiso, angabi ngaphezu kwamaphesenti amabili eminye imibala evunyelwe, ngakho-ke ukuhlukahluka kwe-waxy kuncane kakhulu: umngcele ukhuphuke ube ngu-3%.

Isibonakaliso se-waxy siyinto ephindaphindiwe, ngokuphathelene nokuthi ummbila onjalo awukwazi ukutshala kuphela eceleni kwezinye izinhlobo, kodwa futhi ukuvimbela ukuxuba kwezinhlamvu ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokugcina. Ekuqaleni, lolu hlobo lwakhiwa ngenxa yokuguqulwa okungahleliwe, lapho, ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinye izimo zangaphandle, i-wx gene ngokweqile yabonakala esitshalweni. Ngokokuqala ngqa ukuguqulwa okunjalo kubhalwe eChina, noma kunjalo, ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuqhubeka nakwezinye izindawo. Ngo-1908, izinhlamvu zalezi zinhlobo zathunyelwa zisuka eChina ziya e-United States nguJ. Farnham, umvolontiya weSonto LaseReformed, kodwa azange zithole ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi: ngeshwa, njengazo zonke izinguquko zemvelo, ummbila omanzi ubonisa ukubonakala okuphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zenkomo, kaningi uyafa futhi unikeza isivuno esincane.

Isici esiyinhloko se-waxy corn yisisindo esiphindwe kabili sesisindo esizungeze i-embryo (endosperm), okwenza okusanhlamvu kubonakale kungavelele, njengokungathi kuhlanganiswe nohlaka lwe-wax. Ngaphakathi, lesi sambatho sinesakhiwo se-powdery, esinika isitashi sendawo enjalo izakhiwo ezingafani ngokuphelele.

Ngenxa yezinkinga zokuzalana, i-waxy corn ayitshalwanga ngesilinganiso esikhulu njengoba, isibonelo, idokotela wamazinyo. Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza izimboni yiRiphabliki yasePhina yaseChina.

Inhloso eyinhloko yommbila we-waxy ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi, ukwakheka kanye nezimfanelo zazo eziyinzuzo enkulu kulezi zinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesitashi sommbila uqukethe amylopectin ne-amylose ku-7: 3, kanti ku-Waxy Maize amylopectin cishe i-100%. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinikeza ufulawa olunamathele kakhulu.

Uyazi? Ososayensi baseMelika abavela e-Illinois Hatfield naseBramen benza uchungechunge lwezilinganiso emthethweni wezinhlobo zemifino yefolishi ekuthuthukiseni izilwane zasemapulazini futhi zafika iziphetho ezimangalisayo: lapho kususwa ummbila ovamile owenziwe ngamafutha, izinkomo nezinkomo zithuthuka kakhulu ngisho nasezindleko eziphansi zokudla, kuyilapho njengezinye izilwane (kufaka phakathi izingulube) azange zibonise ukusabela okuqondile ekufakeni lokhu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isitashi se-waxy corn sihlukaniswa kalula nakwezinye izinhlobo zesitashi sommbila ngokuqhuba ukulula okulula nge-iodine. Umkhiqizo otholakala ku-Waxy Maize uzonikeza isisombululo se-potassium idideti, kanti isitashi ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zizovula isixazululo esibhakabhaka.

Inani lezinhlobonhlobo ze-Waxy Maize lilinganiselwe, futhi umehluko phakathi kwawo awunkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo okuthiwa i-Strawberry, i-Oakhakanskaya ebomvu ne-Pearl. Zonke ziyizinhlobo zezinkathi zonyaka, kodwa iS Strawberry ikhula kancane ngaphambi kwe-Oakhanskaya neNacre. Izici zokuqhathanisa zezinhlobo zinikezwa etafuleni.

Kumele kuthiwa zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ezibalwe ngenhla zinambitheka kakhulu, ukuze zingasetshenziswa ngendlela ebilisiwe, futhi zingasetshenziswanga kuphela ukukhipha isitashi.

Like-in

Igama lesiLatini nguZea mays indentata. Uhluke emanzini amakhulu ngokuvamile umbala ophuzi, ifomu elide nelesibhakabhaka. Izicubu ezizungeze umbungu unesakhiwo esihlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba: phakathi nendawo phezulu kwe-kernel, ivulekile futhi i-powdery, futhi ilukhuni ezinhlangothini. Lapho okusanhlamvu kukhula, ukucindezeleka okuphawulekayo kubonakala phakathi, kufana nezinyo (ngakho igama).

Isici esihlukile salolu hlobo luyisithelo esikhulu kakhulu (ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Waxy Maize) kanye namazinga aphakeme okusinda. Lesi sitshalo side, sinamandla futhi sizinzile. Ngaphezu kwesamba esikhulu sokusanhlamvu, ibuye inikeze imiqulu emihle kakhulu ye-silage.

Kubalulekile! Imbewu yamazinyo ibhekwa njengenzuzo enkulu kunombono wezomnotho, uhlobo lommbila, ngakho-ke wonke amazwe-abakhiqizi balo hlobo lokusanhlamvu, abalulwe ngenhla, abakuzibali iZea mays indentata.

I-United States ihlala ingumholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni ummbila wamazinyo. I-Zea mays indentata isebenzisa kakhulu:

• ukudla;
• ukuthola isitashi, ufulawa, okusanhlamvu;
• ukondla izilwane zasemapulazini;
• ukukhiqizwa kotshwala.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-Zea mays indentata, eziningi zazo ezibhekene nokuvuthwa okusheshayo okude noma okuphakathi kwesikhathi (yingakho lokhu kuqinisekisa ukukhuthazela okuphezulu nokuvunwa kwezitshalo). Incazelo yezinye zalezi zinhlobo zinikezwa etafuleni.

I-Siliceous (Indian)

Igama lesiLatini linguZea Mays. Ukuma okusanhlamvu kuyindilinga, iphoyinti liyi-convex, isakhiwo sinobucwebe futhi bushelelezi. Umbala ungahluka. I-endosperm phezu kwayo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwesizinda, siqinile, maphakathi ne-powdery futhi iyangena.

Ukuhlanza okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kuzosiza idivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi i-kruporushka, engenziwa ngesandla.

Isici esikhethekile salezi zinhlobonhlobo yizinto eziphakeme kakhulu zesitashi, kodwa lapha kunesimo esiqinile. Njengezinhlobonhlobo zamazinyo, iZea Mays indurate ikhiqiza kakhulu futhi ihlala njalo, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nesigaba esedlule, i-corn siliceous ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinhlobo zamaNdiya ukungabi khona kwesimo sokucindezeleka esiqongweni sokusanhlamvu.

I-Zea Mays indurate ikhule emhlabeni wonke, kodwa umkhiqizi oyinhloko yi-United States of America, futhi lezi zihlukahlukene zihlwanyelwa ikakhulukazi enyakatho yezwe.

Uyazi? Kuthiwa ummbila wokuqala owafika eYurophu wawuwuhlobo lweZea Mays. Futhi wathola igama elithi "amaNdiya" ngoba uColumbus wayiletha esuka eMelika, okuyinto, njengoba sazi, umhambi omkhulu ophutha eNdiya.

Insimu enkulu yokusetshenziswa kommbila ongeyena ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu (okusanhlamvu, ama-flakes, njll). Kodwa-ke, esimweni esifile, sinambitheka kakhulu futhi sihle kakhulu.

Kufanelekile ukunaka lezi zinhlobonhlobo zommbila waseNdiya:

Isitashi (mealy, soft)

Igama lesiLatini nguZea Mays Amylacea. Isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu siyindilinga, sinezintambo eziqinile, i-tip is convex, ubuso bushelelezi kodwa bungabi shiny. Ikhanda ngokwalo lincane, kepha izinhlamvu zikhulu. Umbala umhlophe noma uphuzi.

Hlola izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zommbila.

Isici salezi ezihlukahlukene yizinto eziphakeme (kuze kufike ku-80%) we-isitashi esithambile, ezikhukhumeza izicubu zesisu, i-powdery ngaphesheya kwendawo, ezithambile. I-Squirrel kulokhu kulomncane kancane. Phuma, njengomthetho, sekwephuzile, kodwa kufinyelela ekukhuleni okuphezulu futhi uzuza ubuningi obuhlaza obuningi. Ikhulile emazweni aseNingizimu Melika, naseningizimu ye-USA, cishe ayitholakali ngaphandle kweMelika. Insimu enkulu yesicelo ukukhiqizwa kwefulawa. (ngenxa yesitashi esithambile, lolu hlobo lommbila lulula kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-molasses kanye nofulawa zenziwe ngamagesi e-mealy, futhi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kotshwala. Ngendlela ebilisiwe nayo iyinambitha kakhulu.

Ukuvutha

Igama lesiLatini nguZea mays everta. Ukuma kwekhanda lama-Zea mays everta kunemihlobo emibili: ilayisi nebhali leperele. I-species yokuqala ihlukaniswa ukuphela kokukhomba kwe-cob, okwesibili ithalwa. Umbala ungahluka - ophuzi, omhlophe, obomvu, obomvu obomvu futhi obomvu.

Thola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zommbila ezingcono kakhulu zokwenza i-popcorn.

Isici esihlukile sohlobo luyi-high protein content kanye nesakhiwo sezinhlamvu. Indwangu ezungeze umbungu unzima njengeglasi futhi inzima kakhulu, kuphela endaweni eseduze nendawo ye-embryo kukhona ungqimba oluxekethile. Yilesi sakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esibangela ukuba siphuthuke ngendlela ejwayelekile lapho sishisa, siphula phansi ikhasi ngaphansi kwengcindezi yamanzi ngaphakathi kwezithelo. Ngenxa yalokho "ukuqhuma", i-endosperm iphendulelwa ngaphakathi, iphendulela okusanhlamvu ibe yisigaxa esimhlophe sesakhiwo se-powdery, izikhathi eziningana ngobukhulu obukhulu kunama-corn kernel avamile. Izinduna zokuvuna zivame kakhulu kunamanye amahlobo ommbila, kanti izinhlamvu ngokwawo nazo zincane kakhulu.

Ngezinga lezimboni, iZea mays everta ikhiqizwa e-United States, kodwa maduzane ezinye izifunda seziqalile ukunaka lezi zilwane ngenxa yokudumala kwe-popcorn.

Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu hlobo lwembewu - Yebo, ukukhiqizwa kwama-flakes emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, kulezi zinhlobo kungenzeka ukukhiqiza ufulawa noma okusanhlamvu.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zama-maya e-Zea kuze kube njalo kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngaleyo ndlela: "Isiqephu Esimangalisa" (okuphuzi nokubomvu, owokuqala kungokwezihlobo ezihlukahlukene zelayisi, owesibili - ibhali), "Umncintiswano Omncane", "Umcibisholo Olubomvu", "I-Volcano", "Lopai-Lopai "," Zeya. " Izici zabo eziyinhloko zibalwe ngezansi.

Izinhlobo ezinjalo zommbila we-popcorn zanda eRussia, njenge-Erlikon ne-Dnieper 925.

I-Filmy

Igama lesiLatini nguZea mays tunicata.

Mhlawumbe lokhu kuyindlela engavamile kakhulu yommbila. Ngombala kanye nokuma kokusanhlamvu, kuhluke kancane emaceleni okujwayele amehlo ethu, kodwa isici saso siwukukala kwesilinganiso esithile esihlanganisa okusanhlamvu. Ababelethi bakhombisa ukuthi ukubeletha kubonakala ku-phenotype ye-gene tu.

Uyazi? INingizimu Melika mhlawumbe yindawo yokuzalwa yama-filmy corn, noma ngabe yikuphi, amasampula ayo okuqala atholakala eParaguay ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Kukhona inguqulo i-Incas yasendulo eyisebenzise lesi sitshalo emikhosini yabo yenkolo.

Akunakwenzeka ukuba udle iZea mays tunicata, ngenxa yemvelo yesakhiwo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu salolu hlobo lwamahlamvu alukhiqizi esikalini. Ngaphezu kweNingizimu Melika, lesi sitshalo sitholakala e-Afrika futhi sisetshenziselwa kakhulu njengokudla kwesilwane. Ngenxa yokungabi nalutho okusobala komsebenzi wokuzalanisa ngokuphathelene nalolu hlobo lommbila awukwenziwa, ngakho-ke, ngezinhlobo ezithile azikwazi ukukhuluma.

Thola lapho kuvunwa khona ummbila we-okusanhlamvu kanye ne-silage nokuthi kufanele ugcine kanjani ummbila ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.

Ngakho-ke, umqondo othi "ummbila" ukhulu kakhulu futhi uhlukile kakhulu kune-cob eliphuzi elimnandi, ubiliswe ngothando ekhaya noma uthengwe ogwini lolwandle oluMnyama ngo-Agasti. Lokhu okusanhlamvu kusetshenziselwa ukwenza isitashi kanye nofulawa, amafutha aphulwa kuwo, utshwala lwenziwa futhi ngisho ne-biogas (ingasaphathwa ngokuthi i-popcorn), zondliwa izinkukhu nezinye izilwane zasemapulazini, kuhlanganise nezinkomo - futhi ngayinye yalezi zinhloso zikhona, izinhlobo ezithile eziboshwe.