Umhlaba

Umanyolo wesimo semhlabathi ehlukene: isicelo nesilinganiso

Ukutshala umhlabathi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo futhi, ngokufanele, ukuthola isitshalo esikhulu nesiphakeme. Umquba - isethi yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa isimo nesakhiwo semhlabathi. Zondla izitshalo ngezigaba zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo.

Kukhona okulandelayo izinhlobo zemanyolo:

  • organic and mineral (ngokuvela);
  • eqinile neyetshezi (isimo se-aggregation);
  • isenzo esiqondile kanye ngqo (imodi yesenzo);
  • eziyisisekelo, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ukudla, i-subsurface, indawo (indlela yokwethulwa).
Uhlobo lomanyolo oludingekayo umhlaba luxhomeke enhlotsheni yensimu edinga ukucutshungulwa.

Izinhlobo zomhlabathi:

  • i-sandy;
  • i-clayey;
  • i-sandy;
  • loamy;
  • i-podzolic;
  • i-peat-swampy;
  • umhlaba omnyama

Umanyolo womhlabathi womhlaba

Inhlabathi yomswakama yimihlabathi equkethe ubumba obunama-40-45% ngendlela ehlanzekile. Zibhekwa njengezinamathele, ezinomanzi, ezinamahloni, ezinzima, ezibandayo, kodwa ezicebile. Ukuhlaba umhlaba kancane kancane kugonywa ngamanzi futhi kugcinwa ngokuqinile, kancane kancane futhi udlule amanzi kancane ungqimba ophansi.

Ngakho-ke, izitshalo ezikhulayo kulolu hlobo lwenhlabathi, cishe azihlupheki nesomiso. I-viscosity yenhlabathi enjalo ene-umswakama oqinile yenza kube nzima ukuhlakulela umhlaba, njengokomiswa okugcwele - umhlaba uba ngamatshe, kodwa uyaphuka kakhulu, okwenza ukuba ukungena okusheshayo kwamanzi kanye nomoya kungene emaphandleni.

Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi eyingozi kakhulu yokucubungula ingobumba. Ukuzicubungula, kuzomele ulinde umbuso lapho inhlabathi ingasenamathela, kodwa ngeke ime. Ukuze ulungise umhlabathi wobumba wokutshala, kubalulekile ukwenza umzamo omkhulu ngokwanele womzamo.

Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukuthuthukisa nokutshala umbhede wobumba. Ukuvimbela amanzi ukuba ahlasele, kubalulekile ukugcwalisa izindawo eziphansi futhi ulinganise amagquma, okungukuthi, izinga eliphezulu. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-Organic kubhekwa njengesinyathelo sokuqala ekutshalweni kwenhlabathi yobumba. Zenziwa ekwindla lapho kuvuna ukuqoqwa. Uma ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba sekuqale nje, kubalulekile ukufaka ama-1.5 amabhakede wezinto eziphilayo ezilinganiselwe ngamamitha ayizi-square zomhlaba okhanyayo.

Uyazi? Umquba onhlabathi wobumba uqhubeka nokusebenza iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, kanti inhlabathi elula idinga ukukhulelwa emva kweminyaka emine.
Futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi efanelekayo yomquba, i-potassium nitrate kanye ne-sawdust. Ngo-10 kg wamanyolo, engeza i-100 g ye-nitrate efomeni elilodwa kanye no-2 kg we-sawdust. Ukuthuthukiswa kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-sawdust ngesisombululo se-urea. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thatha amabhakede amathathu we-sawdust kanye no-100 g we-urea ehlanjululwe ebhakede lamanzi.

Uma usebenzisa ukugqoka okuphezulu emhlabathini wobumba, umquba ohlaza noma izicucu eziphakanyisiwe kuhle kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izitshalo ezinomsoco ezihlwanyelayo zihlwanyelwa entwasahlobo, futhi ekwindla ngasekupheleni zicubungulwa kanye nomhlabathi ukuze zenze izimo zokulimala. Imisebenzi enjalo ayigcini nje ngokucebisa umhlaba ngezidakamizwa eziphilayo, kodwa futhi iphinde ithuthukise isakhiwo sayo.

Kanjani nokuthi yini engasiza umhlaba: ukukhululwa komhlabathi wobumba kunomthelela esihlabathini somfula, esetshenziswa ngamanyolo ephilayo. Sebenzisa amabhakede amathathu enhlabathi ngesilinganiso semitha engama-1 yomhlaba. Ukwengeza isihlabathi kungcono kakhulu ekwindeni uma ukumba.

Ukuze ucebise inhlabathi yobumba ingahlwanyelwa nge-clover, bese ugoba ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-10 zokukhula, ushiye ukubola. Uma inhlabathi yobumba ingama-acidic, umanyolo we-alkali kufanele usetshenziswe. Isiketshezi esikhuphukile sisetshenziselwa lokhu.

Kubalulekile! Ukuze unqume ukuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi ingakanani, bheka izitshalo. I-Plantain, i-horsetail, izinkuni zezinkuni, ne-buttercup zikhula emhlabathini omuncu. E-subacid ne-neutral - clover, utshani obolweni, i-chamomile, insimu eboshiwe.

Ukwenza ubumba lube yindawo enhle, kuzodingeka wenze umzamo futhi wenze ukugqoka okwenyama minyaka yonke iminyaka emihlanu. Lapho ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi kwenzeka futhi kungenzeka ukuba ngcono kancane izingxenye zayo, umsebenzi wenziwa kumanyolo wokutshala izitshalo.

Amaminerali amaminerali ayizinhlanganisela zokwenziwa komzimba. Sizoqonda, ngoba yimiphi imifino yamaminerali esetshenziswa emhlabathini. Lolu hlobo lusetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izitoko zemithi: i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium.

Amanyolo amaminerali asetshenziselwa ubumba ekwindla, ngaphansi kokulima. Zisetshenziswa ngobuncane, ngoba ubumba selucebile kumaminerali. Ukukhethwa kwamanyolo wamaminerali kuncike kulokho okuhlela ukukhula kule ndawo.

Emhlabathini wenhlabathi ukhule ama-apula, ama-cherry, amakhiwane, ama-quinces, ama-raspberries, ama-hawthorn. Uma uhlwanyela imifino ebhedeni lobumba, izithombo zitshalwe ekhoneni, zibeka izimpande endaweni yokufudumala inhlabathi; imbewu kudingeka idalwe emithonjeni engajulile.

Amazambane kufanele atshalwe angabi ngaphansi kuka-8 cm. Umhlaba kufanele uhlale ukhululiwe kuzungeze izitshalo phakathi nenkathi yemvula, nangesikhathi sesomiso - emva kokuchelela.

Ukuthuthukisa ukuzala futhi ukwandise inani lamaminerali nezakhi ezisemhlabathini kuyadingeka ukuba zifakwe. Ungasebenzisa umquba ohlukile: izimvu, unogwaja, ihhashi, ama-droppings yenkukhu.

Umanyolo womhlabathi onomhlabathi

Inhlabathi engumhlabathi iyisihlabathi esingenakusobala, lapho izingxenye ezingaba ngu-50 zesihlabathi ziwela engxenyeni eyodwa yobumba. Ungahlola ukuthi ngabe inhlabathi enhlabathini enesihlabathi kusayithi lakho. Zama ukugoqa ibhola noma i-flagellum. Uma kuvela ukugubha ibhola, kodwa i-flagellum ayifuni, khona-ke kuyishlabathi esisihlabathi, futhi uma kungabikho ibhola noma i-flagellum eyakhiwa, uhlobo lo mhlaba lunesihlabathi.

Inkinga yomhlabathi onesihlabathi ukugcina ukugcina umswakama, Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuyithuthukisa, ngeke nje uzuze isivuno esikhulu, kodwa futhi nokukhula okuvamile okutshala. Ukuphuma, umswakama uthatha iningi lezakhi. Umhlaba we-Sandy ugoba ngokushesha futhi uphuthuma ngokushesha, ngakho ebusika lesi sitshalo sizofa emakhazeni, kanti ehlobo ngokushiswa kwezimpande nangenxa yokufa kwesimiso.

Ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi kuyadingeka ukwandisa i-viscosity yabo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa ukugqoka okuphilayo. Ukusebenzisa umanyolo kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni inhlabathi enhlabathini. Ngomitha wamakhilomitha udinga ukusebenzisa amabhakede amabili omquba. Ukuphathwa okunjalo kufanele kwenziwe eminyakeni engakapheli.

Indlela engabizi kepha engaphansi kakhulu yokuthuthukisa inhlabathi enesihlabathi ukuyigcwalisa ngomquba noma i-peat. Imitha eyodwa yemitha kufanele isebenze ibhakede elilodwa lomanyolo. Futhi, njengenhlabathi yobumba, kuthuthukiswa isanti ngokuhlwanyela insimu enezinambuzane. Ukumba kubalulekile ngezitshalo, kuzosiza ukwandisa i-viscosity.

Kuzodingeka ubeke umzamo omkhulu nomzamo wokwenza ngcono inhlabathi ngobumba. Lokhu kungcono ukuthenga ubumba obomile obuyimpuphu. Uma uchitha futhi ulethe amabhakede amane omanyolo onjalo emhlabathini, khona-ke ezinkathini ezimbili uzokwazi ukuguqula umhlabathi onesihlabathi ube yi-sandy loam.

Lapho umhlaba uthuthuka, njalo ehlobo kuyadingeka ukuba uqhubeke, ngenxa yokuthi amanzi ngeke aguquke ngokushesha. Ama-fertilizer e-organic asetshenziselwa umhlabathi onesihlabathi ekwindla, ikakhulukazi, lawa yi-peat kanye nomquba. Kungcono ukwengeza amaminerali nezinye izimila eziphilayo zomhlabathi osenhlabathini entwasahlobo, uma uyisebenzisa ekuwa, khona-ke amanzi amaningi ahlanza.

Njengomanyolo wensimu enesihlabathi esiyinkimbinkimbi, kusetshenziswe umuthi wokhuni. Ikhuthaza ukungcola, futhi emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi ungumthombo we-potassium ne-phosphorus. Ukwenza umlotha ubiza ama-200 g ngayinye imitha yesigcawu, hhayi ukungcwaba, kodwa ukusabalalisa. Ungasebenzisi ash nge nitrogen umquba - kuyolahlekelwa impahla yayo.

Isikhathi sokungena phakathi kokusungulwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezimila kufanele kube okungenani inyanga, futhi kungcono ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-nitrogen ngaphambi nje kokutshala / ukutshala.

Izitshalo zommbila emhlabathini onesihlabathi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela, ngoba ngokushesha zifika ezimpandeni zezitshalo futhi zingashisa. Kungcono ukutshala kaningi, kepha ngokuhlushwa okuphansi.

Uhlobo lokudla, inombolo kanye nemvamisa yesicelo kuxhomeke ezitshalweni ozihlela ukutshala. Ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi, ama-legumes, ama-honeysuckle, ama-blackberries, ama-currants, ama-gooseberries, ama-plums, ama-cherry, ama-apula, amagilebhisi, amakhabe kanye nezimbali ezikhula kahle.

Umanyolo weSandy Soil

Amasingi aseSandani ayinhlabathi lapho kunezingxenye ezintathu zobumba izingxenye ezingu-7 zesihlabathi. Zibonakaliswa ukuthi zinezakhiwo ezibuhlungu, zithatha umswakama ngokulinganisela. Ngokungafani nenhlabathi enesihlabathi, inhlabathi enesihlabathi esihle kakhulu ekutshaleni izitshalo.

Inhlabathi yaseSandan iphefumula, iphuza imifino yamaminerali, ivimbele ukuba i-leaching, futhi ingabamba amanzi. I-Peat kanye nama-dung afaneleke ukugqoka, zifakwa entwasahlobo noma ekwindla ngesikhathi sokutshala. Ama-fertilizer amaminerali, njengoba kunjalo nangomhlabathi onesihlabathi, kwenziwa entwasahlobo, ngezingxenye ezincane, kodwa ngokuvamile.

Inhlabathi yaseSandani iyakhula futhi ifanele ukutshala izitshalo eziningi. Esikhathini esingasenhlabathi singatshalwa izitshalo zasadini, izitshalo eziningi nezithelo, izitshalo.

Loamy umanyolo womhlabathi

Inhlabathi eyisihlahla yilabo abenezinto eziningi zobumba kanye nesihlabathi esingaphansi. Babhekwa njengenhlanganisela yobumba be-clay and sandy loam.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Loam ngezinhlobo:

  • amaphaphu;
  • okuphakathi;
  • esindayo.

Izitshalo ezihlelekile zifanelekile ukutshala izitshalo zegadi nezitshalo. I-ventilated kalula, ukushisa okuhle kanye nomswakama obonakalayo, okusetshenziselwa kalula. Imikhosi icebile kumaminerali kanye nezakhi, iqukethe inani elikhulu lezakhi, njalo ligcwaliswa ngama-microorganisms ahlala enhlabathini.

Naphezu kokuqukethwe kwemvelo kwama-microelements, i-loamy, njengemhlabathi enhlabathi enesihlabathi idinga ukugqoka okuphezulu. Umquba nomquba kunconywa isicelo, futhi batusa ukusebenzisa i-loam yokucubungula ekwindla.

Futhi, ukwethulwa kwamakhomikhali angeziwe kanye nezimbiwa, kuphakanyiswa ukuba kwenziwe ngokuya ngokutshala okuhleliwe noma ukutshala.

On loam esindayo kungakhula cherry plum. Umhlabathi okhanyayo okhanyayo kufanelekile ukukhula ngamapheya kanye nama-apula. Ngemuva kokulima, izitshalo ezinjalo zensimu e-loamy, njengezitshalo, ummbila, i-pepper elimnandi, nemifino eyisitshalo, ezifuna kakhulu ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, ziyakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngendlela evamile.

Umanyolo we-podzolic

I-Podzol iyisimo sezwe sehlathi le-coniferous. Zakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa okuphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu.

Uyazi? Lolu hlobo lomhlabathi lithola leli gama kusuka kumazwi athi "ngaphansi" nelithi "umlotha", okungukuthi, okufana nomlotha.

Lolu hlobo lwezwe lubhekwa njengelungakalungi kakhulu ekukhuleni kwemifino, njengoba lune-acid yokusabela nokuzala okuphansi. Cabanga ukuthi yikuphi umanyolo ongcono kumhlabathi we-podzolic acidic.

Uma usebenzisa le mihlabathi yokutshala, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa i-acidity ngokukhawuleka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, u-0.5 kg we-lime unomthelela kumitha elilodwa yezindawo zomhlaba. Inani elicacisiwe lekhayi lisetshenziswa isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni engu-8. Ukwethulwa kwelime kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuwa, kanti ukusebenzisa noma yikuphi ukugqoka akudingekile.

Uma ama-organic or mineral supplements ayengezwa nge-lime, umphumela wesikhashana uzoba mncane, ngoba i-lime iyanciphisa ukusebenza kwamanye umquba. Ngakho-ke, i-lime isetshenziswa ekwindla, futhi izithako eziphilayo nezamaminerali ziyasetshenziswa entwasahlobo.

Ungayisebenzisa kanjani umquba wezinhlabathi ze-asidi:

  • Umquba kufanele usetshenziswe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yokulima;
  • Ama-ammonium supplements (urea, ammofoska, ammonium chloride) nawo asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sehlobo;
  • Izithako ze-potash zenza isandla ekwindla.

Kubalulekile! Iklabishi, i-beet, i-alfalfa ne-hemp ayibekezelele imvelo e-acidic.

Ukuzwela ku-asidi yizitshalo: ukolweni, ibhali, ummbila, ukhukhamba, anyanisi, izithelo, ulethisi, i-sunflower.

Izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlanganisa: i-millet, i-rye, i-oats, izaqathe, utamatisi, i-radishes.

I-Flax namazambane, uma ikhulile emhlabathini onamandla kakhulu, idinga ukulinganisa kwenhlabathi.

Ngakho-ke, cishe zonke izitshalo zidinga i-lime emhlabathini ukuze zithole kahle izakhi.

Futhi ukufaka umhlabathi ngomhlabathi usebenzisa amalahle, i-peat kanye ne-sawdust.

Umanyolo we-Peatland

Inhlabathi ye-Peat-swamp yindlela yomhlabathi eyakhiwa nge-overmoistening eqinile njalo ngamanzi noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Inhlabathi enezinhlanzi ezinamanzi eziqukethe izinto eziphilayo zicebile nge-nitrogen, engatholakali ifomu elikhona lemvelo yezitshalo.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-potassium nokuntuleka okubalulekile kwe-phosphorus. Inhlabathi enjalo ayifuni ukushisa, i-peat kancane iyashisa. Cabanga ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo okufanele zisetshenziswe kwi-peatland kanye nomhlaba osolwandle.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Peatland kufanele kwenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili:

  • ukudala izimo zokuphila okujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa umquba, sawdust, umquba;
  • ukufakwa kwezakhi ezingekho, njenge-potassium ne-phosphorus, ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okuvamile kwezitshalo.

Imithi eminingi yezithelo ayibekezelelani ukuqhuma kwamanzi njalo, ngakho kufanele itshalwe emhlabathini ophakeme noma ezweni elichithekile. Uhlelo lokugeleza komhlaba, oluvumela izitshalo ezikhula, imifino, nezithelo namajikijolo, zizincoma kahle.

Umquba womhlabathi omnyama

I-Chernozem uhlobo lomhlaba onombala omnyama futhi liqukethe inani elikhulu le-humus. Lolu hlobo lomhlaba lugcwele phosphorus, i-nitrogen, i-iron, nesulfure. I-Chernozems imanzi kahle futhi iphefumula, iqukethe inani elikhulu le-calcium.

I-chernozems ngokwabo zicebile futhi zivundile. Uma kunesidingo, umquba we-phosphate kanye nama-potash asetshenziswa njengomanyolo wokwindla enhlabathini. Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-chernozem ayinayo i-looseness enhle kakhulu, ekwindla ungafaka umquba, isihlabathi noma i-peat: sebenzisa i-1 ingxenye yokugqoka okuphezulu izingxenye ezingu-3 ze-chernozem.

Naphezu kokuzala, inhlabathi emnyama ilahlekelwa yisikhathi, uma ungabakhathaleli futhi ungawafaki. Ngokuba inhlabathi ene-acidity ejwayelekile ifanelekile: i-saltpeter, izithako ze-potash. Ngama-chernozems acidic, kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-hydrated lime ngesilinganiso esingu-200 g ngehora elilodwa lesikwele.

I-Chernozems ifanelekile kuningi lwezitshalo. Ubuchwepheshe, okusanhlamvu, izithelo, izitshalo zamafutha zitshalwe ezindaweni ezinjalo.

Ukubamba iqhaza, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi ludinga ukunakekelwa. Ukukhula okuvamile nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, ukwandisa ukuzala nokukhiqiza, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umanyolo emhlabathini.