Phakathi kwezifo zokukhunta ezithinta izilimo zemifino, okukhohlakala kakhulu ukushisa okufika sekwephuzile kumazambane, utamatisi nezinye izitshalo. Manje sizokhuluma ngezimpande zezilimo. Eminyakeni eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho kukhula nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo, ngifunde ukubhekana nalesi sifo. Yize i-pathogen ingenakuqedwa ngokuphelele, ukuvikela kusiza ukugcina lesi sifo sihlolile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, isivuno singasindiswa uma ukwelashwa kuqalile ngesikhathi.
Incazelo yokulimala sekwephuzile
Ukulimala kwesikhashana yisifo esibuthaka esibangelwa ama-micellar microorganisms abizwa i-Phytophthora. Isikhunta singathelela izitshalo eziningi. Ukungena emhlabeni, baphokophela khona iminyaka eminingi. Balinde izimo ezinhle zentuthuko.
Zibukeka kanjani izilonda zokulimaza sekwephuzile?
- Kuvela amabala amnyama emaqabungeni, ayakhula, abe nsundu. Ukuhlanganiswa okumhlophe kubonakala emaqabungeni angezansi - lezi yizikhwama. Kuqala khona izingxabano. Ukhukhamba udla zonke izicubu zehlahla. Izibongo zingamnyama ngokuphelele, zomile emvinini.
- Izindawo ezi-brown-brown ziyavela kuma-tubers, amazambane aba angalingani, anezici. Ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, amabala ayanda, abe mnyama ansundu, athambile. Inyama ebolile osikelweni ibonakala kahle, ibonwa ngephunga elingathandeki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iphenduka i-mucus.
Uma ungalwi nesikhunta lapho kuvela izibonakaliso zokuqala zokutheleleka, isivuno sonke sizofa endaweni ephakeme kanye nasesisele ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo. Ngokuhlulwa okukhulu, ama-fungicides azosiza ukonga okungenani okuthile, ngizosho okuningi ngabo.
Izimbangela, izimpawu zomonakalo wamazambane okulimaza sekwephuzile
Okokuqala, amagama ambalwa ngezindlela zokusakaza izinhlamvu. Bangaphezu komoya:
- namagundane;
- abantu ngezingubo, izicathulo;
- ezifuywayo;
- izinyoni
- izinambuzane, ibhungane lamazambane afanayo leColorado, izimvemvane.
Ukutheleleka kungalethwa emhlabathini:
- lapho ukutshala imbewu enamagciwane, ukungalimali okufika sekwephuzile kuma-nezilimo eziyizigaxa akuveli ngokushesha;
- kusetshenziswa amathuluzi angatholakali, iziqukathi;
- uma wenza umquba ezinsukeni ezigule kakhulu ezinezifo;
- ngomquba;
- lapho unisela amanzi angcolisiwe avela emithonjeni evulekile, imiphongolo; lapho kuvela izimo ezinhle: izinga lokushisa lehla, izimvula ziqala.
Ngomswakama owandayo, umehluko wamazinga okushisa obusuku nobusuku, i-mycelia iyavuvukala bese iqala ukukhula. Ukuqhuma, imbewu yezitshalo eziseduze. Ngisho nokubola okukodwa, okubonakalayo kuyingozi. By endleleni, uma utamatisi kuthinteka ku abamba ukushisa noma ibala livele apula noma amajikijolo, kudingeka ngokushesha ukulawula ukutshala amazambane, fafaza kubo ukuvimbela blight sekwephuzile.
Ngendlela, kungcono ukugaya amazambane athintekile ngaphambi kwesheduli, uma lokhu kungamabhishi angashadile. Ezitshalweni ezithelelekile, isivuno siyavunwa futhi sigcinwe ngokwahlukile kwamanye amazambane. Sebenzisa kwasekuqaleni.
Ukutheleleka kusabalala ngesitshalo kusuka ezansi kuya phezulu, amapuleti eqabunga okuqala abekwe phansi komhlaba, bese kuba isiqu phezulu. Amangqamuzana omile, anamandla, amaqabunga, isiqu sesiba buthaka.
Kungani i-phytophthora iyingozi kumazambane nakubantu
Angimangali lapho ngifunda ukuthi ngenxa yokulimala sekwephuzile, kuze kube ngu-25% wezitshalo ezifa minyaka yonke. Emvuleni, eminyakeni epholile, abalimi balahlekelwa okuthe xaxa. I-Phytophthora, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isakazeka ngokushesha, idluliselwa kwezinye izitshalo, ingena emhlabeni, amanzi. Izingxabano zihlala zisebenza emhlabathini, umquba okungenani iminyaka emi-4.
Ngokuphikisana nesizinda somonakalo odalekile, ezinye izifo ziyavela, amabala ayisango lezinye izifo. I-chemistry esetshenziswa ngabalimi abathile ukubulala amagciwane izitshalo ezisebenzayo iyangena enyameni. Akuphephile ukudla amazambane anjalo.
Ukwelashwa amazambane for okulimaza sekwephuzile
Ngiyazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu ukuthi izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokulawula ukuvimbela. Izinyathelo eziphambili ezinciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka okulimaza sekwephuzile:
- Ekwindla sekwephuzile, ngihlala ngicubungula wonke amabhakede, ama-rakes, amafosholo, neminye imishini ngesisombululo esihlanganisiwe se-furatsilina noma i-potanganum permanganate.
- Entwasahlobo, imbewu igcotshisiwe impela, simi elangeni izinsuku eziningana. Inyama ebunjiwe, eyakhiwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba, inobuthi, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo akuvamile ukuthi igule. Lapho utshala, omakhelwane baphonsa ingcosana yenhlanganisela yokhuni kanye ne-Phytosporin emgodini ongama-4: 1. I-Agronomists yeluleka ukwenza ukwelashwa kwe-fungicidal: bekezelela nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilungiselelwe ukutshala kusixazululo sezidakamizwa imizuzu engaba ngu-30.
- Uma ukhunta uvele komakhelwane noma e-greenhouse nightshade, kudingeka ukuthi ucubungule ukutshala amazambane, khona-ke sekudlule isikhathi.
- Endaweni lapho ngitshala khona nezilimo eziyizigaxa minyaka yonke, ngitshala i-rye njalo ekwindla. Ngentwasahlobo, isiderat iyahluma, laphomba, itshalwa emhlabathini. Le yindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza ngcono umhlaba, kanye nokufaka umanyolo. Ngabona ukuthi ngokushesha nje uma ungahlwanyeli rye, amazambane agcinwa ngokubi kakhulu. Cha, cha, kepha ishubhu elinokubola.
Ngiphawule ukuthi impahla ye-varietal yembewu ayiguli kangako. Ososayensi bafundile ngempela ukwahlukanisa izinhlobo eziphikisana ne-phytophthora.
Ama-fungicides aphephile ezinambuzaneni nasezilwaneni
Uma amazambane esagula, ngezilonda ezincane ngisebenzisa ama-decoctions we-herbal, amalungiselelo amaminerali, namakhambi abantu. Lapho ukuhlulwa kunamandla, i-chemistry ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukufafaza uphawu lokuqala lokulimala sekwephuzile. Ukuphindaphindeka kokwelashwa kuya ngezimo zesimo sezulu, ukusebenza kwengqondo.
Amakhemikhali amaminerali asuselwa ethusi, aziwa kakhulu yi-Bordeaux liquid. Ngifaka i-100 g ye-sulfate yethusi emanzini ashisayo, ulethe umthamo we-ketshezi ku-10 l, engeza u-½ inkomishi yekhijini.
I-Copper chloride itholakala kumalungiselelo:
- I-Abiga Peak, iyisizinda esinobuthi obuphakathi;
- I-Oxechom, leli yi-oxychloride yethusi ne-oxadixyl, ikhambi elinobuthi ngokufanele;
- Ikhaya - ithusi elihlanzekile le-chlorated.
Ukusebenza ngamakhompiyutha amaminerali kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise i-respirator, gqoka amagilavu. Izindlela zokwelapha eziphindaphindwayo zenziwa ngokunqunyelwa kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7, uma kungenakwenzeka ukunqoba ukulimala sekwedlule isikhathi sokuqala.
Amalungiselelo emvelo asebenza ezitshalweni ngokungaphezulu futhi aqukethe ama-microorganisms akhula ezinhlangeni zesikhunte se-pathogenic. Kukhona eziningi zazo, ngizofaka kuhlu lezo engangizisebenzisa uqobo ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo ukucubungula utamatisi kanye nama-amaqanda, ngafafaza ngotshalo lwamazambane: iGliokladin, Fitosporin noma Fitosporin-M, Gamair, Alirin-B. Amakhambi e-Universal ngokumelene nazo zonke izinhlobo zesikhunta uTrichodermin, uCrrriz, uRizoplan.
Kuyadingeka ukufaka imali kusihlwa, lapho kwezulu akulindelekile. Ngisebenzisa impuphu eyomile ekuseni, ngiyifafaze ngamaqabunga amanzi kuze kube yilapho amazolo esomile.
Ukucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo kuvunyelwe ukwenziwa njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu.
Amakhambi esintu ayadingeka ekuvimbeleni ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile, andisa ukungavikeleki kwezitshalo, adala izimo ezingezinhle zokuthuthuka kwezifo zokukhunta. Akusizi ngalutho ukuphatha izihlahla ezonakele nazo.
- Ash kahle yomisa amaqabunga enhlabathi. Okuhle kakhulu kusuka ku-birch firewood. Angiyithungi ikakhulukazi lapho ngiyisabalalisa nge-scoop ngaphansi kwezihlahla. Kuyinto elula ukusebenzisa isixha sothuli.
- Imikhiqizo enamasondo nobisi isebenza emibhedeni ngayinye, amasimu amakhulu awakwazi ukucutshungulwa nawo. I-kefir ephelelwe yisikhathi, i-Whey noma ubisi omuncu ihlanjululwe ngo-1amu ngamanzi.
- I-Tinder fungus - amakhowe akhula esiqwini semithi ebolile, yomile, ichotshoziwe. Ilitha ngalinye lamanzi abilayo udinga i-100 g yamakhowe. Faka umxube amahora amathathu, hlunga, uthele ebhodleleni lokufafaza.
- Ukufakwa kwegalikhi kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: i-100 g yesilayitha ithululelwa kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi, kufakwa ngosuku, bese kuthi kufakwe i-50 ml yesepha ewuketshezi. Iphunga elivela ekucutshungweni okunjalo lihlala lifinyelela ezinsukwini ezimbili.
Amalungiselelo wamakhemikhali kumele ahlanjululwe ngokuya ngemiyalo. Ukulungiswa kokugcina kwezihloko kwenziwa emavikini ama-3 ngaphambi kokuvunwa, hhayi ngokuzayo. Kunezindlela eziningi, kahle ngayinye iyasiza. Kuyinto
- UDitan-M-45;
- I-Efal;
- I-Ridomil;
- IBravo
- I-Syngenta;
- Epin noma Epin-plus;
- I-Thanos;
- UTopazi
Lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwamakhemikhali. Kepha kungcono ukungalethi ukunqotshwa okukhulu.
Phytophthora ukumelana izinhlobo zamazambane
Ezindaweni ezingadini, kunconywa ukuthi kukhule izinhlobo ezinokulwazisana okuhle okulimaza sekwephuzile.
Izinhlobo zokuqala ezivuthiwe ezivunwa ngo-Agasti ngaphambi kwezimvula zasekwindla:
- Intwasahlobo imhlophe - ngesikhumba esikhanyayo, ama-tubers ayindilinga, amagremu angama-80-140 ngosayizi;
- Intwasahlobo ipinki - okusaqanda, ngamehlo abomvu, usayizi ojwayelekile wamazambane ngu-135 g;
- I-Bullfinch - enama-tubers aze afike ku-90 g, amelana nokuqamba amanga, alungele ukugcinwa isikhathi eside;
- I-Desiree - enesikhumba esipinki, inyama iphuzi;
- I-lotus yasePoland - nezilimo eziyizigaxa zokukhanya ezijikelezayo ezisisilinganiso esingu-90-135 g ngosayizi, inyama enokhilimu.
Amabanga okuqala:
- I-Snow White - imelana nezifo eziningi, kugaywe kahle
- Inganekwane - ilula enamabala apinki emehlweni, ayaziswa ngokunambitheka, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezisezingeni eliphakathi;
- Umthakathi ii - ubonakala ngokukhiqiza, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezisezingeni eliphakathi;
- I-rainbow - enezilimo eziyizigaxa eziqanda okokufika ku-150 g, ezaziswa ngokunambitheka, ukugcina ikhwalithi;
- USanta uzungezwe yisikhumba esikhanyayo, inyama ephuzi.
Izinhlobo Zasemini:
- Isivinini - ama-tubers amakhulu okusaqanda anesikhumba esikhanyayo;
- I-Blueness - eyindilinga ngesikhumba esine-mesh, inyama emhlophe;
- I-Asterix - enesikhumba onsomi, inyama ekhanyayo;
- Umthondo upinki, nezilimo eziyizigaxa eziyindilinga, inyama ephuzi ekhanyayo.
Uqaphele ukuthi izinhlobo zakuqala ezivuthiwe azivami ukugula, ngoba ziyagula ngaphambi kwezimo ezivumayo zokulimala sekwephuzile. Kepha ukuzigcina isikhathi eside kwehluleka, entwasahlobo ama-tubers azoshesha ukubhebhetheka. Okokubekelwa isitoreji sesikhathi eside, sikhulisa izinhlobo zakudala ze-Asterix ne-Golubizna. Siqoqa kubo ngezikhwama ezihlukile.
