Pear - umuthi wesibili ojwayelekile kakhulu wezithelo ngemuva kwesihlahla se-apula. Lesi sitshalo singesomndeni iRosaceae neqembu lembewu yamapome. I-Pear ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nesithwathwa esiphansi ngokwesiko ikhule ngokwemvelo ezifundeni eziseningizimu. Kepha manje, ngenxa yemizamo yabafuyi, abahlali bezifunda ezisenyakatho bangakwazi ukutshala lesi sihlahla sezithelo endaweni yakubo.
Tshala i-pearl entwasahlobo noma ekwindla
Lo mbuzo ubuzwa yiwo wonke umuntu oqale ngokuthatha isinqumo sokutshala uphondo endaweni yakubo. Kunezizathu eziningi zokutshala kwentwasahlobo kanye nokwindla, kepha kubahlakuleli balimi abavela ezifundeni lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nobusika lisukela -23 kuya ku-34 ° C, yinye kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu - izihlahla ezitshalwe ekwindla zizoba nobusika obukhulu ngokuzayo. Isimo okuso kuphela sokutshala ngempumelelo ekwindla kweparele, njenganoma yisiphi isihlahla sezithelo, ukuthi ukutshala okunjalo kufanele kwenziwe inyanga ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa - kuze kube maphakathi no-Okthoba.
Uma umlimi ekhetha ukuthi kutshalwe intwasahlobo kwentwasahlobo, khona-ke kulokhu isimo se-seedling siba yisikhombisi - kufanele silele ngokuphelele. Izinga lokusinda kwesithombo eselivele liqale ukukhula lincane kakhulu kunelomuntu olele. Iparele liqala ukukhula endaweni yokushisa engu-5 ° C. Ngakho-ke, ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu (iBelarus, iCentral Russia, iSifunda saseMoscow, iLeningrad Oblast, i-Urals neSiberia), ukuqhakaza kufanele kuqedwe maphakathi no-Ephreli, nasezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo (i-Ukraine) ngasekupheleni kukaMashi. Ngezinsuku ezichaziwe, ungagxila kuphela. Cacisa ngokuqondile usuku lokutshala izithombo kungenzeka kuphela ngesimo sezulu endaweni ethile.
Ukutshala i-peyisi
Lapho ukhetha indawo yokutshala, udinga ukubheka ukuthi ukukhula kwayo ngempumelelo kanye nokwenza izithelo kuyadingeka:
- Ukukhanya okuhle - lapho kunombala, isivuno siyancipha futhi ukunambitheka kwezithelo kuya kubi.
- Indawo enomoya ophakeme, kodwa evikelwe emimoyeni yasemazweni asenyakatho - ngisho nasezindaweni ezinokwehla okuncane, ukuhanjiswa komoya kuholela ekufeni kwama-buds kusuka kusiqalo esibuyayo kanye nomonakalo wezifo fungal ngesikhathi semvula ende.
- Inhlabathi zinomswakama kalula- futhi zingaphefumula nge-acidity ebuthakathaka noma engathathi hlangothi. Ama-Sodam-podzolic loams noma ama-sandstones afaneleka kahle.
- Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele abe okungenani ama-3 m ukusuka ebusweni. Ngokuvela okusondelana, benza izindunduma zobumba ezinokuphakama kwengxenye yemitha ububanzi.
Ungatshala kanjani eliphakathi kwe ndawo esizeni esiseduze komhlaba
- Indawo eyanele yokudla - izinhlobo ezahlukile zamapheya zihlukile komunye nomunye hhayi ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, kodwa nangamandla wokukhula kwesihlahla. Ngokuya ngosayizi wezihlahla zabantu abadala, badinga indawo yokondla ehlukile:
- ngamandla - 10x10 m;
- sredneroslym - 7x7 m;
- umfudlana - 5x5 m;
- ikholomu - 2x2 m.
- I-Cross-pollination - ama-pears angama-2 wezinye izinhlobo kufanele akhule esizeni noma eduze kwaso.
Kuhle futhi akunjalo komakhelwane 3
Lapho utshala noma yisiphi isitshalo, udinga ukubheka ukuthi imuphi omakhelwane abazungeza. Ekhiqizweni kwezitshalo, kukhona into efana ne-allelopathy. Lokhu konke ukuhlangana okuhle nokubi kwezitshalo eziseduzane.
I-pearl futhi inezitshalo ezisiza ekuthuthukiseni ngemikhiqizo yayo eguquguqukayo noma ekuvimbeleni ukukhula futhi ibe ngabasekeli bezifo. Omakhelwane abahle bafaka namapheya:
- oki;
- imephu;
- i-poplar emnyama;
- tansy.
Futhi izitshalo ezithinta kabi i-pearl yile:
- amantongomane - i-walnut, iManchu nomnyama;
- i-acacia;
- isifuba;
- i-beech;
- umlotha wasentabeni (unesifo esifanayo neparele);
- i-coniferous emnyama (i-spruce, i-fir, umsedari);
- izithelo zamatshe (i-cherry, iplamu, i-apricot, i-peach);
- ama-junipers (ikakhulukazi uCossack);
- barberry;
- viburnum;
- lilac;
- i-rose;
- i-jasmine (i-orange ehlekisayo);
- i-currant yegolide;
- utshani bukakolweni.
Uma i-wheatgrass inganele ukuvumela ukuthi ithini lamapheya libe sesiyingini esiseduze nesquothi, khona-ke izihlahla nezihlahlana ezingakuthinta kabi kufanele kungabi ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, noma ngisho namamitha ayikhulu. IJuniper Cossack ingaba ngumthombo wesifo se-fungal ezinjengokugqwala.
Ukugqwala ephawini yisifo esingatheleleka ngejuniper.
Lesi sifo kungaholela hhayi kuphela ezithela aphansi, kodwa futhi nasekufeni lamapheya.
Ungatshala kanjani ikhasi: ividiyo
Kunoma yiziphi izifunda lapho isimo sezulu sikuvumela ukuthi ukhule amapharele, atshalwa ngendlela efanayo. Njengoba bekhethe indawo nomakhelwane ngethanga, balungiselela umgodi wokufika.
Kunoma yiziphi izifunda lapho isimo sezulu sikuvumela ukuthi ukhule amapharele, atshalwa ngendlela efanayo.
Uma izithombo zizotshalwa ekwindla, khona-ke umgodi ulungiswa entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, kodwa kungakapheli amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngokutshala kwentwasahlobo, indawo yesithombo ilungiselelwe ekwindla kwangaphambilini. Lungiselela indawo yamapheya okutshala entwasahlobo nasekwindla ngendlela efanayo, yenze kuphela ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Umgodi wenziwa ngobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-70 nobubanzi obuyi-1 m.
Izilinganiso zomgodi wokutshala eliphakathi kwethanga
Ingqimba ephezulu, evundile yomhlabathi ibekwe ngakolunye uhlangothi, wonke umhlaba kwelinye. Uma kukhona inhlabathi enesihlabathi esikhulu, lapho-ke ungqimba lobumba okungenani lwama-10 cm ubukhulu lubekwa ngaphansi komgodi ukuze kugcinwe umswakama ezimpandeni. Kumhlabathi osindayo, lokhu akudingekile. Ngemuva kwalokho umquba noma i-humus ithululelwa emgodini. Ukuqina kwalolu ungqimba kungamasentimitha angama-20. Inhlabathi evundile ebekwe eceleni ngaphambili ihlanganiswa nomanyolo wamaminerali. I-Nitrofoski i-100 g noma i-60 g ye-superphosphate ne-30 g kasawoti we-potassium ifakwa emhlabathini. Le ngxube ibuyiselwa emgodini. Bawugcwalisa ngenhlabathi engenanzalo kusuka phezulu, beshayela esigxotsheni, ukuze ikhuphuke ingabi ngaphansi kwama-75 cm ngaphezu komhlaba bese ishiywe kuze kube sekutshaleni. Uma inhlabathi esakhiweni inesisindo esikhulu, khona-ke amabhakede amabili esihlabathi esihlanganayo ayenezelwa enhlabathini engenabala.
Ukusekelwa kwesithombo seediliya kuqhutshwa enkabeni yomgodi wokutshala.
Lapho kufika isikhathi sokutshala eliphakathi kwe, inhlabathi esegodini elilungiselelwe iyabhulwa ukuze kuthi kube khona indunduma phakathi, futhi ububanzi be-recess buvumela isithombo ukuba sibekwe ngaphandle kokugoba.
Isikimu sokutshala izithombo zethanga
Isithombo sehliselwa emgodini, siqonde izimpande bese silele nomhlaba. Intamo yezimpande kufanele iphume ngo-3-5 cm kusuka emhlabathini.
Umsuka wempande wesithombo weparele kufanele uphume ngo-3-5 cm kusuka emhlabathini
Uma isithombo sihlanganisiwe, lapho-ke indawo yokuxhunyelelwa, ngale ndawo yokubekwa kwesithombo, ingama-10-15 cm ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Indawo yokugoma kufanele ibe ngu-10-15 cm ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlaba
Kufakwa kuphela amaparele amancanyana agonywe nge-quince ukuze umhlabathi ubekele indawo yokugoma. IQuince iyisitshalo eseningizimu futhi ingena emhlabathini leyo ngxenye yesithombo esisele kuyo, ivikele sonke lesi sitshalo kusuka ekuqandeni.
Ngemuva kokugcwalisa umgodi phezulu, umhlaba uhlanganiswa.
Ngemuva kokugcwalisa umgodi phezulu, umhlaba uhlanganiswa
Kwakhiwa i-roller yobumba eceleni komgodi wokufika. Futhi inisele ngamabhakede amabili amanzi angabandi.
Izithombo zamapharele aziniselwa ngamanzi abandayo
Umuthi otshaliwe uboshelwe isikhonkwane esibekwe ohlangothini olusenyakatho lwethanga ezindaweni ezimbili ukuze isiqu saso sikhule sibheke phezulu.
Ngibopha isithombo sethanga ezindaweni ezimbili
Ngemuva kokuthi amanzi amunwe, umbuthano we-trunk ufakiwe - ambozwe ngo-6-6 cm ngesendlalelo se-peat, humus, sawdust noma notshani.
Ngemuva kokunisela, umbuthano wesithombo se-pearl ufakwe emanzini
Ungazithenga nini izithombo
Abalimi abangenaso isipiliyoni kakhulu bathanda ukutshala izihlahla zezithelo entwasahlobo, yize ekwindla kukhona ukukhetha okuningi kwezithombo futhi lezi zihlahla zisebenza kangcono.
Emakhaya, izithombo zokuqalisa ukusebenza ngohlelo lwezimpande ezivulekileko zimbiwa ekwindla. Entwasahlobo, ungathenga izithombo ezingathengiswanga ngonyaka odlule. Emapulazini akhula izithombo, ziningi izihlahla ezinjalo futhi kunzima ukunaka ngayinye. Uma umhlali wasehlobo ethola izithombo ekwindla, khona-ke kulula kakhulu kuye ukuthi angagcina izihlahla eziningana ngaphandle kokulimala kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Amapharele athengwe ekwindla ngokutshala kwentwasahlobo alula ngokwanele ukuwagcina. Ukuze wenze lokhu, afakwa endaweni abahlela ukuyikhulisa ngonyaka olandelayo. Umsebenzi wokumba owengeziwe ungagwenywa uma usebenzisa umgodi olungiselelwe ukutshala i-pearl ukugcina isithombo, kodwa okwamanje ungambozwa ngomhlabathi olungiselelwe. Udonga olusenyakatho lwaleli godi kumele lwenziwe lube mpo, nodonga oluseningizimu luvunyelwe ngo-30-45 °.
Ukubekwa kwesakhiwo ku-prikop izithombo zamapheya
Ngaphambi kokubeka izithombo epulopini, zifakwe emanzini amahora angama-5-6. Ama-stimulant noma umanyolo awangezelelwa emanzini. Ezihlahleni ezithathwe emanzini, hlola izimpande bese ususa zonke ezonakalisiwe. Beka izithombo odongeni oluthambekele kulo ukuze izimpande zibheke enyakatho futhi amagatsha angaphezulu kwephansi lomhlaba. Fafaza izimpande ngesendlalelo somhlabathi olungiselelwe ngo-20 cm. Zama ukushiya izimbotshana ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka enhlabathini emboza izimpande. Iyaniselwa futhi ngemuva kokuba amanzi amuntshisiwe, ifafazwa ngomhlaba owomile ngesendlalelo esingamasentimitha angama-6,6. Akukho okunye abakwenzayo kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya ebusuku lisethelwe ngaphansi kuka-0 °, umgodi ugcwaliswa ngokuphelele. Indunduma encane ngenhla izodonsela ingxenye yamanzi ancibilikile kusuka ku-prikop.
Amagatsha ezithombo avela emhlabathini aguqulwa ngama-rasipberries noma ezinye izitshalo ezinamahlumela ukuze azivikele kuma-rodents. Akunakwenzeka ukumboza umsele nganoma iyiphi into esembozayo. Kungcono ukuthulula iqhwa lapho kaningana ebusika. Ngaphansi kokufakwa, isitshalo sivuka ngaphambi kokuba sitshale. Egcinwe ngale ndlela, izithombo zivele kahle futhi zivele ngokushesha.
Ukusakazeka kwethanga
I-Pear, njengezitshalo eziningi, isatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezimbili - imifino nembewu. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusakazwa kokumanyiswa:
- ukusikwa okunamahlahla nokuluhlaza;
- ukuhlelwa;
- ihlumela.
Ukusakazwa kwethanga ngokusika
Izimbumbulu zisetshenziselwa ukugoma noma ukubamba imbawula. Izinto zemvelo zitshalwe ngethanga lokunye okuhlukahlukene, umdlalo, isithombo esitshalwe embewini, noma kwesinye isihlahla somndeni wembewu (i-apula, i-quince). Ukuze kube nezimpawu, ukusikwa kwezinkuni kuvunwa ngoMashi-Ephreli, lapho kuqala ukuhamba kwejusi ephepheni, futhi ukusikwa okuluhlaza kuvuniwe ngoJuni-Julayi, ngalesi sikhathi ukukhula kwamagatsha konyaka wamanje kuzokwakhiwa kahle. Ingxenye engezansi yemisiko evuniwe iphathwa ngezinto zokwakha izimpande futhi itshalwe emabhokisini noma emibhedeni enomhlabathi wezakhi. Lezi zokutshala zimbozwe ifilimu yepulasitiki noma iziqukathi ezisobala, ukudala i-microclimate evumayo ekwakhekeni kwezimpande ekusikiweni. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3-4, kuzakheka izimpande kubo, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-6, izithombo zitholakala, ezingatshalwa endaweni engapheli esizeni. Ukutshala kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nezithombo ezithengiwe. Izithombo zazo hhayi zonke izinhlobo zamapheya ziqala kahle. Abalimi banqume ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kungcono ukuthatha cuttings of pears izinhlobo:
- Imemori ye-Zhegalov;
- Uhlome ngo-Efimova;
- ILada;
- Autumn Yakovleva;
- Muscovite.
Ividiyo ngokusika kwe-midzi
Ukusakazeka kwe-pear ngokugoqa
Ngokusebenzisa izingqimba, izithombo ezinezinhlelo zazo zezimpande nazo ziyatholakala. Ukuhlelwa kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- ukugoba amagatsha emhlabathini;
Ukuze kusakazeke i-pearl ngokugoqa, amagatsha aphansi agobeke emhlabathini
- air layering.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-pearl ngokusabalalisa komoya
Ukuze izimpande zakheke egatsheni:
- Engxenyeni enokhuni yegatsha, engaphansi nje kokukhula konyaka wamanje, susa indandatho yamagxolo 1-1,5 cm ububanzi.
- Gcoba indawo yegatsha, ekhululwe emagxolweni ngesidakamizwa esivusa ukukhula kwezimpande.
- Vikela igatsha ngesiqeshana secingo emhlabathini.
- Namathisela ukuphela okhulayo kwegatsha ekuxhaseni okumi mpo.
Isithombo esithole ngokutshala igatsha phansi siyashiywa asihlukaniswa negatsha kuze kube unyaka olandelayo. Entwasahlobo, ngommese obukhali noma ama-secateurs, ihlukaniswa negatsha futhi itshalwe endaweni evamile ngendlela evamile.
Ukuthumela amagatsha enhlabathini akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Bese benza izingqimba zomoya - inhlabathi enezakhi noma i-sphagnum igxunyekwe egatsheni esikhwameni sepulasitiki. Yonke imisebenzi esegatsheni yenziwa ngendlela efanayo nakwisimo esedlule, bese kuthi:
- Beka igatsha, usike phansi kwesikhwama sepulasitiki bese uvikelekile ngocingo noma ngeteyiphu ngaphansi kwegxolo elisikiwe.
- Gcwalisa isikhwama ngenhlabathi evundisiwe noma nge-sphagnum.
- Lungisa umphetho ongenhla wesikhwama u-10 cm ukusuka endaweni lapho kwasikwa khona amagxolo.
- Namathisela ukuphela okhulayo kwegatsha ekuxhaseni okumi mpo.
Isithombo esitholakala endaweni yomoya sihlukaniswa negatsha lapho izimpande zibonakala esikhwameni noma ekwindla ekuqaleni kokuwa. Ezifundeni zaseningizimu, izithombo ezinjalo zingakhonjwa ngokushesha endaweni ehlala njalo. Ezifundeni ezinobusika obunzima, izithombo ziyambiwa noma zitshalwe ebhodweni bese zigcinwa egumbini elingaphansi kuze kube sentwasahlobo, zinisela ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukubeka ividiyo yokusabalalisa
Ukusakazeka kwethanga ngamahlumela wezimpande
Amaparele ahlukahlukene anganikeza amahlumela ezimpande - amahlumela acishe aqhume ezimpandeni asondelene nesiqu somthi noma engekude nawo. Ukuze usebenzise ihlumela lezimpande ngokusakazwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kungenzeka kuphela uma kutholakala esihlahleni somuthi uqobo, kepha ungaxhunyelelwanga. Kusetshenziswa ihlumela lesihlahla esixhunyiwe, isithombo sitholakala sinezimpawu zesitoko, okungukuthi, isihlahla okufakwe kuso izinhlobo ezahlukene zeparele.
Ukuqhekeka kusuka kumpande wezimpande ze-varietal pear
Ukudonswa kwezimpande kwe-varietal peari kubiwa ngokucophelela ukuze kungalimazi izimpande ze-fibrous (mncane). Ingxenye yempande enefulethi encane ihlukaniswa futhi idluliselwe endaweni engapheli, elungiselelwe ngendlela efanayo nesithombo esijwayelekile. Esikhathini esizayo, kusuka kulokhu kuhlwanyelwa kwesihlahla kukhula okuphinda zonke izici zikamama.
Ukusakazwa kwembewu pearl
I-pear isatshalaliswa imbewu kakhulu. Ukuthola isitshalo esifana nomzali, kufanele uqiniseke ngokuphelele ukuthi impova ngethanga lezinye izinhlobo noma izilwane zasendle azenzekanga. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukukufeza. Izinambuzane ziletha impova yezinye izitshalo ngamakhilomitha amaningi. Ngokuvamile kusakazwa ngamapheya wembewu, okuzosebenza njengesitoko sezitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ungalifaka nini futhi kanjani i-pearl
I pearl itshalwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekwindla sekwephuzile ngasikhathi sinye njengoba kukhonjelwe ukutshala izithombo. Umgodi omusha wesihlahla ulungiswa ngendlela efanayo naleyo echazwe ngayo ekuqaleni kule ndatshana. Iminyaka yamaparele afuna ukubuyiselwa kuwo akufanele idlule iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Uma itshalwe ngesithombo seminyaka emibili ubudala, ngaleso sikhathi esizeni sikhula isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-13. Lapho lo muthi usukhula, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthatha izimpande endaweni entsha. Lula ukubekezelela le nqubo ithini lamapheya aneminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.
Into enzima kunazo zonke ukufaka ezinye izihlahla ukuzimba kahle. Ibanga elingakanani ukusuka embizeni yokumba ukunqunywa ngokuqagela komqhele noma kubalwe ngokusekelwe kusayizi we-trunk. Ukubalwa kanjengoku okulandelayo: i-trunk girth iphindwe kabili ngo-2 futhi ububanzi bayo bungeziwe, okungukuthi, uma Ø 5 cm, khona-ke isiqu sommbando sizoba cm 15. Ngakho-ke, ibanga lapho lembiwa likhona liyoba: 15x2 + 5 = 35 cm. , emgudwini wayo wangaphandle bmba umsele ongu-50 cm ububanzi kanye no-45-60 cm ukujula.
Bambe ngokufanele ipharele lokufakelwa
Isigaxa sobumba esinezimpande sakhiwa ngendlela yesigaxa. Lesi sigaxa sinesisindo esingama-50 kg.
Isigaxa sobumba esinezimpande zeparele etshalwe kabusha senziwa isigaxa
Uma kungenzeka (amadoda amabili aqinile), khona-ke ohlangothini olulodwa lomsele asakaza umgubho, atsheke esihlahleni ukuze isigaxa sobumba silele phezu kwendwangu, asisuse emgodini.
Amadoda amabili aqinile angakhipha iparele emgodini onenqwaba yomhlaba
Kudluliselwa kwisiza esisha sokufika futhi kwehle emgodini olungiselelwe.
Iparele elinenqwaba yomhlaba lidluliselwa endaweni entsha yokuhlala
Ukutshala akukwazi ukususwa - ngonyaka kuvunda futhi ngeke kuphazamise ukukhula kwezimpande.
Ukuthunga kusuka ezimpandeni zethanga elidlulisiwe kungenakususwa
Ukufakwa kwesihlahla ngohlelo lwempande oluvaliwe kunikeza ukusinda okuqinisekisiwe kwethanga endaweni entsha.
Uma kungenzeki ukuthi ususe umuthi emhlabathini, khona-ke izimpande zawo zisuswe ngokucophelela noma inhlabathi ligezwe ngamanzi avela kwi-hose.
Inhlama esindayo yomhlaba ezimpandeni zeparele igxotshwa ngamanzi avela kwi-hose
Phuma emgodini.
Kalula ukuthwala eliphakathi kwezimpande zalo zikhululwe emhlabathini
Kudluliselwa emgodini olungiselelwe kwangaphambili endaweni entsha. Izimpande zibekwa ngaphandle kwama-creases futhi zigobeke phezulu.
Vula ukufakwa kwezimpande zethanga
Bayigcwalisa ngomhlaba, bayihlanganise futhi banise umhlaba, bakhe umbuthano oseduze.
Izihlahla ezinezimpande ezivulekile ziba nzima ngokwengeziwe. Ukukhula komqhele kanye nezithelo ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshalwa kuzoba kuncane, kodwa ngokuzayo umuthi uzokhula uthele izithelo ngokujwayelekile.
Yonke imisebenzi yokutshala i-pearl kulula ukuyenza. Into esemqoka ukukhetha indawo efanelekile yesihlahla, uma unikezwa izihlahla eziseduze nezikhulayo. Ukuqhubeka nokunakekela ngokucophelela ubuchwepheshe nokuzinamathela kubuchwepheshe bezolimo balesi sihlahla sezithelo kuzokwenza ukuba umlimi ajabulele izithelo zomsebenzi wakhe iminyaka eminingi.
