Ukukhetha okulungile kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-apula zokutshala isinyathelo esibalulekile kuwo wonke umlimi. Kubalulekile ukutshala isihlahla ngqo esizokhiqiza isivuno maduze futhi sijabulele ukuqina kwesithelo. IMedunitsa ilawula ngokufanele indawo eholayo phakathi kwalabo abapha i-apula lakuqala namnandi.
Incazelo ye-botanical yesihlahla sama-apula iMedunitsa
ILungwort ekuqaleni yadalwa njengezinhlobonhlobo zasehlobo, okubalulekile ezindaweni ezinezimo zezulu ezinzima. Yayivinjelwa yisazi sezitshalo saseSoviet u-Isaev Sergey Ivanovich engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngokuwela izinhlobo ezimbili: uBrown Striped noWellsie. Iphakeme impela (ingafinyelela ku-8 m), ama-apula avuthwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Kamuva, ubusika benziwa futhi ngalezi zinhlobonhlobo. Kukhona futhi okuncane okufushane nokufushane okumbalwa okuhlukahlukene.
Izici zomuthi we-apula iMedunitsa
Yena, njengazo zonke ezinye izitshalo, unezici zayo ezihlukile.
Ukubukeka
Umuthi uqobo ubukeka njengophiramidi onamagatsha asakazwayo lapho izikhala zibonakala kahle khona. Amashidi alukhuni ekuthinteni, afakelwe, aluhlaza ngombala ophuzi ukumboza umqhele ngokugqamile. Amahlumela amasha akhiwa ngenani elincane futhi abe nombala onsundu onsundu. Izimpande zesihlahla sama-apula zinamandla, zihlwanyelwe kakhulu. Izimbali zikhulu (cishe ngo-4,5 cm), amacembe azo abe nohlobo lwama-milky hue.
Izithelo
Ama-apula aphumelelayo aphakathi ngosayizi, acindezelwe kancane endaweni yesibambo. Umbala wezithelo uluhlaza okotshani, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ama-aphula abomvu ohlangothini obomvu noma amachashazi amnyama engubo. I-peel yabo mncane impela, futhi uginindela onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwejusi futhi okumnandi impela, ngakho-ke izinhlobonhlobo zaqanjwa. Isisindo sesithelo esisodwa singaba ngu-80-160 gr. Ukunambitheka ngesikhathi sokugcina kuthuthukisa kuphela.
Izinzuzo kanye nezinzuzo zezinhlobonhlobo
Njenganoma yisiphi isitshalo sengadi, umuthi wama-apula unezinhlangothi zawo ezinhle nezimbi.
Izinzuzo:
- inokuphikisana kakhulu nesithwathwa;
- ukunambitheka kwama-apula uluju;
- ngokuzithoba ekushiyeni;
- ukunciphisa ukuncipha kokulimala kwesikhunta, njengokubola nesibazi;
- cishe zonke izithombo zinezimpande;
- ukuthwala kusenesikhathi
- isivuno esikhulu;
- izithelo ezivuthiwe zitholakala esihlahleni isikhathi eside;
- izinhlobonhlobo zingezokuzenzisa;
- ama-apula avuthwe kusenesikhathi;
- izithelo ziqukethe ushukela omncane, okwenza kube yizinhlobonhlobo zokudla.
Umthengi:
- isivuno asigcinwa isikhathi eside;
- ama-apula avuthwe ngokungalingani;
- isidingo sokunakekelwa kwezihlahla okujwayelekile, okuzoqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kwesithelo esihle;
- osayizi abakhulu besihlahla, okwenza ukuvuna kube nzima.
Ukuqala kokuzala nokuvuthwa
ILungwort esitokisini sembewu iqala ukuletha ama-apula iminyaka engu-5-6. Umsebenzi wesitshalo ngokuqukethwe okulungile ungahlala iminyaka engama-50 noma ngaphezulu. Iminyaka eyi-12-16 yokuphila kwesihlahla, umlimi uzokwazi ukuthola minyaka yonke isivuno esikhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho udinga ukubheka inani lama-ovari bese ulifaka ngokwejwayelekile, uma kunesidingo sokuqoqa ama-apula njalo ehlobo.
Ukuvuthwa okungavuthiwe kwesithelo okubangelwa inani elikhulu lamahlamvu, kwakha umthunzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuna kuqala kusuka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya kuSepthemba.
Izinhlobo zeMedunitsa
Lapho ukhetha isithombo kufanele unake kakhulu isitoko. Izici eziningi zincike kulokhu:
- ukuphakama kwesihlahla, ubukhulu bawo nokubukeka;
- izikhathi zokuvuthwa nokuvuthwa;
- uhlelo lokutshala isihlahla sama-apula;
- impilo ende yezihlahla namandla ayo athela izithelo.
Isitoko sembewu
Uma usinakekela kahle lesi sitshalo, umuthi okulesi sitoko uzothokozisa umlimi ngokuvuthwa njalo konyaka kwama-apula iminyaka engama-50-60. Kulokhu, isikhathi sonke sokuphila singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-90. Ekuphakameni, izihlahla ezinjalo zama-apula zikhula zize zifike kumamitha ayi-8, zithela izithelo kakade iminyaka emi-5, futhi nebanga elidingekayo ngesikhathi sokutshala cishe zingama-4.5-5 m phakathi kwezitshalo.
Kuhle ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi amagatsha awathinti futhi awahlangani nawo, lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kwesilimo esikhulu.
Isemihlambi emincane
Ama-Agronomists ancoma ukuthenga izithombo zezinhlobo ezinde ku-isiphunzi esincane. Zilula kakhudlwana lapho ukhetha ama-apula nokwenza izihlahla ezijwayelekile zamagatsha. Ukuphakama kwalezi zithombo imvamisa kuphansi kunabalingani babo esithelweni sembewu, kepha izithelo ziyakuba ngaphambili. Lezi zihlahla zama-apula zifinyelela kubude obungamamitha ayi-4,5-5, izithelo ziyavela emva kweminyaka engama-3,5 kuya ku-5,5, izikhala zokutshala phakathi kwezitshalo zincishiswa zafika kumamitha ayi-4. Izitshalo ezinemifino emnyama zingakhula futhi zizizwe zizinhle ngisho nalapho amanzi aphansi aphezulu, ngakho-ke ukuthi bakubekezelela kahle kanjani ukugcwala kwamanzi kwenhlabathi. Ngenxa yesitoko, le khwalithi iyathuthukiswa.
I-dwarf kanye nesitoko esime-ikholomu
Isidingo sezinhlobonhlobo zamasayizi amancane sivele muva nje. Banokubukeka okuhlobisa futhi kuvumelana ukuqoqa izithelo esihlahleni, ukunakekela umqhele. ILungwort inomqhele obunjiwe njengophiramidi, kepha izinhlobo ezingaphansi zingaba nebhola noma unxantathu. Ekuphakameni, izihlahla ezinjalo zikhula zize zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2, zithela izithelo kusenesikhathi - lapho sesineminyaka emi-3 ubudala, izikhala eziphakathi kwezitshalo ngesikhathi sokutshala zingancishiswa zibe ngu-1 m.
Izinhlobo zezindala zine-drawback eyodwa - uhlelo lwezimpande olubuthakathaka, okungaholela ekuweni kwalo emoyeni onamandla noma ngaphansi kwesisindo sezithelo ezivuthiwe. Kepha lokhu kulula ukukuqeda - kuyadingeka ukwenza ama-backups wamagatsha, okuzovikela umuthi ezinkingeni. Ngenxa yokubukeka okukhulu kwezithelo, isikhathi sokuphila sezihlahla ezinjalo zama-apula sincishiswa saba yiminyaka eyi-12.
Ama-lungworms esitokisini esinamakholomu awatholakali kakhulu ekuthengisweni, okuhlobene ngqo nesici semvelo sesakhiwo somqhele. Ngakho-ke, ngalolu hlobo lwesitoko, kuzophuma umuthi omfushane omise okwepiramidi.
Inketho yasebusika
Ngenxa yokunambitheka nezinye izimfanelo zeMedunitsa, kwavela isidingo soguquko lwalo muthi ebusika. Ihluka ehlobo lapho sekuvuthwa sekwephuzile kwama-apula - ekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Kepha kukhona nezinzuzo - impilo ende yeshalofu (kuze kube entwasahlobo). Ukunambitheka kwesithelo kuyinto acidic kancane, yize izinhlobo zibizwa ngokufanayo.
Imithetho Yokutshala yeMedunitsa
Ukunakekelwa nokutshala iMedunitsa empeleni akufani nezenzo ezifanayo nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-apula ehlobo. Kubalulekile ukunquma isikhathi esifanele, bese ukhetha indawo yomuthi.
Isikhathi sokufika
Zingahlukahluka futhi zincike ngqo ezimweni zemvelo zendawo lapho umuthi wamaapula uzokhula khona. Ekwindla kuyadingeka ukutshala endaweni ephakathi nesimo sezulu esipholile, futhi ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu (isibonelo, eSiberia) - kungcono entwasahlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu kugqekezwa, lesi sihlahla sizoba nesikhathi sokuqina emhlabathini, esizowuvikela emafraneni akuqala.
Ezifundeni ezinobusika obuneqhwa, kungcono futhi ukutshala izithombo, kanye nasezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho.
Ungatshala izihlahla entwasahlobo kuphela emazingeni okushisa angama-20 nangaphezulu we-60 noma ngaphezulu cm. Uma ukhetha isikhathi sekwindla, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngaphambi kwesithwathwa sokuqala kufanele okungenani kube nezinsuku ezingama-21, kodwa kubalulekile futhi hhayi kakhulu ngaphambili, ngoba lokhu kungaholela amahlumela lokho kuzoshabalala.
Inqubo yokufakelwa
Kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Qala ngokulungiselela. Kwenziwa umgodi wokutshala izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuqala kokutshala ngqo isithombo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bamba imbozo yomjikelezo endaweni ekhethiwe enendawo engaba amasentimitha angama-50 isitshalo esineminyaka engu-2. Lapha banamathela esimisweni: umgodi kufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu kunohlelo lwezimpande zesihlahla. Lapho-ke umhlaba owumbiwe uhlukaniswe engxenyeni evundile (ehlanganiswa nomanyolo bese ithululelwa emuva engxenyeni yomngcwabo) nenye esele (ilahliwe). Kumelwe kufakwe isigxobo phakathi nendawo, lapho kufakwa khona umuthi omncane weapula. Ngemuva kokuthi iMedunitsa ifake phakathi nendawo, iqonde nezimpande zayo bese igcwalisa ngengxube esele evundile. Ekugcineni, inhlabathi ezungeze izithombo kufanele iniselwe futhi inyathelwe.
Uma ukutholwa komhlaba sekudale ngemuva kwalezi zinyathelo, engeza inani elifanele lomhlabathi.
Ukulima kwezolimo
Lapho ukhula iMedunitsa, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokunakekelwa kwesihlahla, okubandakanya isenzo esilandelayo:
Ukunisela
Ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala, kufanele unake ukunisela okufanele kwesihlahla esisha, futhi wenze ezinye izinqubo lapho sikhula futhi siqina.
Lapho ingaphezulu lomile ngokuphelele, liyaniselwa, ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe kungakapheli inyanga eyodwa. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuthambisa okunjalo komhlaba kungadingeki futhi kwenziwa isikhathi esingu-1 ngezinsuku eziyi-7.
Ukwakhiwa komqhele
Ngonyaka wesibili, ungaqala ukugawula amagatsha ukwakha umqhele ofanele weMedunitsa. Amathayi akha ibanga elingama-35-40 cm, kumele akhishwe. Lokhu kusiza ekugcineni ukubukeka okungokwemvelo kwepiramidi. Unganikeza isihlahla ukwakheka kwesitsha. Kulokhu, ihlumela elitholakala enkabeni liyasuswa bese lifakwa elinye ngo-5-6 elilandelanayo.
Ngenxa yokukhula okuqinile, ukwakheka kwakhe ihlumela libuthakathaka. Kubalulekile ukulandela eminye imithetho:
- Njalo ngonyaka ngezikhathi zasentwasahlobo nasekwindla kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuthuthwa kwendle. Ngalo, amagatsha awonakele ayasuswa.
- Entwasahlobo, kuncipha umqhele kwenziwa, okuvuselela ukukhula kwamagatsha amasha kanye namahlumela amasha.
- Ehlobo, ancipha ukukhula okusha, futhi asuse namagatsha anciphisa kakhulu izithelo.
Kudingeka okondlayo
Zenziwa njalo ezinyangeni ezi-6. Umanyolo wasentwasahlobo usiza umuthi ukuthola isisindo esiluhlaza, ukukhula kanye nokubukeka kwesilimo. Umanyolo weNitrogen ukufanelekela kahle lokhu. I-Autumn ihloselwe ukuvuthwa kwezinkuni nokulungiselela ukubanda kubusika. Okuqukethe i-potassium ne-phosphorus kuhle.
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi uma usebenzisa noma yimuphi umanyolo, umthamo ofanele kufanele uqashelwe, ngaphandle kwalokho ungaba yingozi, futhi ungasihle isilimo.
Ukuvuna nokugcina
Lapho uqoqa ama-apula ezinhlotsheni zasehlobo, kufanelekile ukubheka isifunda sokukhula kwawo. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, zivuthwa kuze kube maphakathi no-Agasti, nasezindaweni ezinolaka - engxenyeni yokuqala kaSeptemba. Izinhlobonhlobo zobusika zilungele ukuvunwa ngoSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Uma kunesidingo, ungakhetha ama-apula ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunesikhathi esinqunyiwe, ngenkathi ezoba sesimweni esibizwa nge- "technical ripeness".
Izithelo ezivuthiwe ngokuphelele zezinhlobonhlobo zasehlobo zigcinwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-30, zivunwe esikhathini esingaphambili - izinyanga ezingama-3-4. Izinhlobo zasebusika zingahlala kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ama-apula athambekele ekushintsheni ukunambitheka: azovula kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14, bese kancane kancane ewohloka.
Ukuvimbela kanye nokulawula kwezifo nezinambuzane
Yize iMedunitsa inyuse ukumelana kwezinambuzane kanye nokutheleleka, kodwa kusalusizo ukwenza ukwelashwa ukuvimbela ukulimala kwezihlahla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, emasontweni okuqala entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwamahlamvu, afafazwa ngezixazululo eziqukethe ithusi. Isibonelo, i-zethusi sulfate. Omiswe engxenyeni eyi-100 g yento eyomile ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
Ukuze uvimbele ukukhula kwesibazi nokubola kwezithelo, umbuthano osondelene nesiqu somhlaba kufanele uphathwe ngesisombululo esingu-10% se-ammonium nitrate (ngaphambi kokuqhakaza), futhi isihlahla ngokwaso sifafazwe ngesisombululo se-Bordeaux liquid (2%).
Ngentwasahlobo nasekwindla, iziqu zezihlahla zabadala zama-apula zenziwa mhlophe entwasahlobo, kanti izihlahla ezincane zigoqwa ngamagatsha akhula ngesihlahla sonwele, okwenza sikwazi ukuvikela iziqu emithini. Futhi kufanelekile kulezi zinhloso: uphahla, i-ruberoid, amathoni okwenziwa, njll.
UMnu Summer ohlala khona weluleka: abavukuzi bemithi yesihlahla se-apula iMedunitsa
Ngenxa yokuthi iMedunitsa iyazenzela, ngokubukeka kwe-ovary kufanelekile ukutshala izinhlobo ze-pollinating ku-infield. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: i-White Bulk, i-Sverdlovsk Anis, i-Belfler-Chinese nabanye.
Ngokunakekelwa kalula nokunakekelwa, isihlahla sama-apula saseMedunitsa asidingi izindleko ezinkulu ezingokomzimba nezezinto ezibonakalayo, kepha sijabulisa abalimi ngesivuno sonyaka nesihle isikhathi eside.
