Phakathi kwazo zonke izitshalo zezimboni zihamba. Yiqiniso, amapulazi akhethekile amakhulu athatha indawo yokuqala ekulimeni kwabo, kodwa abanikazi bama-cottage ehlobo asezingeni eliphansi bayabafica kancane kancane. Abaningi banesithakazelo ekutholeni ukotini. Sithola okuningi mayelana nokuthi yikuphi ukotini nokuthi kubonakala kanjani.
Incazelo emfushane
Leli gama elivamile lezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zezitshalo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kwaqala ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-foci ezimbili - iNdiya neMelika. 
Bonke abameleli balesi siko bangomunye wezinhlanzi noma abaneminyaka emibili ubudala. Ukuphakama bangakwazi ukufika ku-2 m. I-rhizome eyinhloko ithuthukile kahle, iya ekujuleni kuka-30 cm.
Esikhathini esingezansi, ngaphansi kwenqubo yokukhula, amagatsha aseceleni (8-15) aqaliswa. Amagatsha ahlukaniswe ukukhula kanye nezithelo. Eyokuqala itholakala phansi kwe-stem futhi yaqala ngeso lengqondo. Izithelo zihamba ngaphezu kwazo, isimo sokuthambekela sincane. Kuyinto kubo emva ukubukeka izimbali izithelo amabhokisi akhiwa. 
Amahlumela ngesimo se-3 noma ama-lobes angu-5 ahlukile, futhi ama-petioles oblong abonakala kuwo. Ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, amagatsha esithelo akhula avela ezonweni zika 3-4 amaqabunga, kanti ezinhlotsheni zakamuva zivela ku-5-7 ngokulandelana.
Kubalulekile! Ikhokothi iyinhlanhla kakhulu. Imbewu ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ku-22 ° C ... + 24 ° C, kuyilapho ukuvuthwa okujwayelekile nokuvuna kudinga + 25 ° C ... + 30 ° C.
Izimbali ezinkulu ezinombala ohlukile (ngokuvamile ngokuvamile ezimhlophe noma eziphuzi) zinama-halo angu-3-5 amacembe kanye ne-calyx ene-double-toothed, lapho kuqalwe khona i-wrapper enkulu emithathu ethintekayo. Ngo-Julayi-Septemba ungabona ukuthi lezi zimbali zivuleka kanjani ekuseni, futhi kusondela ekudleni zivule kancane (ungabona izimbali zomcotini eziphumelelayo esithombeni). 
Ngemuva kokuthi umbala uguqulwe obala obomvu, izimbali zomile bese ziwa. NgoSeptemba no-Okthoba, izithelo ezinjengebhokisi ezenziwe ngebhokisi noma nxazonke zivuthwe. Kukhona izithelo ezinjalo ezingaba ngu-200 esikhungweni esisodwa.
Uma sesivuthiwe, ibhokisi liqhekeza futhi lidilize, imbewu engu-5-10 i-oval iphuma kulo, ihlanganiswe ngamagundane ama-5-45 mm ubude. Kusuka ebhokisini elilodwa ususe kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-10 g we-eluhlaza.
Izihlobo zekotoni ezivela emndenini waseMalvaceae ziyiMallow, Stockrose, i-Hibiscus.
Esikhathini sokuthengiswa kwezolimo, okubaluleke kunazo zonke izinhlobo ezine zekotoni:
- evamile (yena unguMexico);
- I-Peruvia;
- isihlahla;
- utshani.
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kuncike ezimweni zendawo, lapho zikhula khona uhlobo oluthile lwekotini. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu, iTranscaucasus ne-Asia Ephakathi, bavame ukuhlakulela umugqa ojwayelekile nge-stem ephezulu kanye namafayili amafushane. Izinhlobo ezisele ze-latitudes zethu zibhekwa njenge "exotics."Uyazi? Izinhlobo eziguqulwa nge-genetically azigcini kuphela, kodwa zihlonywa ngokugcwele. Isibonelo, e-Australia, isabelo sabo ezitshalweni singaphezu kwama-80%, futhi abalimi bafinyelela kulokhu okuphawulekayo ngo-2004.
Faka endaweni yokujikeleza
Isihluthulelo sokuvuna okuhle ukusetshenziswa kwe-alfalfa ekushintsheni kwezitshalo. Lesi siko sithuthukisa ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, kusiza ukuqoqa ama-humus. Ngemva kokufika kwawo, umhlabathi uthola amanzi amaningi, ukujikeleza kwomoya okuvamile endaweni engenhla.
Le "insimu eningi" ibonakala kanje: 6-7 amasimu wekotini "alungiswe" yi-2-3 alfalfa massifs. Uma i-alfalfa ingahlwanyelwe, ungakhathazeki: noma yikuphi okusanhlamvu kanye nemifino kubhekwa njengabahlezi bokuqala endaweni. Lokhu kusebenza nakwezinyosi zezinyosi kanye nommbila. 
Umsebenzi wokulungiselela
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kufanele ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi kuphi, lapho inhlabathi, ukotini ikhula kahle.
Ikhetho elihle liyoba izwe ngaphandle kasawoti "ukuhamba kwezimoto." Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele angcwatshwe ngokujulile - amanzi angamanzi angathandeki. Inhlabathi kuyodingeka ifakwe esimweni esifunyiwe kusukela ekwindla, ngezigaba eziningana.
Kubalulekile! Ukutshala ukujikeleza uma kwenzeka ukotini kungumhlahlandlela owenziwe ngokwengeziwe kakhulu wokulima. I-Agronomists ibalwa ukuthi uma kwenzeka "ushintsho" ne-alfalfa, cishe u-20% we-total consumption of water kanti okungenani amaphesenti angama-35 emanyolo agcinwa ekunakekeleni.
Ukulungiswa komhlaba
Izenzakalo ezinjalo zinciphisa izenzo ezilandelayo:
- Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti nasekuqaleni kukaSeptemba, umhlaba onikezwe izitshalo ushicilelwe. Lokhu kwenziwa emva kokuvuna i-alfalfa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umlimi uyancipha kancane, ngo-5-6 (enhlabathini eyindayo - kuze kufike ku-10) ubone. Kubalulekile ukususa imbewu esele nokhula.
- Lokhu kulandelwa ukulima okuyinhloko ekwindla. Amapulazi omlimi we-amabili-tier asetshenziselwa ukujula kwama-40 cm.
- Ngokufanayo nokulima, ukwelashwa kwe-herbicide kungasetshenziswa. Indlela yokushisa ukhula nama-rhizomes ayo asetshenziswa kakhulu.
- Inhlabathi enomhlabathi iyahlanzwa futhi ikhululiwe futhi (ngokulima noma umlimi).
- Umjikelezo wezakhi zentwasahlobo uqala ngomunyu womlenze womabili. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibucayi senziwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili kaFebhuwari.
- Inhlabathi engcolile idliwe ngomquba olandelwa ukulima.
- Isigaba sokugcina "isigaba" ngumlimi ojule ngo 5-8 cm.
Abalimi abaningi bachitha ukuchelela kwasebusika, okuhambisana nenhlabathi. Ngemuva komswakama onjalo entwasahlobo (ngisho nangaphambi kokudabukisa), kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isithukuthezi senziwe. Lena yindlela yokulima okungenasimo komhlaba ekujuleni kwe-8-15 cm kanye nokufakwa okulandelayo kwe-harrow. 
Ukulungiselela imbewu
Esikoleni kukhona izinga eliphakeme, impahla enemigomo yembewu eqoqwe iqhwa. Izinhlobonhlobo zodwa zinikeza isivuno esizinzile - abantu "abaqanjiwe" abakwazi ukusinda.
Amalungiselelo aphethwe yizindlela zomshini noma zamakhemikhali. Okokuqala ukukhipha i-pad (okuyingxenye noma egcwele). "I-Chemistry" yanciphisa ukwelashwa ngamaphule we-hydrochloric noma i-sulfuric acid.
Uyazi? Ikhokhethi yafika eYurophu kunalokho sekwephuzile - amaGreki ayengokuqala ukuyizama ngo-350 BC. E-India, baqala ukuhlakulela isitshalo esiwusizo ekhulwini le-7 BC, nakuba abaseGibithe, abaye baqonda ukusebenza kwawo phakathi nonyaka we-3 weminyaka BC, babhekwa njengamaphayona.
Ukushisa okubalulekile nokushisa umoya:
- Imbewu ibamba emoyeni izinsuku ezingu-20-30.
- Ukuze i-disinfection ithathe i-trichlorophenol ithusi noma i-65% fentiuram (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-12 kg / 1 t).
- Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, basuke benamanzi amahora angu-9-10. Le nqubo ivame ukufakwa esikhundleni sokugcoba (3 zokwelapha ezine-8-12 amahora). Kulesi simo, amathani ayi-1-6 ayithatha amanzi angama-500-600 l.
Lapho amalungiselelo eseqedile, udinga ukulinda ukushisa bese uqala ukuhlwanyela. 
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu
Ukushisa komhlabathi okuhle kakhulu kokutshala okuphumelelayo okungenani + 12 ° C ... + 14 ° C. Akufanele ugijime - enhlabathini ebandayo imbewu izofa nje.
Iphethini lokuhlwanyela lixhomeke endleleni ekhethiwe, kodwa kunoma yikuphi, ukuhlukaniswa komugqa akusilo ngaphansi kuka-60 cm. Nazi izibonelo zezinhlelo ezinjalo:
- 60x25 (ekahle ngemodi enezinhlamvu);
- I-60x45 ye-emakhadini angama-rectangular;
- 60x60 nge-square-cluster indlela;
- sebenzisa izitshalo ezisezingeni elibanzi ngesilinganiso se-90x15 ("isinyathelo" singanyuka sibe ngu-20 noma 30 cm).
Kubalulekile! Isitshalo ngokwawo sincike kwimingcele yokuhlwanyela. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokusebenzisa umgwaqo (ngokususwa kwengqimba ephezulu ye-5 cm) inikeza inzuzo yesisindo ekuqoqweni okuyisisekelo kwama-quintals amathathu ngehektare.
Esikhathini esihle sembewu engu-2-3, ukujula kokunamathiswa komhlabathi owomileyo okwegreyimu ku-4-5 cm (emadolobheni noma emanzini kuthatha amancane: 3-4 cm).
Izinga lokusebenzisa lixhomeke endleleni ekhethiwe, kodwa kukhethwe ukuze kukhishwe ukwehlisa isikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo. Lesi sibalo singashintsha kusuka ku-40 kuya ku-70 kg / ha. Izitshalo ezincane zidinga kakhulu kunezinhlobo zokushicilela - isibonelo, ama-40-42 kg we "imbewu ehlanzekile" adingekayo ehektheleni elilodwa, kanti "u-fluffy" endaweni efanayo udinga okungenani ama-60 kg. Ukutshala kwezitshalo - kusuka ku-80 kuya ku-120 000 / ha. 
Imigqa ngokushesha iphathwa nge-coranoil engu-80%. I-1.5-3.5 kg yalomkhiqizo yengezwa ngamalitha angu-100 amanzi (i-hekthare evamile), futhi ingxube ifakwe ngendwangu ebanzi (30 cm).
Ukunakekela izitshalo
Ngokuhlwanyela konke kucacile, manje sekuyisikhathi sokubona ukuthi kakade "ukuthathwa" ukotini kukhula nokuthi yini ekunakekeleni ngayo.
Ukunisela kudingekile ukulinganisela, kokubili ukumboza okuvamile nokufafaza kufanelekile. Ukukhula okujwayelekile kwezimpande, 2 ukuchelela kwenziwa: owokuqala lapho amaqabunga ama-3-5 avela, kanti eyesibili kwezinsuku ezingu-20-25 kamuva, esigabeni sokuhluma. Izimbali kanye nokubonakala kwezithelo kudinga ukuhlanza kakhulu: 6-7 "cubes" emasimini angu-1 "weave". Ukumiswa kokugcina kwenziwa ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezingu-5-7 ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga awe.
Uyazi? Ukuhlola indwangu, ethathwe emathuneni kaFaros, ochwepheshe bathola ukuthi ukulingana kwabo kufana nezintambo ezingu-500 ngamasentimitha. Okungukuthi, ziyizikhuni kunezembatho zanamuhla (350 n / intshi)!Okubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukulimaokuyinto eyenziwa ngezimpendulo eziningana ngenkathi ngayinye:
- Okokuqala - kuya ekujuleni kwe 8-10 cm (ngokushesha nje lapho amahlumela avela).
- "Ikholi" elandelayo ngaphambi kokunisela kokuqala.
- Njengoba inhlabathi iyoma ngemuva kokuphuza.
Ngendlela ephakathi kwesiteji, 12-15 cm isethwe, ezihlahleni - efanayo 8-10 cm. 
Ngokuba i-mulching cishe noma yikuphi ukuhlanganisa kufanelekile. Yiqiniso, okukhethiwe "okuphilayo". Indlu yokuhlala yemvelo ethandwa kakhulu ihlala emanzini. Igcina kahle umswakama, kodwa nayo inomphumela - ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu (25 kg nge "weave" yezitshalo). Uhlobo lufanelekile ezindaweni ezincane, kodwa abalimi ngokuvamile bagwema utshani obuncitshiwe ngenxa yobungozi bezinambuzane.
Ukulawula ukhula futhi kuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwama-herbicide formulations. Uma ukhetha amathuluzi anjalo kufanelekile ukucabangela iminyaka yezitshalo, isigaba sokukhula nesimo sezulu.
Kuyafana okufanayo izinambuzane. Amafosholo kanye nezibungu, ama-aphid nama-moths awanandaba nezixazululo ezibuthakathaka, kuyilapho "amakhemikhali" aqinile kungalungile kwezitshalo nomhlabathi. Njengoba kungenzeka ngangokunokwenzeka lezo zikwelapha zigwetshwa. Isiza kanye nokubhujiswa okwesikhashana kwezihlahla ezikhuthele kakhulu.
Umanyolo
Ukotini udinga ukondliwa futhi uphendule kahle uma kwenziwa kahle. Nazi izigaba eziyinhloko zokudla kwonyaka:
- Isicelo somquba sokumisa (okungenani ithoni 1 kuyodingeka ihektare elilodwa). Ngokuvamile kufakwe indawo ye-compost emithini efanayo. Qinisekisa ukwengeza i-phosphorus oxide (20 kg) ne-potassium (55-60 kg). Ukwelashwa okunjalo kusebenza ngokukhethekile emhlabathini obuthakathaka noma lapho iziphequluli zokudla.
- Ukugqoka kokuqala kwezitshalo kuwela esigabeni sokukhula kweqabunga. Ku-15-17 cm ukusuka emgqeni futhi ngaphansi kuka-2-4 cm emgodini wokunisela, i-nitrogen isetshenziswa (35-50 kg / ha).
- Ngesikhathi kuhlanganiswa ama-potassium compounds (50-60 kg we-potassium oxide izokwanela). Kodwa okuningi sebevele bebuyela emuva - okungaphansi kwe-22 cm ukusuka emgqeni, behla okungenani 4 cm kusukela "emanzini".
- Izimbali ziwuphawu oluthile lwe-phosphorus, ngokuvamile lithatha 25-27 kg.
Kubalulekile! I-nitrojeni ilulekwa ukuba yenza amasheya ama-fractional: 25% wezinga lonyaka ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kanti okusele - kwasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kokuhlwanyela kanye nezithako zonyaka.
Ukuvuna
Iqoqo linguSepthemba-Okthoba. Amabhokisi (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinkulu) avuthwe futhi avuleke ngokungenalutho, ngakho kufanele usebenzise izindlela ezahlukene. 
Uma okungenani amabhokisi amabili kuwo wonke amagatsha avuleka ngobuningi bezitshalo, enza ukuguqulwa kwamanzi. Akufani nokukhipha amaqabunga ngaphambi kokuqoqa. Inzuzo yenkambiso enjalo yukuthi ivimbela ukusabalala kwezifo nezinambuzane ezikuyo ezihlahleni kumashidi.
Ukwenza lokhu, sebenzisa lawa mathuluzi:
- Ingxube ye-sodium silicofluoride ne-calcium cyanamide ngesilinganiso se-2: 1. I-Cyanamide engekho kuka-40 kg / ha.
- I-magnesium chlorate (9-10 kg / ha).
- I-chlorate-chloride calcium, ehamba kancane kancane.
Uyazi? Uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha ngokulima kwalesi sitshalo nokukhiqizwa kwezindwangu, izibalo zibalwe ukuthi umakhelwane ngamunye emhlabeni usebenzisa okungenani u-7 kg wekotoni ngonyaka.
Lapho ulungiselela ukucubungula, khumbula ukuthi zonke izidakamizwa, ngaphandle kwe-cyanamide, zomile izitshalo ngokuqinile. Zonke lezi zixazululo zikhuthaza ukukhula kwezibhamu, ngaleyo ndlela "ziqhubekele" izihlahla ezikhula kancane. 
Ukuhlanza ngokwayo kwenziwa ngomuntu noma ngomshini. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa kuphela emva kokungenani okungenani ama-55-60% wezithelo avuliwe.
Ngokunakekelwa okuvamile, cishe ama-centre angu-27-30 asetshenziselwa izinto ezibandayo asuswa ehektheleni ngalinye.
Kubalulekile! Uma ushiya, ukulima okuphakathi komugqa kuphakathi. Uma ungakunaki lokhu, izimpande zivele "zivaliwe."
Ukusebenzisa kabusha
Ngemuva kokuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo eziwusizo ukotini olukhulile, futhi sizosiza ekugcineni kwesigaba sokugcina.
Ukucubungula izinto ezibonakalayo kuyinkqubo ende futhi enzima. Kuhilela kokubili ochwepheshe kanye nezinamba eziningi zobuchwepheshe. 
Ngamafuphi, indlela esuka ekuqoqweni ukuya ekutholeni izingubo zibukeka sengathi:
- Izinto ezidayiswayo zihanjiswa kumaphoyinti okuqoqa noma ngokuqondile inkampani. Isinyathelo sokuqala siqoqa ukugoqa emhlabathini omile.
- Emva kokuvuna ukotini kungumxube wezintambo kanye nembewu, lapho udoti oluningi luthinte khona. Emagumbini akhethekile, amafayili ahlukaniswe nanoma yikuphi ukungcola.
- Khona-ke i-fibre ende kakhulu ikhethiwe (okungenani 20 cm). Lokhu kuyinto ehlanzekile kakade. Izinto ezidayiswa isikhathi eside kunama-25 cm zibhekwa njengeziphezulu, zivunyelwe izingubo, ilineni elincanyana kanye nokulala. Okuncishisiwe yiboya bokotini bekotoni kanye nezinxenye zeziqhumane.
Kubonakala kubonakala kulula, kodwa empeleni kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu odinga amadivaysi abizayo.
Manje, ukunakekela ikotini akuyona imfihlo kubafundi bethu. Sithemba ukuthi inqubo yokuhlwanyela ngeke ibe nzima. Izithelo ezinhle!
