Enye yezitha eziyingozi kakhulu zamagilebhisi yisifo somuthi wefungal. Abalimi abaningi bebelokhu bezama ukulwa nalesi sifo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12, kodwa hhayi wonke umuntu ophumelelayo.
Ake sibheke izimbangela zokubonakala kwesifo futhi sithole ukuthi singabhekana kanjani nalo.
Incazelo kanye nengozi yokugula
I-Mildew (noma i-downy isikhutha) ingenye ye-pathologies eyingozi kunazo zonke ze-fungal zezinhlobo zezithelo zaseYurophu. Lesi sifo sashaya izivini zaseNgilandi ngo-1834. Bayiletha kanye namagilebhisi amasha avela eNyakatho Melika. Ngesikhathi esifushane isikhutha sanda kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ukuncipha okukhulu kwezivuno zamagilebhisi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20 kubangelwa ukubonakala kwe-downy powdery isikhutha.
Kubalulekile! Izilwane ezinjenge-mushroom ezivela emndenini wasePeronosporov ezibangela i-downy powdery isikhutha zibizwa ngokuthi i-oomycetes.Izindawo ezicacisiwe zikhonjiswe emaqabunga omvini wegciwane. Amaqabunga amancane enza amabala amancane azungeze umbala ophuzi owoyela, kuyilapho amaqabunga asebekhulile enza ama-angular amabala emithanjeni. Lapho isikhutha sezulu esifudumele nesifudumele siqala ukuqhubeka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, engxenyeni engezansi yeqabunga, ngaphansi kwezindawo ezithintekile, ibonakala i-gray-white, i-shiny fluff ye-mycelium.
Zonke ezinye izingxenye zalesi sitshalo zithinteka ngendlela efanayo: izimpondo, izintuthwane, amathiphu okudubula, ama-inflorescences namadiriya amancane. Ama-inflorescences abathintekile aphenduka aphuzi futhi aphethwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bakha mnyama futhi bome. Amajikijolo akhulelwe, ubukhulu bawo afinyelela usayizi wepea, uqale ukukhula obunundu, bese ukhula futhi ufe (amajikijolo anjalo abizwa ngokuthi "isikhumba", ngemuva kokutheleleka asisakwazi ukudla noma ukwenza iwayini). 
Ezimweni eziningi, amaqabunga agciwane awela ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi amahlumela abathintekayo aphelile.Uyazi? U-Edward Tucker - oyedwa ososayensi bokuqala abazama ukunqoba isikhwama se-downy powdery. Ukuze asuse isikhutha, wasikisela ukusebenzisa isixazululo esinomsoco sulfure ne-hydrated lime.Ukuze "ukuxosha" isikhutha emagilebini, udinga ama-agent ekhemikhali ekhethekile, ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukulwa nalo nezinye izitshalo.
Izimbangela ze-downy isikhutha
Isifo se-pathogen singeqembu le-fungi le-powdery isikhunta isikhunta futhi sisondelene kakhulu nomkhumbi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-peronospora yama-hops kanye nokuphazamisa okukhatshana kwamazambane. Lapho kuhlanganiswa i-nuclei yamadoda neyesifazane ye-hyphae, kuhlanganiswa ama-zoospores, angakwazi ukunqoba amaqabunga awela amagilebhisi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezikhethekile.
Kuwo wonke amahlobo ehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla, ama-oospores akhiqiza ngenkuthalo emaqabeni abathintekayo. Babenodonga olunzulu olunzulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kulula ukubekezelela ukushisa okubandayo nokumanzi. 
Ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, lapho inhlabathi isalokhu imanzi, kodwa izinga lokushisa lomoya emini liyisenani okungenani + 8ºС, ama-zoospores angena esigabeni esisebenzayo. Bakha ithubhu eyodwa yenhlanhla ngayinye, ekugcineni kwayo enye i-sporangium eyodwa. Uma ngosizo lwemvula, umoya noma inkungu lokhu i-sporangia iwela egqabeni lamagilebhisi, liyophula igobolondo futhi likhulule ama-zoospores angaphezu kuka-60.
Lezi zinyosi ezincane ze-plasma ziqala ukuhamba emanzini amachiza ngosizo lwe-flagella. Lapho bethola i-stomata, bakha i-tubbule kulokhu okukhula phakathi kwezicubu futhi kubangele ukutheleleka okuyinhloko.
Kubalulekile! Ngesikhathi sokushisa kuka-26 ... + 27 ºС nomswakama ophezulu, isikhutha singathinta amagilebhisi ngehora elilodwa nje.Inqubo yokutheleleka kweqabunga lomvini enempilo kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu ekushiseni kwama-20 ... +27 ºС. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-sporangia izoba nesikhathi sokuthelela isihlahla somvini phakathi kwamahora angu-4-7. Emazingeni okushisa ngezansi + 8 ° C nangaphezulu + 30 ° C, i-sporangia ayikwazi ukukhula, ngakho-ke ukutheleleka akukwenzeka.
Ngosizo lwe-haustoria, i-hyphae ikhula ngokushesha futhi ithole zonke izakhi ezidingekayo kumaseli amagilebhisi.Isikhathi sokutshala isikhathi sithatha izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kwezingu-18, kuye ngezikhathi nezimo zezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, amabala amafutha akhiwa emaqabunga, abonisa ukulimala kwamaseli omvini.
Uyazi? Ekuqaleni kuka-1854, ukukhiqizwa kwewayini eFrance kwehle kusuka kuma-hectoliters ayizigidi ezingama-54 kuya kwezi-10 (1 hectoliter = amalitha ayi-100). Icala lazo zonke kwakuyi-downy powdery isikhutha, okwabhubhisa ingxenye enkulu yezivini ezigwini lolwandle iMedithera.Isikhathi sokugubha siphumelela kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-sporangia ukushaya amagilebhisi kuze kuvele izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kwayo, i-fungus igxile kakhulu esihlahleni bese iqala izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kwenzeka ebusuku uma umswakama uphakeme futhi izinga lokushisa aliphansi kune +12 ºС.
Esikhathini esizayo, kutholakala i-fluff emhlophe emhlophe, okuyiqembu elikhulu lama-branched, izinyoni ezinjenge-sporiferous. Vumela i-sporangia ivele ekupheleni kwayo. Ngomoya ophefumula kancane, lezi sporangia ziyahamba yonke indawo.
Ukuze uvikele ingadi yakho, kuyokusiza ukuba ufunde nge-peony, iplamu, i-geranium, ama-canon, azizwa ama-cherries, ne-cypress ngezifo nezinambuzane.Uma isimo sezulu somile futhi sishisa, bafa masinyane (cishe ezinsukwini ezintathu), kodwa uma kuvula imvula futhi i-sporangia ihlezi emaqabunga amagilebhisi ngamaconsi, ngokushesha ihlasela isitshalo. Umjikelezo onjalo ungabuyekezwa izikhathi ezingu-6-8 ehlobo. Kodwa futhi, kuncike ngesimo sezulu.
Indlela yokubhekana nesifo samagilebhisi
Abalimi abaningi abaqala ukutshala isitshalo ezweni labo, abazi ukuthi bangaphatha kanjani amagilebhisi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuqeda lesi sifo: ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali nokusebenzisa amakhambi abantu.
Ukulungiselela
Ngokuvame ukwelashwa kwe-downy isikhutha usebenzisa isisombululo sulfulus sulphate. Ukupuniza amaqabunga kwenza isisombululo esibuthakathaka, kodwa uma kufanele uphefise iziqu ezinobuthi, sebenzisa ukwakheka okugcwele kakhulu nge-sulphate yethusi.
Kubalulekile! Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamakhemikhali afanayo kungabangela ukulutha emkhunjini. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uphumelele kakhulu ukulwa nalesi sifo, akukhuthazwa ukusebenzisa imithi eyodwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesithathu ngesikhathi ngasinye.Ukufafaza amagilebhisi kungaba yile ndlela:
- I-Burgundian noma i-Bordeaux liquid. Lezi zixazululo zingasulwa zonke izingxenye zomvini. Ukuze kulungiswe amaphesenti angu-1 eBordeaux, i-lime esanda kumuncu (120 g) yethusi sulfate (amagremu angu-100) futhi amanzi (10 amalitha) asetshenziswa. Ukuze ulungise isisombululo se-3%, udinga ukuthatha ama-vitriol kathathu futhi kathathu uketshezi, amalitha angu-10 wamanzi. Izingxube zanoma yikuphi ukucubungula nazo zilungiselelwe (inani lemithako ngalinye ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi abalwa, azi ukuthi zingakanani izithako ezidingekayo kwisisombululo se-1%). Ukuze ulungise ukubunjwa kokuhlushwa okulungile, udinga ukusebenzisa i-nail: uma ngabe i-nail iphenduka ebomvu uma iyancishiswa emanzini alungisiwe, isixazululo siphezulu kakhulu, futhi udinga ukwengeza amanzi amancane noma i-lime. Ukulungiselela amanzi amabili wegazi burgundy oyodinga: i-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (amagremu angu-400), i-soda ash (350 amagremu) namanzi (ama-20 amalitha). Ukuze uhlole isisombululo sokulungiselela kahle, ungasebenzisa iphepha elibomvu litmus. Uma wehliselwa esixazululweni, kufanele ihlale ibomvu.
- I-Chloroxide ithusi. Izitolo ezikhethekile zithengisa amaphesenti angama-90 e-powder anamanzi (ama-40-50 amagremu ahlanjululwa ngamalitha ayishumi amanzi futhi aphethwe ngamagilebhisi).
- I-silicate ye-Copper. Ukuze ulungise lesi sombululo, udinga ukuthenga i-sulphate yethusi (amaphesenti amabili) nesisombululo se-silicate glue (amaphesenti angu-4). I-glue idinga ukuthululwa ku-vitriol futhi ihlanganiswe (kodwa hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho, kungenjalo ukumiswa okungazinzile kuzovela). Ekugcineni, une-liquid eluhlaza okomnyama. Isivivinyo sokuhlushwa senziwa ngephepha elinemfucumfucu. Uma wehliselwa esixazululweni, kufanele ihlale kancane pink.
- Cishe zonke izilungiselelo ezisekelwe ngethusi ziwusizo oluhle kakhulu wesikhutha, ikakhulukazi, nokunqotshwa kwamagilebhisi. Izixazululo eziningi zithengiswa ngokushesha: "Tsiram", "Zineb", "Kaptan", "Kuprozan", njll.
- Izidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-lime nesulfure: "Planriz", "Alirin-b".
Uyazi? Ngesihlandlo sokuqala eFrance, isikhuthazane sathola umuthi we-mycologist C. Montana. Uthole umkhondo we-fungus ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zaseVersailles ngo-1848, emva kwalokho, phakathi neminyaka emibili, i-fungus yasakaza ensimini yasePortugal naseNaples.
Amakhambi omphakathi
Ukwelapha isikhumba se powdery powdery kungaba izikhambi zabantu. Awudingi ukuthenga amakhemikhali ahlukene, wenze izixazululo eziqinile futhi uzihlole ukuze uhlungwe. Nazi ezinye zezindlela zokwelapha izindlela zendabuko:
- I-tincture yamapulangwe ash. Ukuze uzilungiselele uzodinga: 1 kg wezinkuni namanitha angu-10 amanzi. I-tincture igcinwa endaweni emnyama izinsuku ezingu-7. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungakwazi ukuhlanza amaqabunga amagilebhisi ezinhlangothini zombili. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngezimpawu zokuqala zokugula. Lesi sixazululo singagcina impande yesitshalo ngokuthulula inhlabathi ezungeze amagilebhisi kuso.
- Isixazululo se-potassium permanganate. Ebhekheni lamanzi faka isipuni se-potassium permanganate bese uphefaza isisombululo esilandelayo namahlamvu emaceleni. Ngenkathi zimanzi, zingaba yimpuphu ne "powder" eziphuma emkhuni.
- I-dill nayo ingahlwanyelwa ezungeze amagilebhisi. Kuyasiza ekulwa nomkhuhlane, futhi uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka - kunciphisa inani lemithi edingekayo.
Kubalulekile! Akunqatshelwe ukuhlanza amagilebhisi ngesikhathi sokubhakabhaka nge-Bordeaux liqukethe kakhulu (izimbali zingase "zishise"). Isixazululo esihle kakhulu siyoba amaphesenti angu-1.
Isenzo sokuvimbela
Enye yezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezisemqoka ekulwa nomphunga ukusika izidumbu ezindala zomvini. Itshiswa kanye namaqabunga ewa ekwindla. Lokhu kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuphindaphinda okusha entwasahlobo. Ngemuva kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuphatha ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nomhlabathi oseduze, besebenzisa isisombululo sulfate esensimbi noma yethusi.
Izenzo zokuvimbela zihlanganisa izigaba eziningana zokucubungula amagilebhisi avela esikhunjeni ngesikhathi sokukhula, futhi ukupuniza kungcono kakhulu okwenziwe ngesimo sezulu esomile. Ngokuvame ukuhlanganyela ekucubunguleni ekuqaleni kwaphakathi kwehlobo. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwefafaza: 
- Isikhathi esiphezulu siyoba yisikhathi lapho ama-inflorescences ayingxenye encane. Ukupompa ngokusebenzisa i-Bordeaux liquid 1.5% noma 2%;
- Ukusifiphaza kwesibili kwenziwa emva kokuvuna kwamagilebhisi. Sebenzisa ikhambi elifanayo i-Bordeaux fluid, kuphela okugxilwe kakhulu (amaphesenti angu-1);
- Ukuhlunga okwesithathu kwenziwa ngemuva kokuba usayizi wamagilebhisi ufinyelele ubukhulu bama-peas amancane. Sebenzisa isisombululo esifanayo njengokwesiphilisi sesibili;
- Ukufafaza kokugcina ngenhloso yokuvimbela kwenziwa ngezinsuku ezingu-10-12 emva kokwelashwa okwesithathu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa isisombululo se-oxychloride yethusi (amaphesenti angu-0.4). Ukulungiselela uketshezi olunjalo, kufanele uthenge iphakheji nge-copper oxchloride powder (40 amagremu). Okuqukethwe konke esikhwameni kuhlanjululwa ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi futhi kuhlanganiswe kahle, emva kwalokho ungaqala ukuphalaza.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokusika izihlahla ezifana ne-plum, i-apricot, i-apula, i-cherry, i-peach izihlahla.Ukuvimbela okunjalo kuzosebenza kuphela uma amagilebhisi avuselelwa kahle futhi anqunywe. Kulesi simo, uma uphefaza isixazululo sizowela phezu kweqabunga ngalinye, futhi ubhubhise yonke i-pathogenic fungal sporangia.
Hlanganisa: izinhlobo zemagilebhisi ezinamandla kakhulu
Ukuze uthole isibonelo esicacile sokumelana kwezinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezifweni ezihlukahlukene zefungal, kubandakanya isikhutha, isilinganiso samaphuzu amahlanu senziwa:
- Amaphuzu angu-0 - ukuvikelwa okuphelele kwe-100% kuzo zonke izifo. Okwamanje, izinhlobo ezinjalo azikho, kodwa ababelethi baseDutch baye babika ukuthi basebenza kulokhu, umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka.
- Iphuzu elingu-1 - isitshalo sinomkhuhlane omkhulu futhi cishe asithinteki yi-downy powdery isikhutha. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zitshalo azidingi ukwelashwa kwe-prophylactic. Lesi sigaba singezokuthi "i-Vitis Riparia" - idijithali elivuthiwe kakhulu. Kodwa ikhula ngamaqoqo amancane ngamajikijolo amancane okwesibhakabhaka, ngakho-ke akusiyo isetshenziselwa ukudla.
- Amaphoyinti angu-2 - izinhlobo eziphikisanayo ezingathinteka kuphela kwisimo sezulu esibi kakhulu isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kokwelashwa eziningana, isikhutha sishabalale ngaphandle kokulandelela. Lesi sigaba sikhiqiza izinhlobo ezinamagilebhisi ezilandelayo: "Clairette Bulbasa", "December", "Arch". Ezinye izazi ze-agronomists zinikeza i-"Arch" 1.5 amaphuzu (kusukela ohlwini lwezinhlobonhlobo zetafula ezimnandi kunazo zonke, yiyona evikelekile kunazo zonke kusuka e-downy powdery isikhutha).
- Amaphuzu angu-3 - izinhlobo zokuphikiswa okuphakathi zidinga 2-3 ama-sprays angashadile phakathi nenkathi ekhulayo. Amamaki amathathu athola izinhlobo ezilandelayo: Bianca, Moldova, Victoria, Augustine, Timur, Arcadia, Talisman, Lora, Danko, Rusmol, Viorica, "Murom", "Riesling Magaracha" nabanye.
- Amaphuzu angu-4 - izinhlobo ezikhungathekile ezidinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile emkhunjini. Spray zidinga izikhathi ezingu-4-5 ngesikhathi ngasinye. Ukunakekelwa okungalungile kufa kusuka ku-25 ukuya ku-50% yesitshalo. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjalo: "Rkatsiteli", "Aligote", "Cabernet".
- Amaphuzu angu-5 - izinhlobo ezingavikelekile ngesikhathi sokuvikela amakhemikhali zingalahlekelwa yi-50 kuya ku-100% yesitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isitshalo singafa ngokuphelele. Lezi zinhlobo zidinga ukuba zifakwe njalo emavikini angu-1.5 kuya kwangu-2 phakathi nenkathi ekhulayo. Amakilasi amahlanu athole izinhlobo ezilandelayo: "Kishmish Khishrau", "iKhadidi", "Rizamat".
Uyazi? Isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi u-Becquerel naye wabamba iqhaza ekwakheni izindlela zokulwa nomkhuhlane. Uhlongoze ukusebenzisa isisombululo sulfulin sulfur ukubhubhisa i-fungus ecacisiwe.Okwamanje, osomabhizinisi abaningi bazama ukusebenzisa izinhlobo zemagilebhisi ngamaphuzu amabili noma amathathu. Uma kungenjalo, kukhona ingozi yokulahlekelwa kwezitshalo ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abafuyi baqhubeka bezama ukuveza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuvuna zamagilebhisi, ezothola amaphuzu we-zero, kodwa ngeke zilahlekelwe ikhwalithi yayo yetafula.
