Microscopic Alternaria ukhunta ihlukaniswe yaba yizinhlobo eziningi. Kodwa namhlanje sizobheka izinhlobo ezimbili ezizobangela ukugula okungathí sina - i-alternarioz emasimini amagilebhisi noma e-cottage ehlobo.
Incazelo kanye nezimpawu
Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, i-Alternaria yaqinisa kuphela futhi yaqina kakhulu ethonyeni langaphandle. Umonakalo wezitshalo zamagilebhisi, ezibhekiswe ngethonya emculweni wezitshalo kanye nokuvunwa, kuhlolwe yonke indawo.
Uyazi? Eminyakeni engu-17 eyedlule, isikhunta esibangela i-Alternaria, kwakungakabonwa ukuthi yilabo abaqala ukushayela isitshalo, bakholelwa ukuthi bayayilalisa izitshalo ngemuva kokufa noma ukulimala ezinye izifo.
Izivini zingathinteka:
- Alternaria enye okuyinto ekubangela ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo Uni Blanc. Lesi sifo siqala ukuzibonakalisa ekupheleni kwenkathi yasentwasahlobo, lapho amahlamvu amagilebhisi angathola ukukhanya okwesibhakabhaka kwamasayizi amancane, kuya kumitha eyodwa. Uma ubhidliza iqabunga elithintekile futhi ubheke kulo ekukhanyeni, ungabona ukubonakala okuveziwe. Esikhathini semvula nemvula endaweni engezansi yamashidi kungacatshangwa ukwakhiwa kwe-plaque yomunwe oyisihlahla. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, imiphetho yeqabunga elithintekayo liyancipha, liba limpunga futhi libukeka lishiswa. I-plaque efanayo ingakhiwa hhayi kuphela engxenyeni yamaqabunga esitshalo, kodwa nakuma-berries nama-crests. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sehlobo, lapho ukuvuthwa kwengxenye yesitshalo kwenzeka, ezinye izimpawu zesifo zingalandelwa. Ukuguga kwamahlumela aluhlaza kwenzeka ngendlela engafanele: ezinye zazo zihlala ziluhlaza isikhathi eside, bese zivele zibe mhlophe, kunokuba zibole. Ebusika, i-bark ikhanya, ithola umthunzi omhlophe ongcolile futhi kutholakala ukubola. Futhi, isici esiyingxenye yalesi sifo sinciphise ukuqina kwesibusi sasebusika sitshalo, kanti uma utshala izithombo ezintsha kunenkinga ngokuqothula kwazo - ukushabalalisa kakhulu.
Uyazi? Ngo-2000, ososayensi bakwazi ukubona i-Alternaria, owokuqala ukuhlala izihlahla zezithelo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphikiswa okusebenzayo kwesayensi kwaqala ukuvimbela noma ukuphilisa isifo sezitshalo okungenziwa yi-Alternaria fungi.
- Alternaire tenussima - isifo samagilebhisi, okwakubhekwa njengalokhu kungenabungozi, njengoba ososayensi beqiniseka ukuthi kuthinta kuphela isitshalo esele sefile noma esilimale, kanye namagilebhisi, anesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba. Kodwa njengoba kwenzeka, lesi sifo ngokuzimela singabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezivinini futhi kuthinte izitshalo ezinempilo neziqinile. Kukhona ukutheleleka okukhulu kwama-European-American hybrids, anesilinganiso esiphansi sokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, njengoba ephikisana nezinye izifo eziyingozi. Iyaqhubeka umonakalo engxenyeni eluhlaza yesitshalo - amaqabunga, amahlumela, amaqhubu. Lesi sifo sibonakala sesivela ekubunjweni kwamahlamvu okuqala, lapho singabona ukubunjwa kwesigqumeni esivela engxenyeni ye-leaf shrunken, okungase kudideke ngesibonakaliso sokuntuleka kwe-potassium. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lidlula imikhawulo engama-26 ° C, futhi kukhonjiswa umswakama ophakeme ngokwanele, khona-ke ukufa okuphelele kwezinso kanye nomonakalo omkhulu emahlumela kungenzeka. Uma amaqabunga amaningi asevele eseqalile amahlumela, lesi sifo sibonakala sengathi sihlukunyezwe kakhulu ngobuningi obuhlaza obunobumba obuhlaza obunundu. Alternaria ingavusa ukoma amaqabunga namahlumela amagilebhisi, uma kungekho ukuphikisa lesi sifo ngendlela yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali. Uma i-Alternariosis ihambisana nomswakama okhulayo kanye nokushisa kwemoya ephakeme, lesi sifo singasakazeka ngokushesha ngokusitshalaliswa kulesi sitshalo futhi sizomisa ngesivinini sombani - ezinsukwini ezingu-4-5. I-Alternariosis ivame ukungena ngaphansi kwe-Fomopsis, okwandisa isimo samagilebhisi futhi icindezele ukulwa nezifo. I-Alternaria isebenza ngokukhethekile kulo lonke isitshalo entwasahlobo, kanti lapho umoya ugoqa kufika ku-30 ° C, amagilebhisi angalahlekelwa ngokuphelele amaqabunga, kodwa i-fungus ayifani, kodwa iyaqhubeka iphazamise isikhathi sonke semifino.
Hlola izinhlobo zomvini ezithandwa kakhulu: "Original", "Jupiter", "Veles", "Bazhena", "Annie", "Jabula", "Laura", "Victoria", "Timur", "Arcadia", "Amur" , "Libya", "Lily of the Valley" ne "Chameleon".
Izimbangela kanye ne-pathogen
Njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, i-Alternaria yisifo se-fungal esingathinta yonke indawo yomhlabathi yamagilebhisi. Ngenxa yezifo ezinjalo zokuzikhethela njenge-Alternaria enye ne-Alternaria tenussima, izitshalo ezibuthakathaka zihlanganiswa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-fungus kubangelwa ukushisa kwezinga eliphezulu nomswakama. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, lesi sifo siye sabelana ngokuphawulekayo nezinguquko zesimo sezulu futhi sesakaze ezivini ezihlukahlukene, kanti ubukhulu be-alternariosis buye banda.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Alternaria
Lapho isitshalo sesinqotshwa, kubalulekile ukulwa ukuqala ukwelashwa ukuze kungabi ngcono isimo bese umisa ukusabalala kwefungus kwezinye izitshalo. Cabanga indlela nokuthi kufanele ukhathaze kanjani i-Alternaria amagilebhisi, ukuze uthole umphumela wekhwalithi ephakeme kakhulu futhi unqande ukwanda kwe-fungus. 
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelashwa ezisezindlela zabo ezinhle futhi eziphumelelayo. Phakathi kwazo yizindlela ezithandwayo nezindlela zokwelashwa ngosizo lwamakhemikhali.
Izindlela zomphakathi
Izindlela zomphakathi ephumelela kakhulu ngezinhloso zokuvimbela, kunokuba ukwelapha, kodwa futhi kusetshenziswe njalo ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela we-fungus wezitshalo ezihlangene nokucubungula kwamakhemikhali.
Korovyak ngesimo sokumnika. Leli thuluzi lilungiswe ekhaya, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa u-3 kg wamanyolo ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi. Nika ingxube izinsuku ezingu-3, bese udlula esihlungi bese ufaka ukuhlanza ingxenye yomhlabathi. Leli thuluzi liyathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi, njengoba lingenalo izinto eziyingozi futhi liphephile kubantu nasezitshalweni. 
I-potassium permanganate Ukulungisa isixazululo, sebenzisa u-5 g womkhiqizo ngamanzi angu-11 l. Kubalulekile ukukhokha ngokukhethekile ukulungiswa kwesisombululo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushisa okunzima esihlahleni.
Kubalulekile! Uma uqaphela ukuthi isixazululo simnyama kakhulu (ngesisombululo esilungisiwe kahle umthunzi omnyama we-liquid uzolandelwa), khona-ke kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngamanzi.Ngemuva kokulungiselela, ingxenye yomhlabathi yezitshalo ezithintekile kufanele ihlungwe.
Ubisi Ukupheka kusho ukuthi kufanele usebenzise ingxenye eyodwa yobisi nezinxenye ezingu-10 zamanzi. Uketshezi olukhiphayo luzocubungula ingxenye esemhlabathini yesitshalo. Ngenxa yethonya lokukhanya kwelanga nokushisa okuphezulu kwemoya, ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwamabhaktheriya e-lactic acid kuzokwenzeka, okuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwe-fungus ebangela i-Alternaria. 
Insipho yokuhlanza nge-soda ash. Ukuze ukulungiselela leli thuluzi kufanele kusetshenziswe 30 g we-soda kanye no-30 g wesepha ngalinye ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi. Ngenxa yesimiso sefilimu esakhiwe ngemuva kokusebenzisa umkhiqizo esitshalweni, i-fungus ngeke ikwazi ukunqoba umkhawulo futhi izobhekana nemiphumela ye-alkali ye-soda. 
Amakhemikhali
Ukuze ususe ama-Alternaria amagilebhisi, kuphumelela kakhulu ukuphatha lesi sitshalo ngama-chemical agents.
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqale ukwelashwa uma uthola izimpawu ezicacile ze-Alternaria, okusho ukuthi lesi sifo sigeleza ngesimo esibi.
Kanjani usizo kulokhu kucubungula I-Bordeaux ingxube. Ukuze ukwelashwa kuphumelele futhi kungalimazi isitshalo, kubalulekile ukuthatha indlela enesibopho ekulungiseleleni ingxube.
Thola ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izifo ezivuthiwe amagilebhisi: i-oidium, i-anthracnose, i-chlorosis nesifo.
Kuyoba okulungile ukulungisa ukuxuba, ukugcina imithetho:
- Ukuzala kwe-sulphate yethusi kanye ne-lime kufanele kwenziwe ezitsheni ezahlukene.
- Ingxube ye-lime namanzi ixutshwe kahle futhi ihlungiwe.
- Isixazululo se-sulfate ye-copper kufanele sihlungiwe futhi i-lime encane yanezelwa.
Kubalulekile! Kungenzeka ukuhlola ukuthi uhlanjululwe yini i-vitriol nge-lime ngokuhlanganisa iziphuzo ngobuncane obuhlangene ndawonye. Uma ingxube ingasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuxhaphaza, konke kwenziwa ngokufanele futhi izingxenye ezinkulu zingaxubaniswa.
Ukucubungula kungenziwa ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zonyaka okhulayo. Ngokuvamile zenziwe zokwelashwa ezingu-6 ngezikhathi ezithile. Emva kokucubungula, ungaqala ukudla izithelo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-20 emva kokucubungula.
Izindlela eziphumelelayo kakhulu nezithandwayo zokucubungula amagilebhisi kubhekwa "Trichodermin". Kubalulekile ukulungiselela izindlela zokusebenzisa ngokuya emfundisweni yokupakisha. Phatha leli thuluzi kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokuqala kokuqala kwamaqabunga omvini. Kubalulekile ukucabangela izinga lokushisa emoyeni ngenkathi yokwelashwa, akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-15 ° C.
Ngemuva kokwelashwa nge-Trichodermine, ungasebenzisa amanye amalungiselelo amakhemikhali, aphikisiwe nezivini ezinezikhathi ezimbili zamasonto phakathi kwezokwelapha ezahlukene.
Ukuphumelela kusho ukuthi okungasetshenziswa ekulwa no-Alternaria, yilokhu: "Skor", "Kvadris", "I-Rapid Gold". 
Ukuvimbela
Ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka kwamagilebhisi nge-Alternaria, kuyadingeka:
- ngesikhathi esifanele ususe izinsalela eziphilayo;
- frayisa ngesisombululo seBordeaux ingxube ye-2%;
- ukondla njalo ngamaminerali amaminerali azokwenza ngcono ukukhukhumezeka;
- gcina imikhuba efanele yokulima ezivini.
Izinhlobo eziphikisayo
Ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka nge-Alternaria, amagilebhisi anconywa ukuba athole izinhlobo eziphikisana nesifo. Okwamanje, izinhlobo ezihlotshwe ngokukhethekile ezikwazi ukumelana nalezi fungi azikho. Kodwa uma i-Alternaria inesifana nezinye izifo, njenge-black rot kanye ne-altracnosis, kunconywa ukuba ukhethe amagilebhisi aphikisana nalezi zifo. Ungasebenzisa ukutshala:
- "Traminer";
- I-Cabernet Sauvignon;
- "Rkatsiteli";
- "Riesling".
Okwamanje akukho idatha ekubonakalweni kwe-Alternaria ku:- "Ukuphumelela kwe-Amur";
- "Amur Ukuqothula";
- "Amethyst";
- "Marinovsky".
