Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamasheya ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene kanye nezimpawu zokutshala kwazo

Ukukhetha okulungile kwesitokwe esifaneleka kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni izihlahla zamaparele ezinde nezikhiqizayo. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla, ukuqina kobusika baso, kanye nosuku lokuqalisa lokuzala luxhomekeke esitokisini. Ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha kahle izithombo lapho uthenga, wonke umlimi udinga ukwazi ubuncane besisekelo solwazi olumayelana nezimpande, noma ngabe ungahlelelanga izihlahla zasensimini ngokwakho.

Yini amasheya futhi kungani edingeka

Ukuthola izinto zokutshala zezinhlobo ze pearl ezitshaliwe akuyona umsebenzi olula. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, izihlahla zamaparele azakhi izithombo zezimpande; ukusika kwazo namagatsha ziba nezinkinga ezinkulu futhi akunasizatho ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi lapho ukuhlwanyela imbewu, kutholakala inzalo etholakalayo, bese kuthi izithombo ezimbalwa kuphela zigcine okungenani izimfanelo ezinhle zezinhlobo zokuqala. Ngakho-ke, okuwukuphela kwendlela engokoqobo yokusakazeka kwezinhlobo zethanga ngokuxhunyelelwa ezitokisini ezahlukahlukene ezisakazeka kalula. Esipandeni esimfushane, iparele likhula lingaphansi, lilungele ukunakekelwa nokuvunwa, futhi ekuqaleni kwalo kuqala ukuthela izithelo. Ngokusebenzisa amasheya akhethekile aguquguqukayo uthola ukuthola izihlahla zamaparele, ezigobe kalula ubusika ubusika ngaphansi kweqhwa.

I-pear ku-quince iyimangalisa, ikhula ngokushesha futhi ithele

Ukuze ukhule izithombo ezijwayelekile, izitshalo ezincane zahlanganiswa endaweni ephakeme ngamasentimitha ayi-5-8 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Engadini yama-amateur, ukugonywa komqhele nakho kuvame ukufakwa ezihlahleni zabantu abadala (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15). Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele umuthi owonakaliswe yisithwathwa noma ungene esikhundleni sokunye okungaphumelelanga ngohlobo olubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuthola izithombo ezihlukile, izithombo zezipande zaxhunyelelwa ngaphansi komhlaba ngonyaka wokuqala noma wesibili wokukhula kwazo.

Izincazelo eziyisisekelo:

• Isitoko yilokho abatshalayo. Ingxenye engezansi yesithombo yisistimu yezimpande kanye nesisekelo sesiqu, ezimweni zokuxhunyelelwa emqheleni - futhi nesiqu sonke, isisekelo samagatsha anamathambo kanye namagatsha asele angavinjwanga.
• I-Privoy ingotshani ekhethiwe. Ingxenye ephezulu yesithombo ngaphezulu kwendawo yokugoma.
• Ukugoma kungubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa isitoko ne-scion ekuhlanganiseni kwabo okwengeziwe. Okungenayo kubizwa nangokuthi amahlumela asindile namagatsha e-scion.

Izindlela eziphambili zokukhetha isitoko ngeparele:

• hardness yasebusika;
• ukubekezelela isomiso;
• ukujula kwezimpande;
• ukuphakama kwezihlahla eziqoshwe kuwo;
• ukuqina
• ukuhambisana kwesitoko ne-cultivar.

Imbewu ekhula ngamandla imbewu yamaparele

Izihlahla ezinde kakhulu, ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside zitholakala ngokuxhunyelelwa kokutshala ezitshalweni zasendle zamaparele. Izinhlobo eziningana zamapheya asendle zilungele lezi zinhloso, zonke ziyizihlahla ezinamandla kuze kube amamitha ayi-8-15 ukuphakama, ngohlelo lwezimpande olungena ngokujulile. Ukutshala eliphakathi kwe esithelweni sembewu, amanzi asemhlabathini akufanele abe seduze kwamamitha ayi-1.5-2 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Amapharele aqinile athela izithelo kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50-100, izithelo zokuqala zivela eminyakeni engama-5 ukuya kweli-10 ngemuva kokugoma.

Ihlathi lasendle lasendle njenge sitoko (ividiyo)

Izici zokuqhathanisa zezinhlobo ezahlukile zamapharele asendle (ithebula)

Engxenyeni yase-Russia yaseRussia, i-Ussuri pearl yasendle ayikhuli kahle futhi ayihambisani kangako nama-cultivars, kepha isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekuhlanganiseni inzalo namapharele aseYurophu ekutshalekeni kwezinhlobo zasenyakatho ezinobusika obuqinile.

Igalari yezithombe zezinhlobo zasendle ezihlanzekile ezisetshenziselwa njengezitoko zezitshalo

Eminyakeni yokuqala yo-1990, umkhulu watshala ngempumelelo amaparele anhlobonhlobo ezitshalweni zezithelo ezinkulu zasendle ezinezithelo ezincane ezikhula engadini yethu. Kuleyo yokugonywa kukagogo, uLada noChizhovskaya basathela izithelo, bangijabulisa ngezithelo ezimnandi ezingekho zimbi kunalezo eziseningizimu. Ngisuse izimbumbulu ezimbalwa ezisindayo ezinelebuli elahlekile ekuqaleni kuka-2000s - angizange ngithande ikhwalithi yezithelo zazo, izinhlobo zazo zazisezingeni lamaparele endawo abolile asendaweni.

Ungakhula kanjani isitoko sembewu yamapharele

Ngokuhlwanyelwa, ungasebenzisa imbewu yamapharele asendle, isivuno semi-2 nezinhlobo ezifakazelwe ubusika ezikhula kahle endaweni.

• Ekwindla, ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba, kubalulekile ukuqoqa amapheya awile ngaphansi kwezihlahla, uma kunokwenzeka ukukhetha izithelo ezinkulu kunazo zonke.
  

  Amapula asendle avuthiwe ayavunwa ngaphansi kwezihlahla ngoSepthemba - Okthoba

• Lapho ithini lamapheya lilele kancane egumbini futhi lithambile ngokuphelele, kodwa lingaboli, kufanele lisikwe ngokucophelela futhi imbewu isuswe.
• Imbewu enkulu kuphela, ebushelelezi futhi eminyene, eqinile, evuthwe ngokuphelele (umbala kusuka onsundu omnyama kuya komnyama) ofanele ukuhlwanyelwa. Imbewu engavuthiwe ekhanyayo, kanye nembewu emincane, eshwabene noma eyisicaba ngokuphelele, ayinikezi izithombo.
  

  Kokuhlwanyelwa thatha imbewu enkulu, engacacile, evuthwe kahle

• Imbewu kufanele igezwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile bese yomiswa kancane esosheni, bese ifakwa esikhwameni sephepha.
• Ukuze uhlwanyele, udinga umbhede olungiselelwe nenhlabathi evundile evundile. Kuyadingeka ukutshala ngo-Okthoba, emva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esipholile, kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa.
• Izihlahla ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi eziqine zitholakala ngokuhlwanyela imbewu ngokushesha ziye endaweni ehlala njalo. Izimpande zazo eziyisiqu, ezingaphazanyiswa ukufakelwa, zingena ekujuleni okukhulu, zinikeze umuthi owandayo ukumelana nesithwathwa nesomiso. Ngokwesiko eliqondile, kulungiselelwe umbhede oyindilinga obubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-50-70, enkabeni lapho imbewu engu-5 kuya ku-10 ihlwanyelwa, ingazisondeli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10-15 ukusuka komunye nomunye.
  

  Ngokwesiko eliqondile, ibanga phakathi kwezimbewu lapho kuhlwanyelwa okungenani amasentimitha ayi-10
• Embhedeni ojwayelekile wokutshala ngokutshala okwalandela, ungahlwanyela ngobukhulu, ngebanga elingamasentimitha ayi-7-16 phakathi kwemigqa namasentimitha ayi-5 phakathi kwezimbewu zilandelana.
• Ubunzulu bokubekwa kwembewu emhlabathini ukusuka kumasentimitha angama-2-3 emhlabathini osolayo kuya kumasentimitha angama-3-4 emhlabathini onesihlabathi esikhanyayo.
• Entwasahlobo, izithombo ezivelayo kufanele zinwetshwe ngokucophelela, zishiya okungenani amasentimitha ayi-15 ukuya kwezi-20 phakathi kwezitshalo.
• Kuyo yonke inkathi yezithombo, izithombo zazihluma ukhula njalo emasimini, zikhulule indlela, kuthi uma kungekho mvula, iyinisele.
• ENingizimu, izithombo ezinamandla kakhulu zingakulungela ukuqunjelwa ehlobo lokuqala, enyakatho lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo.

Izici eziyinhloko zesithombo kwisitoko sembewu:

• umsuka oyisisekelo (isithombo esihle kufanele futhi sibe nezimpande ezakhiwe ngokwanele);
• ukugoba kwesimo endaweni ye-inoculation kungaphezulu kancane kunentambo yempande (isithombo siqonde ngqo kusuka empandeni uqobo - cishe inyoni yasendle).
  

  Izithombo ezisesitoko sembewu zinezimpande ezingumgogodla oyisisekelo kanye nomugqa obonakalayo endaweni yokugoma

Ubuthaka besitoko se-clonal

Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukuthola izihlahla ezinkudlwana, amapharele asebenzisa izinhlobo zama-quince ezisakazwayo ezikhulayo njengezitoko, enohlelo olunezimpande olunamagatsha anamanzi.

Azikho izizinda zemifino ezihlukanisiwe zamaparele esifundeni esimaphakathi nasenyakatho.

Izihlahla zethanga ku-quince isiphunzi zikhula zingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-3-4. Impilo ephezulu kakhulu yamaparele ku-quince ayidluli iminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-40, izithelo zokuqala zivela ngonyaka wesithathu - unyaka wesine ngemuva kokugoma.

Izithombo ezisesitokisini se-clone quince zinesistimu yezimpande enamagatsha anamanzi

I-Quince inohlelo oluphambili lwempande, ngakho-ke ingakhula ezindaweni ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kumamitha ayi-1 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Iyabekezelela ukwanda kancane kwenhlabathi, kepha ayikhuli kahle enhlabathini ye-carbonate enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokhilimu. I-Quince iyisithombe esikhulu futhi idinga ukuthambisa njalo. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwezinga lezihlahla, izihlahla ze-quince ezihlanganiswe ku-quince zidinga ukuxhaswa okwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini onesihlabathi esikhanyayo.

Izici zokuqhathanisa ze-quince rootstocks zamapheya (ithebula)

Izinhlobo eziningi zamaparele azihambelani kahle ne-quince. Ukunqoba lokhu kungalingani, izinhlobonhlobo ezihambelana kakhulu (uKyure, Ilyinka, uBere Hardy, uBere Ardanpon) kuqala ngokutshalwa ku-quince, kanti izinhlobonhlobo zezithelo zakhona ezifuna ukuzithola sezivele zitshaliwe kuso. I-Quince VA-29 iyahambelana nezinhlobo zamaparele ezitshaliwe kunama-quince anger.

Izithombo ze-Quince azisetshenziswa njengezimpande zamapharele ngenxa ye-heterogeneity yazo, ukuqina kobusika obungacabangi kanye nezimo ezivame kakhulu zokungahambelani ne-scion.

Ukuqala abalimi emgqeni ophakathi nendawo kuvame ukudida i-quince yangempela ngama-henomeles asebusika (i-quince yaseJapan). IHenomeles njengesitoko separele ayifanele. Ukuzihlukanisa kulula kakhulu:

• IQuince isihlahla esincane noma isihlahla esikhulu ngaphandle kwameva, esinamaqabunga amakhulu nezimbali ezinkulu ezimhlophe ezimhlophe.
• IHenomeles ishlahla esikhamba esinyakazayo esinameva amaningi, amaqabunga amancane kakhulu nezimbali ezibomvu ezikhanyayo.

Ungayihlukanisa kanjani i-quince yangempela kusuka ku-genomeles (igalari yesithombe)

Ungakhula kanjani isitoko esimfushane ngethanga

Indlela ethembeke kakhulu futhi elula yokusakaza amasheya we-clone quince ukuhlelwa okuqondile. Zitholakala ngale ndlela:

• Kusukela ngonyaka wesibili ngemuva kokutshala, izihlahla zesibeletho entwasahlobo zinqunywa kakhulu, zishiya amahlumela angama-3-5 cm ukuphakama.
• Njengoba amahlumela avela esisekelweni sesihlahla sikhula, afafazwa kaningana ngomhlabathi omanzi ngemuva kokunisela ukwenza indunduma engama-25-35 cm ukuphakama.
  

  Ukuthola izingqimba ezibheke phezulu, izibeletho zingena emhlabeni
• Entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo, izihlahla ziyagawulwa, amahlumela anezimpande ahlukaniswe ngokucophelela esisekelweni sesihlahla futhi atshalwe endaweni yokugcina izingane.
  

  Izithombo ezisikiwe zitshalwa enkulisa ukuze zikhule

Njalo ngeminyaka engama-3-4, izihlahla zesibeletho zinesiqiniseko sokuthi ziyaphumula, zizenze zikhululeke ngaphandle kokuthena.

Lapho isitoko sikulungele ukugoma futhi senziwa kanjani

Isitoko sithathwa sikulungele ukuxhunyelelwa lapho ngesilinganiso samasentimitha angama-5- 10 ukusuka ezingeni lomhlabathi (iphuzu lokuxhunyelelwa esikhathini esizayo) ukushuba kwalo ngeke kube ngaphansi kwepensela.

Lapho kukhula izithombo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokugoma:

• I-Cowling yenziwa engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo. Isigaxa esenziwe ngo-T senziwa ebangeni lesiphunzi, lapho kufakwa khona uthango oluncane lwenkuni ngethanga (izinso) olusikiwe kohlaka olusikiwe luhlanganiswe nge-band band.
  

  Okulirovanie - ukugoma kwehlobo ngamehlo (izinso)

• Ukukopisha kwenziwa entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba ama-buds avuleke. Izingxenye ezifanayo ze-oblique zenziwa esitokisini nase-scion, ezihlanganiswe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye futhi zigoqwe ngetheyipu ye-elastic.
  

  Ukukopisha - kwentwasahlobo ngokuxhunyezwa

Izitoko zokuhlola zamapharele ekutshaleni engadini yama-amateur

Ngaphezu kwama-quince kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeparele yasendle, abalimi be-amateur batshala ngempumelelo izinhlobo zezithelo zeparele futhi emfuleni ovamile obomvu wentaba, i-aronia (chokeberry), ne-irga. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-cotoneaster ne-hawthorn nazo zisetshenziswa njengezimpande zamapharele, kepha ulwazi kulezi sitshalo luyaphikisana kakhulu, futhi kuze kube manje kunamathuba ambalwa okuphumelela kunokuhluleka.

Pear ku-aphula isiphunzi

Ngokuphikisana nemibono eyiphutha egcwele, akusizi ngalutho ukutshala iparele emqheleni wesihlahla sama-apula esidala, nakwizithombo zezihlahla zasendle ezingama-apula, nasesitokisini emincane sama-apula (amasheya namapharaji ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi isitoko esidumile se-M9). Ukugoma kwethanga esihlahleni se-apula kutholakala kalula izimpande, kepha kungakhiqizi ukukhula okujwayelekile, kungasaphathwa izithelo, futhi eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu ziyafa.

Isithonjana se-amateur eliphakathi kwe-rootstocks

Izici zokuqhathanisa zamasheya angama-amateur wamapheya (ithebula)

Umtshalo weparele onokugoma okunjalo awutholi neze ubusika berekhodi lobusika besitoko!

Ukugonywa kobusika kanye nama-chokeberries kugobeke phansi ebusika futhi kuvikelwe ngamagwegwe okubamba ubusika ngaphansi kweqhwa. Iziqu ezincane zalezi izihlahlana ziguquguquka kakhulu futhi ziyagoba kalula. Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa okungaphelele kwe-scion ye-pearl nge-stock, ukugoma okunjalo akuhlali isikhathi eside, futhi eminyakeni engama-5-7 izophuka ngokungenakuvinjwa, kepha izithelo zokuqala zeparele zingatholakala kakade ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu ngemuva kokugoma.

Iparele ku-irga ne-chokeberry zigobeke phansi ebusika ngaphansi kweqhwa

I-pear emlotheni obomvu wentaba ihlala isikhathi eside ngokwengeziwe. Izinhlobo zasentabeni zaseNyakatho zitshalwa emlotheni osentabeni lapho zingakhula khona ngokujwayelekile ngenxa yezimo zesimo sezulu, kepha ayikho indlela yokuthola amaparele endawo ezimpande zezithombo.

Umlotha osentabeni, i-chokeberry kanye ne-shrimp zidinga inhlabathi enomswakama ngokulinganisela ene-acidity ebangeni le-5.5-7.0. Umlotha osentabeni kanye no-chokeberry banezithombe eziningi futhi abakwazi ukusondela kakhulu (eduze kwamamitha ayi-1.5-2 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba) amanzi aphansi komhlaba. I-Irga inohlelo olungaphansi lwezimpande futhi ingakhula emanzini angamamitha ayi-1 ukusuka ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi. Ngokwayo, isimbali esinezimbali siyakubekezelela ngokwaso umthunzi, kepha ukuze sisetshenziswe njengesitoko se-pearl, kufanele sitshalwe ezindaweni ezinokhanyayo; emgodini, imigomo ayimuki kahle futhi ayitheli izithelo.

Umkhulu wami wazama ukugonyela izithombo zokugaya izithombo ezincane zezithombo zasentabeni ebomvu zasendle ezithathwe ehlathini eliseduze. Lokhu kugoma kuqale kahle, kepha, ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesiza esizeni, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa emthunzini wesihlahla esikhulu sama-apula, ngakho-ke asizange silinde amaparele emlotheni osentabeni. Kepha izihlahla ezixhunyelelwe ngokwazo zazikhona lapho ziba nomthunzi oqinile iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili, zinikeza cishe akukho ukukhula okuqondile noma amagatsha aseceleni.

I-Rowan, chokeberry kanye nezagwaca zingatshalwa kusuka ezinhlanyelweni. Zikhishwa ezithelo ezivuthiwe ngokuphelele (izimbila ezivuthiwe ngoJulayi - Agasti, umlotha wentaba kanye ne-chokeberry ngoSepthemba - Okthoba), zigezwe, zomiswe kancane bese zigcinwa ezikhwameni zamaphepha kuze kube ukuhlwanyela. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa izithombo zabo buyafana nokukhula kwezithombo zasendle ezifuywayo, kepha ukujulwa kokufakwa kwembewu ngamasentimitha ayi-1-2 kuphela.

I-Irgu ne-chokeberry nayo ingasakazwa ngenzalo yezimpande evela eduze kwezihlahla. Zimbiwa ngokucophelela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo bese zidluliselwa endaweni ehlala njalo. Ungagoma unyaka olandelayo emva kokufakelwa.

Kunconywa ukushiya amagatsha angama-2-3 angavinjelwe esihlahleni ngasinye ukuze isitshalo singafi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ukubuyekezwa

Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ze-TSHA pearl - iChizhovskaya, iLada, neMoskvichka - zivame ukuxhunyelelwa kumlotha osezintabeni ojwayelekile. Ungazama ezinye izinhlobo. Ukunisela umlotha osentabeni kubalulekile, ngaphandle kwalokho, imigomo ayikhuli kahle kwisomiso, izimpande zamajikijolo ama-rowan futhi zikhula esimweni esibi samanzi.

irisovi duh

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Ngine-peere Quere ku-quince, izihlahla ezinhle hhayi ezinkulu futhi ithela kakhulu.

IsiCreativniy

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Umuthi we-apula, njengesitoko, wamukela izinhlobo eziningi zamapheya. Ukugoma kwentwasahlobo kwethanga kwisithombo sehlahla ye-apula ngo-ekwindla kunganikeza ukukhula okungaphezu kwemitha, futhi kusukela ekugomeni ngakunye ngo-Agasti ungathatha amaqabunga angaphezu kweshumi nambili wokuhluma kwisitoko sangempela sethanga. Wenze ukugoma okunjalo kuphela kokuchayeka ngokweqile kwezinhlobonhlobo, ngenxa yokungabikhona kwesikhashana kwamasheya wethanga. Ezinsaleleni zomklamo, umuthi we-apula-peari, imvamisa, ngonyaka wesibili, amagatsha wamathambo aqala ukubekwa, okwesithathu aqhakaza. Entwasahlobo yesine, i-scion ye-pearl ngokuvamile ayivuki.

umkaki

//forum.prihoz.ru/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=5534&start=360

Ukukhetha okulungile kwesitoko esifanele kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubekwa kwezithelo zezithelo. Izinhlobo ezihlukene ezifakiwe zamapharele zikuvumela ukuthi ukhule izihlahla zezithelo futhi uthole isivuno esikhulu sezithelo ezimnandi cishe kunoma yisiphi isifunda ngaphandle kwenyakatho.