IMedlar iyisitshalo sezithelo esihlala sikhona noma esiqabulayo esivela emndenini wePink. Ungowe-subfamily Yablonevye futhi utholakala ngaphansi kwamagama lokva, sheses ne-eriobotria. Izitshalo zihlala ezifundeni eziseningizimu ne mpumalanga ye-Asia (kusuka eJapan kuye e-Abkhazia). Emakhaya, izithelo ze-medlar ziyaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Zaziswa kakhulu ngokunambitheka kwazo nokuphulukiswa kwezakhiwo. Kepha ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kakhulu, bambalwa abantu abazi ngalesi sitshalo, ngoba izithelo azikulungele ukuthuthwa. Eqinisweni, akunzima kangako ukukhulisa i-medlar engadini ngisho nasekhaya.
Incazelo yeBotanical
I-Medlar isihlahla esingapheli noma ukuphakama okukhulu kwama-4-8 m ukuphakama. Ukukhula konyaka minyaka yonke kunamandla kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-7. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50. Uhlelo lwezimpande luhlotshiswe kakhulu, lubekwe eduze komhlabathi. Amagatsha embozwe ngombala onsundu omnyama, acishe abe mnyama, amagxolo. Amahlumela amasha anombala obomvu-grey futhi azizwa eyi-pubescence.
Amaqabunga amakhulu amakhulu wesimo esidlulile noma esisebusheni angama-pubescent noma acwebezelayo. Ingaphezulu lesikhumba linzima kakhulu uma lithintwa. Phakathi kwamahlamvu amahlamvu ancibilikile, avuvukala. Ubude bophahla bufika ku-30 cm, kanti ububanzi bungama-8 cm. Amaqabunga anombala oluhlaza oluhlaza ngokulinganayo.
Izimbali ziqala entwasahlobo (Ephreli-Meyi) noma ekwindla (Okthoba-Novemba). Emajumeni amaqabunga amagatsha asencane noma angonyaka ophelile, panicles ezishubile ziyaqhakaza ukhilimu noma izimbali ezimhlophe 1-2 cm ubukhulu. I-corolla ngayinye inama-petals angama-5 amahhala, ama-ovari angama-2-3 nama-stamens angama-40. Izimbali ziveza iphunga elimnandi elimnandi ngamacebo we-alimondi.
Emavikini ambalwa ngemuva kokuqhakaza, izithelo ezinamanzi zesimo se-oval, esimise okombala noma esiyindilinga ziyavuthwa. Ububanzi bawo buba malunga nama-cm ayi-6- 6. Maphakathi nendawo kunezinhlamvu ezinkulu ezinesikhumba esinsundu. Izithelo ziqukethe uginindela ophuzi noma owolintshi. I-medlar berry iyahleleka. Inokunambitheka okumnandi nokumuncu futhi ngasikhathi sinye kubukeka njenge-apula, eliphakathi kwe-sitrobheli. I-peel yezithelo incane futhi ilimaze kalula, ngakho-ke ivame ukudliwa isha, ingagcinwanga futhi ingathuthwa.
Izinhlobo zeMedlar
Iqembu eliphansi kakhulu le-medlar linezinhlobo ezi-3 kuphela. Kulezi, ama-2 asetshenziswa engadini.
I-Medlar Japanese. Lesi sitshalo ngesimo sesihlahla esikhulayo esifinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 ukuphakama sinamagatsha amancanyana ambozwe ngamagxolo amnyama. Amahlamvu e-oval afinyelela ku-25 cm ubude nama-7-8 cm ububanzi anendawo yesikhumba eyi-pubescent. Amahlamvu akhula kuma-petioles amancane. Ukwethusana kwe-inflorescences kuqhakaza ngoSepthemba-Okthoba emaphethelweni amahlumela. Ziqukethe izimbali ezimhlophe noma eziphuzi ezinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-1-2. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-thermophilic azibekezeleli amazinga okushisa amabi. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, izithelo zefomu eliyindilinga noma eliphakathi nendawo livuthiwe. Zitholakala emaqeleni anezingcezu eziyi-12. Amajikijolo anenyama ebabayo, enephunga elimnandi nesikhumba esiphuzi esikhanyayo. Izinhlobo:
- I-Tanaka - izithelo ezenziwe nge-orange-aphuzi ezimile ngenyama ebomvana nokunambitheka okumnandi nokumuncu;
- I-Champagne - izithelo eziphuzi ezinesikhumba esenziwe nge-fleecy nesikhumba esidonsayo;
- Ama-Sayles - izithelo ezinjenge-apricot ezinesisindo esingama-80 g;
- Isithwathwa - inhlobonhlobo yekhaya ne-greenhouse isetha izithelo ezinkulu ezinsundu ngokubomvu ngaphandle kwe-astringency.
UMedlar waseJalimaneI-Caucasian noma i-Crimea. Isitshalo esinqunyiwe ezindaweni ezishisayo singakhula size sibe ngamamitha ayi-8 ukuphakama. Amahlumela awo abushelelezi, ahlwanyelwe kakhulu ambozwe ngama-oval aluhlaza obumnyama ashiya angama-8-15 cm ubude no-3-4 cm ububanzi. Ekwindla, amahlamvu aphenduka abomvu. NgoMeyi, izimbali ezimhlophe ziyaqhakaza. Izithelo zivuthwa ekwindla. Zinesimo esiyindilinga nombala obomvu onsundu. Ngaphakathi kukhona inani elincane lembewu. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa, ipulpiti iyi-tart, imuncu futhi ilukhuni, bese iba mnene futhi imnandi. Izinhlobo zinobusika obuqinile futhi zilungele indawo evulekile ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esipholile.
Izindlela zokuzala
I-Medlar ingatshalwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- kusuka kuthambo;
- ngotshani.
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukutshala kwenziwa ngokushesha emhlabathini ovulekile, ngaphandle kwalokho izithombo kufanele zikhule ngaphambilini. Ngaphambi kokutshala, azama ukungakhiqizi imbewu esithelweni, ngoba imbewu eyomile ngokushesha ilahlekelwa ukumila kwayo. Kumele kuqala ancishiswe bese kumanzi izinsuku ezingama-2-3 emanzini afudumele. Emva kwalokho, zisatshalaliswa emabhokisini esihlabathi esimanzi noma sawdust. Kumaviki amabili, isitsha sibekwa esiqandisini, bese sibuyela egumbini elifudumele lesikhathi esifanayo. Ukushintshana kuphindwe izinyanga ezintathu. Ngemuva kwalokho imbewu itshalwe ezimbizeni ezinesihlabathi se-peat enobukhulu obuyi-3 cm. Ngaphandle kokulungiselela okunjalo, ukuhluma kungaqhubeka kuze kube unyaka.
Amahlumela avela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30- 40. Izitshalo ezinamaqabunga ama-3-4 dive dun, zinquma impande. Izithombo zeMedlar zikhula ngokushesha futhi azidingi ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe. Ukufakelwa kahle kwenziwa ngenkathi kugcinwa inqwaba yomhlaba, ukuze kungalimali izimpande ezibuthaka. Uma esikhundleni somuthi udinga ukuthola shrub, phina phezulu. Ukuqhakaza nezithelo kuqala kusuka eminyakeni engama-4-5 yokuphila.
I-Caucasian loquat ingasatshalaliswa ngokugoqa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, egatsheni elincane ekwindla balimaza amagxolo bese becindezela phansi. Ilungisiwe futhi ifafazwe ngenhlabathi. Ukubekwa njalo kuniselwa. Inqubo yokubamba imbala ayishethi, i-rhizome egcwele ngokugcwele izokhula kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-2. Ukwahlukaniswa kokubekwa kanye nokufakelwa okwenziwa ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga.
IsiJapan esenziwe ngendlela engafani nalutho esisakazwa kahle ngokusikwa kwezithombo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa amahlumela wonyaka ophelile enezindawo ezingama-2 cm eziyi-12-15 cm.Amapuleti weleaf afushaniswa ngesigamu. Isigaxa siphathwa ngomlotha wezinkuni futhi sitshalwe ezimbizeni ezinenhlabathi evundile evulekile kuze kube yi-4-5 cm ngokuqinile ngokuthe nkqo. Isibambo siyaniselwa futhi simbozwe ngefilimu. Ukushisa kwegumbi kufanele kugcinwe ku + 25 ... + 27 ° C. Ukhula lwengozi luhlala cishe inyanga.
Izitshalo ezahlukahlukene nazo zisakazwa ngokugoma. Njengesitoko ungasebenzisa i-plum, i-pear, i-hawthorn, i-quince. Ukuxhunyelelwa kuqondile emseleni noma ngemuva kwegxolo.
Ukutshala nokunakekela kwangaphandle
Imvamisa, ngaphandle kwe-subtropics, ama-medlar aseJalimane nezinhlobonhlobo zawo atshalwa engadini. Isitshalo sizama ukukhetha indawo enelanga futhi evulekile kunazo zonke. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe lula, iqonde futhi inempilo (i-sandy loam chernozem, i-turf land, loam). Umhlabathi omncane one-acidic nokuqukethwe okujulile wamanzi ulungele kahle.
Njengoba i-medlar ine-rhizome ephezulu kakhulu, ifossa yokubamba enobubanzi obungu-50-70 cm izokwanela. Kufanele kube okwesithathu ngaphezulu kohlelo lwezimpande zesitshalo. Isikhala samahhala sigcwaliswa ngezinto zokudonsa (ubumba olwandisiwe, itshe elichotshoziwe, amatshe). Isikhala esiphakathi kwezimpande sigcwala umhlaba oxutshwe nesihlabathi nomquba.
Ngokushesha emva kokutshala, izitshalo zivundiswa nge-nitrophosphate noma i-superphosphate. Umhlaba oseduze kwesiqu ufakwe nge-peat noma nge-humus. Yize i-medlar isitshalo esihlukanisayo, ukuthola isivuno esingcono, izihlahla ezi-2-3 zitshalwa eduzane ukuze kuqinisekiswe impova. Kepha ukutshala i-apricot noma i-nati eduze kwaso akusifanele. Ikhophi ngalinye lidinga i-3-4 m yesikhala samahhala.
UMedlar uthanda ukuchelela njalo, kepha ingxenye ye-ketshezi kufanele ibe njalo ukuze igxiliswe masinyane emhlabathini. Futhi, khulula inhlabathi kaningi.
Isitshalo sinesikhathi eside sokumila, ngakho-ke, kukhona ingozi yokuthi amahlumela amasha angaqali futhi aqandiswe. Ukusheshisa inqubo, yenza umanyolo. Izithombo ezincane zondliwa njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-20-25, kusukela kusukela lapho kuvela izithelo. Izitshalo ezivuthiwe ngokwengeziwe - njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5-2. Njengemvunulo ephezulu, kusetshenziswa isixazululo se-mullein, kanye ne-phosphorus ne-potassium.
Ukwakha umqhele futhi kuvuselele isivuno, izihlahla kwenziwa njalo, ngoba izimbali nezithelo zenziwa amahlumela weminyaka engu-1-2 yokuphila. Kufanele ususe njalo amagatsha amadala angu-1-2 nezindawo ezinwebekile. Imvamisa usike amagatsha angama-25-50%.
UMedlar cishe akahlushwa izifo zezitshalo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuthinta isikhunta soot noma rust brown. Njenge-prophylaxis ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaqabunga), ukwelashwa nge-Bordeaux liquid kwenziwa (3%). Kwesinye isikhathi emaqabunga ungabona uqweqwe noma i-aphid. Ama-Bioinsecticides asiza kubo. Zingenangozi ngokwanele futhi aziqongeleli ezitsheni.
Ukukhula ekhaya
I-medap yaseJapan kudala isetshenziswa njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa izithombo zokugcina izithombo, indawo yokugcina izinto kanye nezinye izakhiwo. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-ebusika. Isitshalo singatshalwa ebhodweni noma ku-roller enkulu. Izinhlobo ezintsha zitshalwa njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2- 2, bese ekugcineni zithathe indawo yangaphezulu kuphela.
UMedlar uthanda ukukhanya okukhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele ibekwe endaweni ekhanyiswe kakhulu, ngaphansi kwelanga. Izinhlobonhlobo eziqhakaza ebusika zidinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe, ngaphandle kwalokho izithelo zingaqala.
Ukushisa komoya okuphezulu kungo + 18 ... + 25 ° C. Ehlobo, imbiza ivezwa umoya omusha. Kungcono ukuvikela lesi sitshalo kokusalungiswa futhi usilethe ngesikhathi kubanda kakhulu. Ebusika, kunconyelwa ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ku + 2 ... + 5 ° C.
Nisela i-medlar yangaphakathi kaningi nangobukhulu. Kungcono ukuthi inhlabathi ingoma nhlobo. Ebusika, ukuthambisa kuyancishiswa ukuvikela ukungaboli kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubola. Phakathi kokunisela, inhlabathi iyakhululwa.
Njengoba izitshalo zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, umswakama ophezulu ubalulekile kuzo. Kodwa-ke, ukufafaza okujwayelekile akufiseleki ngamaqabunga e-pubescent. Kungcono ukubeka amathreyi ngamanzi nodaka olwandisiwe olumanzi eduze. Ukugeza okufudumele kuvunyelwe ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngo-Ephreli-Septhemba, ama-bush adliwa kabili ngenyanga ngomanyolo we-organic. Ifuthwe kahle bese ithululelwa emhlabathini.
Izitshalo zasendlini zivame ukwakhiwa ngesimo sesihlahla esikhulu, isihlahla noma i-bonsai. Ukuze wenze lokhu, cindezela bese ususa amahlumela angeziwe. Amagatsha akamuva akhiwa ngokubuthakathaka futhi avela kuphela emcabangweni weqabunga eliphezulu lamaqabunga. Isikhathi ngemuva kokuvuthwa nokuvunwa sikufanelekela kahle ukuthenwa.
Izici eziwusizo
I-Medlar yileso sitshalo esingandile lapho yonke into ilusizo khona. Izithelo ziqukethe inani elikhulu le-sucrose, i-fructose, ama-pectins. Kuzo zonke izingxenye kukhona amavithamini, izinto ezincane kanye nama-macro, kanye nama-tannins kanye nemikhiqizo eguquguqukayo.
Izithelo zingadliwa zisha, zisetshenziselwe ukwenza ujamu, i-compote notshwala. Ama-decoction kanye ne-infusions alungiswa kusuka emaqabungeni nasebeni. Izidakamizwa zijwayelekile ukugayeka, ukulwa nezifo zamathumbu kanye ne-colic. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukusetshenziswa kwamajikijolo kuvumela umzimba wesifazane ukuthola konke okudingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwesibeletho. Banenxeba lokuphulukisa, ukuzola, nokwenza amagciwane izakhiwo. Muva nje, ososayensi bathole ezintweni ze-medlar ezinganciphisa ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza.
Noma kunjalo, kukho konke okudingayo ukwazi isilinganiso. Lesi sitshalo siqukethe inani elincanyana lama-cyanides, angakwazi ukuqongelela emzimbeni futhi aholele ubuthi. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithelo, ikakhulukazi ezingavuthiwe, kunomphumela oqabulayo. Enye i-medlar i-contraindicated kubantu abaphethwe yi-acidity ephezulu yesisu, i-gastritis kanye nokungezwani komzimba.
